scholarly journals Bella Figura: Understanding Italian Communication in Local and Transatlantic Contexts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Scannell Guida
Keyword(s):  
Sense Making ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Know How ◽  
New Information ◽  
National Characteristics ◽  
Idiomatic Expression ◽  
Travel Books ◽  
Symbolic Interactions ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Dynamic Interplay

Bella figura—beautiful figure—is an idiomatic expression used to reflect every part of Italian life. The phrase appears in travel books and in transnational business guides to describe Italian customs, in sociological research to describe the national characteristics of Italians, and in popular culture to depict thematic constructs and stereotypes, such as the Mafia, romance, and la dolce vita. Scholarly research on bella figura indicates its significance in Italian civilization, yet it remains one of the most elusive concepts to translate. Among the various interpretations and references from foreigners and Italians there is not a single definition that captures the complexity of bella figura as a cultural phenomenon. There is also little explanation of the term, its usage, or its effects on Italians who have migrated to other countries. Gadamerian hermeneutics offers an explanation for how bella figura functions as a frame of reference for understanding Italian culture and identity, which does not disappear or fuse when Italians interact with people from different countries but instead takes on an interpretive dimension that is continually integrating new information into the subconscious structures of the mind. In sum, bella figura is a sense-making process, and requires a pragmatic know-how of Italian communication (verbal and nonverbal). From this perspective, bella figura is prestructure by which Italians and some Italian migrants understand and interpret their linguistically mediated and historical world. This distinction changes the concept bella figura from a simple facade to a dynamic interplay among ever-changing interpretations and symbolic interactions. The exploration of bella figura is relevant to understanding Italian communication on both local and transnational levels.

scholarly journals A STUDY ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MR. WILLY WONKA THAT SET UP THE STAGES OF THE GOLDEN TICKET CHILDREN IN ROALD DAHL'S CHARLIE AND CHOCOLATE FACTORY

Lexicon ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bawono Sudewo ◽  
Aris Munandar
Keyword(s):  
Present Writer ◽  
Know How ◽  
Good Action ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Chocolate Factory ◽  
The Mind

The goal of this graduating paper is to know how the unconsciousness minds and habits linking to each other. It discusses the mind that triggers characters behavior in the Charlie and Chocolate Factory. The writer focuses on the children who get the golden tickets and the owner of the Chocolate Factory (Mr. Willy Wonka).According to Willbur S Scott with his Psychoanalysis Theory on Fictitious Characters, he stated that we can look further about the pattern which motivates the character to express something. It helps the present writer to analyze deeper, by identifying the showed which were done by the children in Roald Dahl’s Charlie and Chocolate Factory.After carying out the research, it shows that their (the five lucky children and Mr. Willy Wonka) subconscious mind triggers bad action which expelled the children from the chocolate factory and good action which made Charlie the champion.

scholarly journals Neural Dynamics of Associative Learning during Human Sleep

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 1708-1715
Author(s):  
Andrés Canales-Johnson ◽  
Emiliano Merlo ◽  
Tristan A Bekinschtein ◽  
Anat Arzi
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Theta Activity ◽  
Neural Dynamics ◽  
New Associations ◽  
Human Sleep ◽  
New Information ◽  
Early Acquisition ◽  
Dynamic Interplay

Abstract Recent evidence indicates that humans can learn entirely new information during sleep. To elucidate the neural dynamics underlying sleep-learning, we investigated brain activity during auditory–olfactory discriminatory associative learning in human sleep. We found that learning-related delta and sigma neural changes are involved in early acquisition stages, when new associations are being formed. In contrast, learning-related theta activity emerged in later stages of the learning process, after tone–odor associations were already established. These findings suggest that learning new associations during sleep is signaled by a dynamic interplay between slow-waves, sigma, and theta activity.

I the People—the Most Perfect Union: The Psychodynamics of Constitutional Law

1997 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-247
Author(s):  
Daniel I. A. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
The People ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
Governing System ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Dynamic Interplay

The Founders unknowingly but deliberately established in the Constitution a government inform and function analogous to the psychodynamic structures of the human mind as described by Freud. The executive, legislative and judicial branches correspond in poignantly meaningful ways, in definition and operation, to the ego, id and superego in the mind of a single individual. The nature of the system of checks and balances and the interactions and conflicts between the branches directly parallel the dynamic interplay of the agencies of the mind. This correspondence is an inescapable consequence of the Founders' desire to build a growing and self-correcting governing system that would be able to master challenges while developing and progressing in a manner necessarily consistent, in principle, with the essential political tenets of its establishment. This observation has direct legal and political implications relevant to some of the most important dilemmas in American Constitutional Law.

scholarly journals A discipline for the avoidance of unnecessary assumptions

1971 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis H. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Scalar Case ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
William Of Ockham ◽  
Know How ◽  
Mathematical Formulas ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Do So

