What Has Emerged From 30 Years of the Orangi Pilot Project

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arif Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
International Development ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
The Government ◽  
Informal Development ◽  
Sanitation Systems

The causes of what has emerged from 30 years of the Orangi Pilot Project (OPP) can only be understood through understanding the factors that have shaped its evolution. The OPP was established by Akhtar Hameed Khan whose experience-based thinking and theorization has shaped the project philosophy and methodology. Situated in Orangi Town in Karachi, Pakistan, the project has motivated local communities to finance and build their own neighborhood infrastructure while encouraging the local government to build the off-site infrastructure such as trunk sewers and treatment plants. The project expanded to other areas of Pakistan with the OPP’s Research and Training Institute, training local communities in surveying, estimating materials and labor required for construction works, and motivating communities in building their sanitation systems and negotiating with local government to build the off-site infrastructure. The project methodology has been adopted by local governments and bilateral and international development agencies. The philosophy and methodology have also become a part of universities’ and bureaucratic training institutions’ curriculum. So far, households on over 15,560 lanes all over Pakistan have built their sanitation systems by investing 412 million rupees (Rs). According to the OPP 153rd quarterly report in 2018, the total number of households in these lanes is 272,506. The model shaped the sanitation policy of the government of Pakistan and also influenced policies on housing and informal development, which has results in the upgrade in a much greater number of households in urban areas such as Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad, Kasur, Narowal, Sargodha, Nowshera, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Rawalpindi, Muzaffargarh, Swat, Lodhran, Kehror Pakka, Dunyapur, Khanpur, Bahawalpur, Khairpur, Jalah Arain, Yazman, Vehari, Uchh, Multan, Alipur, Gujranwala, Jampur, Sanghar, Amanullah, Parhoon, Mithi, and Sinjhoro, as well as 128 villages. The project suffered a major blow with the assassination of its director and one of its workers and an attempt on the life of its deputy director in 2013. Due to the resulting insecurity, project programs and various linkages with government and international agencies and nongovernmental organizations suffered. However, due to the OPP’s reputation of capability and its roots within the community, the project has survived (against all predictions) and is in the process of expanding its work and expertise.

scholarly journals Efforts to Promote Surakarta and Makassar as Children Friendly Towns

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-70
Author(s):  
Moh Ilham A. Hamudy
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Community Health Centers ◽  
Birth Certificate ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Women Empowerment ◽  
Head Region ◽  
Child Friendly ◽  
The Government

