I the People—the Most Perfect Union: The Psychodynamics of Constitutional Law

1997 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-247
Author(s):  
Daniel I. A. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
The People ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
Governing System ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Dynamic Interplay

The Founders unknowingly but deliberately established in the Constitution a government inform and function analogous to the psychodynamic structures of the human mind as described by Freud. The executive, legislative and judicial branches correspond in poignantly meaningful ways, in definition and operation, to the ego, id and superego in the mind of a single individual. The nature of the system of checks and balances and the interactions and conflicts between the branches directly parallel the dynamic interplay of the agencies of the mind. This correspondence is an inescapable consequence of the Founders' desire to build a growing and self-correcting governing system that would be able to master challenges while developing and progressing in a manner necessarily consistent, in principle, with the essential political tenets of its establishment. This observation has direct legal and political implications relevant to some of the most important dilemmas in American Constitutional Law.

scholarly journals Science of constitutional law as a basis for the development of the state legal system

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-224
Author(s):  
G. A. Vasilevich
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Pluralism ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
The People ◽  
Political Views ◽  
Legal Space ◽  
The Stability

The article analyzes the influence of the science of constitutional law on the formation of constitutional legal relations in the state. The role of scientists in identifying trends in the development of the state and law is reflected. The role of the Constitution as a fundamental act, as an act integrating the entire national legal system, is emphasized. Suggestions are made to improve the system of checks and balances. It is emphasized that the development of constitutional law is influenced by the European legal space. European integration is the most important factor in the process of further development and improvement of national legal systems. A special threat to the stability of the state is created by the split of society, the lack of unity of the people in solving basic issues (property, political pluralism, the real provision of rights and freedoms regardless of political views). The coincidence of constitutional reality and constitutional norms is the most important condition and manifestation of the unity of the state and citizens.

scholarly journals Consciousness Examined: An Introduction to the Foundations of Neurobiology for EMDR

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 87-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uri Bergmann
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The human mind is difficult to investigate, but the biological foundations of the mind, especially consciousness, are generally regarded as the most daunting. In this article, excerpted from the book Neurobiological Foundations for EMDR Practice (Bergmann, 2012), we introduce and outline aspects of consciousness, information processing, and their relationship to eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). We examine consciousness with respect to three characteristics: unity of perception and function, subjectivity, and prediction. The relationship of these characteristics to EMDR is examined.

scholarly journals HARMONISASI FUNGSI DPD DAN DPR PADA LEMBAGA PERWAKILAN RAKYAT DALAM SISTEM BIKAMERAL GUNA PELAKSANAAN CHECKS AND BALANCES

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Titik Triwulan Tutik
Keyword(s):  
State Institution ◽  
State Agency ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
Research Subject ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Legal Relationship ◽  
The People ◽  
Card System ◽  
System Synchronization ◽  
And Function