Although unnecessary assumptions are something we all try to avoid, advice on how to do so is much harder to come by than admonition. The most widely quoted dictum on the subject, often referred to by writers on philosophy as “Ockham's razor” and attributed generally to William of Ockham, states “Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem”. (Entities are not to be multiplied without necessity.) As pointed out in reference [I], however, the authenticity of this attribution is questionable.The same reference mentions Newton's essentially similar statement in his Principia Mathematica of 1726. Hume [3] is credited by Tribus [2c] with pointing out in 1740 that the problem of statistical inference is to find an assignment of probabilities that “uses the available information and leaves the mind unbiased with respect to what is not known.” The difficulty is that often our data are incomplete and we do not know how to create an intelligible interpretation without filling in some gaps. Assumptions, like sin, are much more easily condemned than avoided.In the author's opinion, important results have been achieved in recent years toward solving the problem of how best to utilize data that might heretofore have been regarded as inadequate. The approach taken and the relevance of this work to certain actuarial problems will now be discussed.Bias and PrejudiceOne type of unnecessary assumption lies in the supposition that a given estimator is unbiased when in fact it has a bias. We need not discuss this aspect of our subject at length here since what we might consider the scalar case of the general problem is well covered in textbooks and papers on sampling theory. Suffice it to say that an estimator is said to be biased if its expected value differs by an incalculable degree from the quantity being estimated. Such differences can arise either through faulty procedures of data collection or through use of biased mathematical formulas. It should be realized that biased formulas and procedures are not necessarily improper when their variance, when added to the bias, is sufficiently small as to yield a mean square error lower than the variance of an alternative, unbiased estimator.

Materialism and the First Person

2003 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 123-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Madell
Keyword(s):  
First Person ◽  
Privileged Access ◽  
Direct Information ◽  
Know How ◽  
Material State ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Subjective States

Here are some sentences from Fred Dretske's book Naturalising the Mind:For a materialist there are no facts that are accessible to only one person … If the subjective life of another being, what it is like to be that creature, seems inaccessible, this must be because we fail to understand what we are talking about when we talk about its subjective states. If S feels some way, and its feeling some way is a material state, how can it be impossible for us to know how S feels? Though each of us has direct information about our own experiences, there is no privileged access. If you know where to look, you can get the same information I have about the character of my experiences. This is a result of thinking about the mind in naturalistic terms. Subjectivity becomes part of the objective order. For materialists, this is as it should be.

Bodily Motions and Religious Feelings

1971 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-86
Author(s):  
Gareth B. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Human Mind ◽  
The Body ◽  
Know How ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Better Than

For when men pray they do with the members of their bodies what befits suppliants—when they bend their knees and stretch out their hands, or even prostrate themselves, and whatever else they do visibly, although their invisible will and the intention of their heart is known to God. Nor does He need these signs for the human mind to be laid bare to Him. But in this way a man excites himself to pray more and to groan more humbly and more fervently. I do not know how it is that, although these motions of the body cannot come to be without a motion of the mind preceding them, when they have been made, visibly and externally, that invisible inner motion which caused them is itself strengthened. And in this manner the disposition of the heart which preceded them in order that they might be made, grows stronger because they are made. Of course if someone is constrained or even bound, so that he cannot do these things with his limbs, it does not follow that, when he is stricken with remorse, the inner man does not pray and prostrate himself before the eyes of God in his most secret chamber.(Augustine: De cura pro mortuis 5.7)One smiles and tells the expert chef how good the sauce béarnaise is, not so much to inform him about the sauce (he knows better than we do how good it is) as to assure him that we are enjoying it and that we appreciate his efforts. But when a man kneels in his pew and repeats a litany of thanksgiving it is not, it seems, that he means to be informing God of anything—not even of his thankfulness. For God, unlike the chef, has no need of information.

scholarly journals How Analysts Think: Sense-making Strategies in the Analysis of Temporal Evolution and Criminal Network Structures and Activities

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Doppler Haider ◽  
Patrick Seidler ◽  
Margit Pohl ◽  
Neesha Kodagoda ◽  
Rick Adderley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
General Level ◽  
Sense Making ◽  
Intelligence Analysis ◽  
Criminal Network ◽  
Know How ◽  
Established Procedure

Analysis of criminal activity based on offenders’ social networks is an established procedure in intelligence analysis. The complexity of the data poses an obstacle for analysts to gauge network developments, e.g. detect emerging problems. Visualization is a powerful tool to achieve this, but it is essential to know how the analysts’ sense-making strategies can be supported most efficiently. Based on a think aloud study we identified ten cognitive strategies on a general level to be useful for designers. We also provide some examples how these strategies can be supported through appropriate visualizations.

scholarly journals A história da disciplina química (escolar) no currículo brasileiro

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Késia Caroline Ramires Neves ◽  
Maysa Braguini
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
School Curriculum ◽  
History Of Chemistry ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
Know How ◽  
School Based ◽  
School Subjects ◽  
New Information ◽  
History Of ◽  
Teaching Programs