This study is about child-friendly city (KLA). This research is motivated by the lack of attention of the local government in protecting children and the issuance of Law No. 35 of 2014 on Protection of Children, which mandates local government obligations in the care of the child. This study sought to describe the various efforts made by the government of Surakarta and Makassar in realizing the KLA, the following supporting factors and obstacles surrounding the KLA embodiment. By using descriptive method and combine it with a qualitative approach, this study found some important points about the efforts of local governments in realizing the KLA. In Surakarta, for example, there have been several child-friendly community health centers (puskesmas). The Puskesmas is equipped with a private lounge complete with a childrens playground. In addition, services for children such as nutrition garden, corner of breast milk, pediatrician, child counseling services and a child abuse victim services also continue to be equipped, and many other programs. No wonder the Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection Republic of Indonesia assessment scoring 713 from a total value of 31 indicators contained in the KLA who had filled the city of Surakarta. Meanwhile, Makassar City has not done a lot of local government programs, because the relatively new Makassar proclaimed KLA and is still central to reform. Among the new programs are being implemented and the Government of Makassar is giving birth certificate free of charge, to build flats in slums, and make the two villages as a pilot project KLA. The factors that affect the embodiment of the KLA it is a commitment. Not only the commitment of the head region, but also all relevant parties. As a cross cutting issue, the KLA also requires institutional capacity. Not only is the capacity of Women Empowerment and Child Protection Agency as a leading sector in the KLA, but also all work units other related areas. The success of the KLA in a city / county is also very dependent on the commitment of all parties concerned built. In addition, the program can not be done KLA in a short time, and require no small cost. Penelitian ini adalah tentang kota layak anak (KLA). Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kurangnya perhatian pemerintah daerah dalam melindungi anak dan keluarnya UU No 35 Tahun 2014 tentang Perlindungan Anak yang mengamanatkan kewajiban pemerintah daerah dalam mengurus anak. Penelitian ini berusaha menggambarkan pelbagai upaya yang dilakukan pemerintah Kota Surakarta dan Makassar dalam mewujudkan KLA, berikut faktor pendukung dan penghambat yang melingkupi perwujudan KLA tersebut. Dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif dan memadunya dengan pendekatan kualitatif, penelitian ini menemukan beberapa poin penting tentang upaya pemerintah daerah dalam mewujudkan KLA. Di Surakarta, misalnya, sudah ada beberapa puskesmas ramah anak. Puskemas itu dilengkapi dengan ruang tunggu khusus anak lengkap dengan alat bermainnya. Selain itu, layanan-layanan untuk anak seperti taman gizi, pojok ASI, dokter spesialis anak, layanan konseling anak dan tempat pelayanan korban kekerasan terhadap anak juga terus dilengkapi, dan masih banyak program lainnya. Tidak heran kalau penilaian Kementerian PPPA memberikan skor 713 dari total nilai yang terdapat dalam 31 indikator KLA yang sudah dipenuhi Kota Surakarta. Sedangkan, Kota Makassar belum banyak program yang dikerjakan pemerintah daerah. Pasalnya, Makassar relatif baru mencanangkan KLA dan kini masih tengah melakukan pembenahan. Di antara program yang baru dan sedang dilaksanakan Pemerintah Kota Makassar adalah pemberian akta kelahiran secara gratis, membangun rumah susun di kawasan kumuh, dan menjadikan dua kelurahan sebagai proyek percontohan KLA. Adapun faktor yang memengaruhi perwujudan KLA itu adalah komitmen. Tidak hanya komitmen kepala daerah, tetapi juga semua pihak terkait. Sebagai sebuah isu yang melibatkan pelbagai pihak, KLA juga membutuhkan kapasitas kelembagaan. Tidak hanya kapasitas Badan Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak sebagai leading sector KLA, tetapi semua satuan kerja perangkat daerah terkait lainnya. Selain itu, program KLA tidak bisa dilakukan dalam waktu singkat, dan memerlukan biaya yang tidak sedikit.

scholarly journals PERAN PEMERINTAH DAERAH DALAM PENGEMBANGAN OBYEK WISATA HUTAN BATU RAMMANG – RAMMANG DI KABUPATEN MAROS

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Harnida Harnida ◽  
Muhammad Tahir
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
The Government ◽  
Research Type

This study aims to determine the role of local governments in the development of forest tourism rammang rammang stone- Maros and determine the government's efforts in the development of tourism rammang-rammang stone forests Maros, using role government indicator as a facilitator, regulator and mediator. This research is qualitative research type phenomenology. Data were collected using such instruments; Observation, interviews and document searches. The results of this study indicate that in general the role of government in the development of tourism rammang rammang- stone forest in Maros is not maximized. As a facilitator, the government has not been much to facilitate the activities of local communities. As a mediator, local governments lack the desire and complaints from people in the area related to the improvement of facilities and infrastructure. As a regulator, the local government has not communicating about the rules of preservation of these attractions.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran pemerintah daerah dalam pengembangan obyek wisata Hutan Batu Rammang-rammang Kabupaten Maros dan mengetahui upaya pemerintah dalam pengembangan obyek wisata hutan batu rammang- rammang Kabupaten Maros dengan menggunakan indicator pemerintah sebagai fasilitator, regulator dan mediator. Jenis penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif dengan tipe penelitian fenomenologi. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan instrumen berupa; Observasi, wawancara dan penelusuran dokumen. Hasil Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa secara umum peran pemerintah dalam pengembangan obyek wisata hutan batu rammang- rammang di Kabupaten Maros belum maksimal. Sebagai fasilitator, pemerintah belum banyak memfasilitasi aktifitas masyarakat setempat. Sebagai mediator, pemerintah daerah kurang keinginan dan keluhan dari masyarakat di daerah tersebut terkait peningkatan sarana dan prasarana. Sebagai regulator, pemerintah daerah juga kurang berkomunikasi mengenai aturan pelestarian obyek wisata tersebut.