<div class="WordSection1"><p align="center"><strong><em>A</em></strong><strong><em>b</em></strong><strong><em>s</em></strong><strong><em>t</em></strong><strong><em>r</em></strong><strong><em>a</em></strong><strong><em>c</em></strong><strong><em>t</em></strong></p><p><em>T</em><em>h</em><em>i</em><em>s study is a normative legal research. The study aims to examine the function of harmonization between DPD and the DPR in agency representatives in bicameral system<strong>. </strong>Approach is used in this study are the historical, the statute, the comparative, the conceptual, and the case approach. Data collection by collecting primary legal materials and secondary. Primary legal materials studied and identified with the “Irac”, while secondary legal materials are accounted for using the card system, which is based on the research subject. These materials are searched legal relationship between one and the other uses reasoning (analysis) deductive and inductive to generate propositions and concepts, either the definition, description, and classification as a result of research. Deductive analysis starts from the provisions made  UUDNRI 1945 and with the support of secondary legal materials including literature of constitutional law concerning state agency DPD. The results show that <strong>the first, </strong>DPD as state agencies in a bicameral system is formulated as a representative body of the people who are institutionally have equal footing with the DPR, even in terms of the representation of character based on regions, DPD has a broader representation of the character of the DPR because the dimensions of representativeness based to all the people who are in these areas. <strong>Second</strong>, the DPD as a representative body of the people have the duty and authority as the DPR, which has the function of the budget, legislation, and despite the limited supervision. <strong>Third</strong>, in the context of constitutional Indonesia, there is no synchronization and harmonization of the position and function of the DPD and DPR, it weakened the state DPD function as a state institution.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>the function of checks and balances, bicameral system, synchronization,  harmonization, people representative institution</em></p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong>A</strong><strong>b</strong><strong>s</strong><strong>t</strong><strong>ra</strong><strong>k</strong></p><p>Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif yang mengkaji harmonisasi fungsi DPD dan DPR pada lembaga perwakilan rakyat dalam sistem bikameral. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan historis, perundang-undangan, perbandingan, konsep, dan kasus. Pengumpulan data dengan menghimpun bahan-bahan hukum primer dan sekunder. Bahan hukum primer dikaji dan diidentifikasi dengan metode “IRAC”, sedangkan bahan hukum sekunder dicatat dengan menggunakan sistem kartu, yang disusun berdasarkan pokok permasalahan penelitian. Bahan-bahan hukum tersebut dicari hubungannya antar satu dan lainnya menggunakan penalaran (analisis) deduktif dan induktif untuk menghasilkan proposisi dan konsep, baik berupa definisi, deskripsi, maupun klasifikasi sebagai hasil penelitian. Analisis deduktif dilakukan bertitik tolak dari ketentuan UUD NRI 1945 dan didukung bahan hukum sekunder termasuk kepustakaan hukum tata negara yang menyangkut lembaga negara DPD. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa <em>pertama</em>, DPD selaku lembaga negara dalam sistem bikameral diformulasikan sebagai lembaga perwakilan rakyat yang secara kelembagaan memiliki kedudukan sama dengan DPR, bahkan dari segi karakter keterwakilan berdasarkan daerah-daerah, DPD memiliki karakter keterwakilan yang lebih luas dari DPR karena dimensi keterwakilannya didasarkan kepada seluruh rakyat yang terdapat pada daerah-daerah. <em>Kedua</em>, DPD selaku lembaga perwakilan rakyat memiliki tugas dan wewenang sebagaimana DPR, yaitu memiliki fungsi anggaran, legislasi,  dan pengawasan meski sifatnya terbatas. <em>Ketiga</em>, dalam konteks ketatanegaraan Indonesia, tidak ada sinkronisasi dan harmonisasi kedudukan dan fungsi antara DPD dan DPR, keadaan ini melemahkan fungsi DPD selaku lembaga negara.</p><p><strong>K</strong><strong>a</strong><strong>t</strong><strong>a </strong><strong>k</strong><strong>un</strong><strong>c</strong><strong>i</strong><strong>: </strong>checks and balances, sistem bikameral, sinkronisasi, harmonisasi, lembaga perwakilan rakyat</p></div>

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF RISING COLORS ON OIL PAINTING BUSINESS - A STUDY

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (3SE) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Rashmi Jain
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Interior Decoration ◽  
Common People ◽  
Oil Painting ◽  
The People ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Impact