Resumo: Pelos últimos 30 anos, alguns estudos históricos da educação brasileira têm mostrado como determinados saberes se tornaram propriamente escolares. Com essa perspectiva, esses estudos buscam conhecer como se dera a inclusão de disciplinas escolares em respectivos currículos, quais transformações elas sofreram ao longo dos anos, qual a importância que tiveram ou que ainda detém em todo esse contexto acadêmico-educacional. Então, partindo dessa premissa, este trabalho se propõe a analisar a história da Química como disciplina escolar. A questão norteadora é aquela muitas vezes levantada pelos alunos: por que estudar Química na escola? Sendo assim, buscar essa linha histórica de uma disciplina permitiu olhar de maneira diferente para ela e compreender as razões pelas quais se justifica sua aprendizagem e seu ensino. Em específico, para este trabalho, foram coletados dados de programas de ensino da escola secundária brasileira entre os anos de 1841-1930, suposto período da inserção da química na escola. Os resultados apontam para uma disciplina constituída por interesses externos e internos à escola, passando a fazer parte do currículo escolar em 1841, resultado esse que contrasta outros já publicados em literatura específica da área. Portanto, o trabalho vem ao encontro de contribuir com novas informações à área da Química escolar.Palavras-chave: História das Disciplinas Escolares. História da química. Química escolar.THE HISTORY OF THE CHEMISTRY DISCIPLINE (SCHOOL) IN THE BRAZILIAN CURRICULUMAbstract: For the last 30 years, some historical studies of Brazilian education have shown how certain knowledge have become properly school-based. With this perspective, these studies seek to know how the inclusion of school subjects in their curricula has been given, what changes they have undergone over the years, how important they have or still hold in this academic-educational context. Therefore, starting from this premise, this work proposes to analyze the history of Chemistry as a school discipline, or school subject. The guiding question is that often raised by students: Why study chemistry at school? Thus, seeking this historical line of a discipline has allowed us to look at it differently and to understand the reasons why its learning and teaching are justified. Specifically, for this work, data were collected from teaching programs of the Brazilian secondary school between the years of 1841-1930, supposed period of the insertion of chemistry in school. The results point to a discipline constituted by external and internal interests to the school, becoming part of the school curriculum in 1841, a result that contrasts others already published in specific literature of the area. Therefore, the work contributes to contribute with new information to the area of school chemistryKeywords: History of School Subjects. History of chemistry. School chemistry.

scholarly journals Suggestion as a Method of Linguistic Manipulation in Religious Discourse

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1086-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. F. Grishenkova ◽  
E. V. Variyasova
Keyword(s):  
Emotional State ◽  
Religious Discourse ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
Legal Punishment ◽  
New Information ◽  
Personal Attitudes ◽  
The Mind

The research featured suggestive potential of religious discourse. The authors interpret suggestion as an effective tool that allows its users to plant an idea or attitude into the mind of the recipient, the latter being unaware of the object of suggestion. The paper focuses on the problem of interaction between rational and emotional-subjective sides of communication. Suggestion is defined as a way of linguistic manipulation based on the sensory-associative sides of consciousness. The authors study the means and methods of linguistic manipulation of personal attitudes using religious texts as specific examples. The suggestion makes the recipient adopt and include new information in the existing system of views, thus leading to a certain transformation of the worldview, which changes the motivational basis of behavior and may trigger hostile intentions and extremist actions. Suggestive techniques make it possible to avoid legal punishment by disguising facts that can be used to prove the presence of conflict-generating elements in the discourse. Such texts are used to create a certain emotional state, thus facilitating motivation, further contacts, and formation of opinion.

Every Context has a Context

1980 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 501-513
Author(s):  
J. E. Barnhart
Keyword(s):  
Know How ◽  
Evangelical Christian ◽  
Human Choice ◽  
State Of Nature ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Impact Forces ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Cognitive Meaning ◽  
The Way

Definition.—I define Epistemological Primitivism as the view that a given text exists in a state of nature or a condition of primordial meaning. It is the literary equivalent to the version of empiricism which stresses the passivity of the mind and the purity of the data in the knowing process. The impossibility of holding consistently to epistemological primitivism is seen when (1) the interpreter recognises that a text gains cognitive meaning only if it is interwoven with other texts and (2) the interpreter actively brings to the text a selective factor by designating which texts will interlace more predominantly and directly with one another.Example.—The famous or infamous passage of Romans 9.11–24 serves as a vivid example of a network of interwoven texts whose overall impact forces the conclusion that Paul is advancing a doctrine of strict predestination. In this passage, each verse seems to prepare the way for the following verse in elaborating the theme of predestination of human choice itself. In his book The Debate About the Bible evangelical Christian Stephen Davis, recognizing the force of the Romans 9 passage, writes, ‘I do not claim to know how to reconcile Paul's teachings on election with the Bible's apparent commitment to the notion that people are free and morally responsible agents.’ Davis' point is that within the Bible are texts other than Romans 9 which seem to force the conclusion that some human choices are neither caused by God nor predestined.

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