A Real Or a Marginal Trend in Participatory Budgets in Local Governments

e-Finanse ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 12-21
Author(s):  
Beata Zofia Filipiak ◽  
Marek Dylewski
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Social Participation ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Public Funds ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Participatory Budget

AbstractThe purpose of the article is analysis of participatory budgets as a tool for shaping decisions of local communities on the use of public funds. The authors ask the question of whether the current practice of using the participatory budget is actually a growing trend in local government finances or, after the initial euphoria resulting from participation, society ceased to notice the real possibilities of influencing the directions of public expenditures as an opportunity to legislate public policies implemented. It is expected that the conducted research will allow us to evaluate the participatory budget and indicate whether this tool practically acts as a stimulus for changes in the scope of tasks under public policies. The authors analyzed and evaluated the announced competitions for projects as part of the procedure for elaborating participatory budgeting for selected LGUs. Then, they carried out an in-depth analysis of the data used to assess real social participation in the process of establishing social policies.

scholarly journals Urban agriculture: local government stakeholders’ perspectives and informational needs

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Catherine G. Campbell ◽  
Shelli D. Rampold
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Urban Agriculture ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
University Of Florida ◽  
Public Issues ◽  
Subjective Knowledge ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Study Support

Abstract In many US states, the power to regulate urban agriculture (UA) rests in local governments. Although there has been increased interest in UA, some local governments have been slow to adopt policies or ordinances to foster food production in urban areas or have actively sought to limit UA in their municipalities. To learn more about the disconnect between resident interest and local government policy, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Extension and Center for Public Issues Education conducted a statewide survey of local government stakeholders (LGS) to assess their attitudes toward UA, subjective knowledge of UA, perceived benefits of and barriers to the implementation of UA and educational needs. Responses were collected using 5-point semantic differential and Likert-type scales. Overall, respondents displayed positive attitudes and moderate knowledge of UA, and they identified a number of benefits of and barriers to implementing UA in their communities. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that lack of basic knowledge about UA is one difficulty in fostering UA. Despite being positively disposed toward UA, LGS may not fully understand how to effectively develop and implement policies to foster UA. This finding may also help explain reluctance to adopt local government policies to support UA. Efforts to provide LGS key information and enhance their knowledge of UA may support the development of UA activities.

Local Communities as a Tool for the Development of Municipal Democracy: German Experience and Lessons for Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 74-88
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Larichev ◽  
Emil Markwart
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
The State ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Issue Management ◽  
State Management ◽  
Municipal Level

Local government as a political, legal and social institution finds itself in a very difficult period of development in Russia. The long-established tendency of its subordination to the state has intensified today in connection with the newly adopted constitutional amendments. At the same time, it seems obvious that further “embedding” of local government into the state management vertical, in the absence of any positive effect in terms of solving socio-economic and infrastructural problems, will inevitably lead to other hard to reverse, negative results both for local government institutions and the system of public authority as a whole. The normal functioning of local government requires, however, not only the presence of its sufficient institutional and functional autonomy from the state, but also an adequate territorial and social base for its implementation. To ensure the formation of viable territorial collectives, especially in urban areas, it seems appropriate to promote the development of self-government based on local groups at the intra-municipal level. Such local groups can independently manage issues of local importance on a small scale (landscaping, social volunteering, and neighborly mutual assistance), and provide, within the boundaries of a local territory, due civil control over the maintenance by municipal authorities of more complex and large-scale local issues (repair and development of infrastructure, removal of solid household waste and more). At the same time, the development of local communities can by no means be a self-sufficient and substitutional mechanism, whose introduction would end the need for democracy in the full scope of municipal structures overall. In this regard, the experience of local communities’ development in Germany, a state with legal traditions similar to Russian ones, with a centuries-old history of the development of territorial communities and a difficult path to building democracy and forming civil society, seems to be very interesting. Here, the progressive development of local forms of democracy and the participation of residents in local issue management are combined with stable mechanisms of municipal government, and the interaction of municipalities with the state does not torpedo the existing citizen forms of self-government. At the same time, the experience of Germany shows that the decentralization of public issue management which involves the local population can only be effective in a situation where, in addition to maintaining a full-fledged self-government mechanism at the general municipal level, relevant local communities are endowed with real competence and resources to influence local issue decision-making. The role of formalized local communities in urban areas, as the German experience shows, can not only facilitate the decentralization of solving public problems, but can also help in timely elimination of triggers for mobilizing citywide supercollectives with negative agendas. This experience seems useful and applicable in the Russian context.