Of all the creatures in the world, only human is such a creature that feels beautiful. Art in human civilization has its origin in the human mind due to curiosity towards beauty. Through this, one feels joyful by expressing his feeling, feeling of the mind, that is, through the expressive art of his beautiful nature. This includes pictures, idol acting, singing, playing and hauttakothat. Its purpose is not only to create but it is also helpful in maintaining the tradition of culture, which is useful for public welfare. Art is usually divided into two categories - Fine art and professional art The main purpose of fine arts is self-drying which gives pleasure to the mind. Second and professional art is an act which helps in fulfilling the needs of society by sustaining one's livelihood. Commercial art has been a constant contributor. A producer makes his own production keeping this in mind. And serve that production. To make it useful and profitable, it changes in time through rago.Interior designing and painting have taken the form of a major profitable business today. In the interior decoration, the use of Telichitro has reached its fame to the people. In ancient times, the King-Maharaj and the rich man used to use oil in his home on a large scale. The common people used to paint on raw walls with raw colors on the ground, but nowadays, using a good variety of colors in interior designs has opened up new dimensions in this business, which is becoming a means of income and employment of individuals. In this business, using colors to keep the emotions in mind, increase the beauty and variety of the items. संसार के समस्त प्राणियों मे केवल मानव एक ऐसा प्राणी है जो सोन्दर्य की अनुभूति करता है। मानव सभ्यता मे कला की उत्पत्ति मानव मन मे सोन्दर्य के प्रति जिज्ञासा के कारण हुई है। इसके माध्यम से मनुष्य अपने भाव, मन की अनुभूति व्यक्त करके आन्नद महसूस करता है अर्थात उसकी सृतनात्म प्रवृति की अभिव्यक्तिी कला के माध्यम से करता है। इसमें चित्र,मूर्ति अभिनय,गायन,वादन एवं हात्तकोथत शामिल है। इसका उद्देश न केवल सृजन करना है बल्कि यह संस्कृति की परम्परा को बनाये रखने मे भी सहायक होता है, जो जनकल्याण के लिए उपयोगी है। कला को सामान्यतः दो वर्गो मे बाटाॅं जाता है- ललितकला एवं व्यवसायिक कला ललितकला का मुख्य उद्देश्य स्वतः सूखाय होता है जो मन को आन्नद देता है दुसरी और व्यवसायिक कला एक ऐसा कार्य है जिससे किसी की जिविका का निर्वाह होता समाज की आवश्यकताको की पूर्ति करने मे व्यवसायिक कला का निरन्तर योगदान रहा है। एक उत्पादक इसी बात को ध्यान मे रखकर अपना उत्पादन करता है। और उस उत्पादन को सर्व. उपयोगी एवं लाभप्रद बनाने के लिए समय के अनुसार उसमे रगो के माध्यम से परिवर्तन करता है।इन्टिरियर डिजाइनिंग और चित्रकारिता आज एक प्रमुख लाभप्रद व्यवसाय का रूप ले चुकी है। आन्तरिक सज्जा मे तैलचित्रो का अधिक प्रयोग कर इसकी ख्याति को जन जन तक पहुचॅंा दिया है। प्राचीनकाल मे राजा-महाराज एवं धनी व्यक्ति अपनी गृहसज्जा मे तैलचित्रो का प्रयोग बढे पैमाने पर करते थे। आमजनता कच्ची दीवारों पर जमीन पर कच्चे रंगो से चित्रकारी करते थे लेकिन आजकल इन्टिरियर डिजाइनों मे अच्छे किस्म के रंगो का प्रयोग गृहसज्जा मे करके इस व्यवसाय मे नये आयाम खोल दिए है जो व्यक्तियों की आय व रोजगार का साधन बन रहा है। इस व्यवसाय मे भावों को ध्यान मे रखकर रंगो के प्रयोग से वस्तुओं की सुन्दरता और विविधता को बढा देते है।

Upaya meningkatkan hasil belajar IPA pada materi struktur dan fungsi jaringan tumbuhan melalui penerapan model pembelajaran mind mapping Siswa kelas VIII MTsN 2 Aceh Besar

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-306
Author(s):  
Nurdahri Nurdahri
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Mind Mapping ◽  
Planning Cycle ◽  
Class Viii ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Academic Year

he purpose of this study was to improve science learning outcomes on the structure and function of plant networks in class VIII students of MTsN 2 Aceh Besar in the 2017/2018 academic year. The learning model used in this study is the Mind Mapping Learning Model. The subjects of this study were students of class VIII MTsN 2 Aceh Besar with a total of 33 students consisting of 13 male students and 20 fe-male students. This research was conducted in the 2017/2018 Academic Year within a period of 3 months, namely from August 2017 to October 2017 in Odd Semester. The research methodology is Classroom Action Research (CAR) consisting of two cycles and each cycle consisting of two meetings. Each cycle consists of planning, implementing, observing and reflecting. The research procedure con-sisted of pre-research, planning cycle one, implementing action cycle one, observing cycle one, reflect-ing cycle one, planning cycle two, implementing action cycle two, observing cycle two and reflecting cycle two. The data collection technique is to collect test scores that are carried out at the end of each lesson in each cycle using a question instrument (written test). Observation data was carried out by look-ing at the activeness of teachers and students during the learning process. The learning outcome data were analyzed by means of percentage statistics, while the observation data were analyzed by means of a Likert scale. The results showed that there was an increase in the completeness of student learning outcomes from 39.39% in the pre-cycle increased to 60.60% in Cycle I and increased to 87.87% in Cy-cle II. Observation of teacher activity during PBM has increased from a total score of 88 good categories in Cycle I, increasing to a total score of 93 good categories in Cycle II. The application of the Mind Mapping learning model can improve science learning outcomes on the structure and function of plant tissue for class VIII students of MTsN 2 Aceh Besar for the 2017/2018 academic year.

Aristotle's Formal Identity of Intellect and Object: A Solution to the Problem of Modal Epistemology

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-107
Author(s):  
Robert C. Koons
Keyword(s):  
Human Mind ◽  
Modal Epistemology ◽  
De Anima ◽  
Object A ◽  
Formal Identity ◽  
Identity Thesis ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Mental Objects ◽  
Aristotelian Metaphysics

In De Anima Book III, Aristotle subscribed to a theory of formal identity between the human mind and the extra-mental objects of our understanding. This has been one of the most controversial features of Aristotelian metaphysics of the mind. I offer here a defense of the Formal Identity Thesis, based on specifically epistemological arguments about our knowledge of necessary or essential truths.

The Russian People as They Are. Turgenev’s View

2018 ◽  
pp. 71-82
Author(s):  
Sergey Nickolsky
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Literary Genre ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Natural Man ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Nature And Society ◽  
Philosophical Nature

The question of the Russian man – his past, present and future – is the central one in the philosophy of history. Unfortunately, at present this area of philosophy is not suffciently developed in Russia. Partly the reason for this situation is the lack of understanding by researchers of the role played by Russian classical literature and its philosophizing writers in historiosophy. The Hunting Sketches, a collection of short stories by I.S. Turgenev, is a work still undervalued, not fully considered not only in details but also in general meanings. And this is understandable because it is the frst systematic encyclopedia of Russian worldview, which is not envisaged by the literary genre. To a certain extent, Turgenev’s line is continued by I. Goncharov (the theme of the mind and heart), L. Tolstoy (the theme of the living and the dead, nature and society, the people and the lords), F. Dostoevsky (natural and rational rights), A. Chekhov (worthy and vulgar life). This article examines the philosophical nature of The Hunting Sketches, its structure and content. According to author’s opinion, stories can be divided into ten groups according to their dominant meanings. Thus, in The Hunting Sketches the main Russian types are depicted: “natural man,” rational, submissive, cunning, honest, sensitive, passionate, poetic, homeless, suffering, calmly accepting death, imbued with the immensity of the world. In the image and the comments of the wandering protagonist, Ivan Turgenev reveals his own philosophical credo, which he defnes as a moderate liberalism – freedom of thought and action, without prejudice to others.

Afterword

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh B. Urban ◽  
Greg Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Academic Discourse ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
The Political ◽  
The People ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
Education Today

The Afterword includes an interview with Bruce Lincoln, in which he is asked to reflect on the current study of religion, methods of comparison, and the political implications of academic discourse. In addition to responding to specific points in these chapters, Lincoln also fleshes out what he thinks it would mean “to do better” in the critical study of religion amid the ongoing crises of higher education today. Perhaps most importantly, he reflects upon and clarifies what he means by “irreverence” in the study of religion; an irreverent approach, he concludes, entails a rejection of the sacred status that other people attribute to various things, but not of the people themselves.

scholarly journals Application of Eye Tracking Technology in Aviation, Maritime, and Construction Industries: A Systematic Review

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4289
Author(s):  
Daniel Martinez-Marquez ◽  
Sravan Pingali ◽  
Kriengsak Panuwatwanich ◽  
Rodney A. Stewart ◽  
Sherif Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mental Performance ◽  
Medical Scientist ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Attention Failure ◽  
Demographic Distribution

Most accidents in the aviation, maritime, and construction industries are caused by human error, which can be traced back to impaired mental performance and attention failure. In 1596, Du Laurens, a French anatomist and medical scientist, said that the eyes are the windows of the mind. Eye tracking research dates back almost 150 years and it has been widely used in different fields for several purposes. Overall, eye tracking technologies provide the means to capture in real time a variety of eye movements that reflect different human cognitive, emotional, and physiological states, which can be used to gain a wider understanding of the human mind in different scenarios. This systematic literature review explored the different applications of eye tracking research in three high-risk industries, namely aviation, maritime, and construction. The results of this research uncovered the demographic distribution and applications of eye tracking research, as well as the different technologies that have been integrated to study the visual, cognitive, and attentional aspects of human mental performance. Moreover, different research gaps and potential future research directions were highlighted in relation to the usage of additional technologies to support, validate, and enhance eye tracking research to better understand human mental performance.

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