scholarly journals RESEARCH ON THE GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF LESHAN GIANT BUDDHA AND MOUNT EMEI

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-03
Author(s):  
Xu . ◽  
Lishan .
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Management System ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Heritage Protection ◽  
Government Management ◽  
Local Government Management ◽  
The Government

Local governments play an indelible role in the process of world heritage protection. This paper attempts to explore the historical evolution of the development of Leshan Giant Buddha and Mount Emei and the current situation of local government management, so as to summarize some relevant experience of local government management for world heritage protection.

scholarly journals Communication Models of Local Self-Government as a Subject of Modern Russian Policy (Based on Local Self-Government Bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan)

2021 ◽  
pp. 246-254
Author(s):  
Galina Morozova ◽  
◽  
Diana Fatikhova ◽  
Elmira Ziiatdinova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Symmetrical Model ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

Introduction. The article presents the results of a study of communication in the system of local self-government of the Republic of Tatarstan as a subject of the Russian Federation conducted by the authors in November – December 2019. The study included a survey of representatives of regional media and press services of local authorities of the Republic of Tatarstan in order to determine the model of communication in the local government system and the role of PR-activities in the regulation of social interaction in the region. Methods and materials. The main method of studying was the method of expert survey. The authors developed a questionnaire, which was used during an interview with experts. When choosing an expert – a media representative for the interview – the authors took into account three factors: the rating of the represented media, the experience of the respondent in the regional media (at least five years) and the authority to make a key decision on the publication of the material. In order to identify the experts who are representatives of local self-government bodies, the authors of the article determined the following criteria: implementation of information and analytical activities in the structure of local self-government bodies, at least 5 years of experience as a head of a structural unit (public relations / media relations department) of local self-government bodies. Analysis. The analysis showed that the development of social media accelerates the process of establishing a two-way model of communication between the government and the public. Social media have become a full-fledged source of information both for the journalistic community and for the press services of local governments. Moreover, with the help of the content posted in posts on official accounts on social networks, local governments can attract residents of the municipal territory to participate in solving local issues. Constant monitoring, responding to comments, tracking negative content on social media are becoming everyday practices in the work of press services. Results. The results of the study indicate that over the past decade in the Russian Federation the necessary prerequisites have been formed for the formation of a bilateral symmetrical model of communication between local authorities and the population. This model is aimed at providing effective feedback that allows the local government to quickly respond to the aspirations and needs of the population, monitor their dynamics, constantly monitor the attitude and assessments of citizens of decisions made on the development of the city or region.

scholarly journals Analisis Kebijakan Pemerintah Daerah Dalam Penyelenggaraan Pendidikan Madrasah Di Kabupaten Nganjuk

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dicky Dwi Wibowo ◽  
Agus Tinus
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Education Policies ◽  
New Students ◽  
System 2 ◽  
The Government ◽  
Negative Impacts

Abstract: The regional government is at the forefront of sustainable development. Through policies issued by local governments can help improve the quality of education at the Madrasah level. The study aims to describe 1) a comparison of education policies by the Nganjuk Regional Government. 2) The authority of education policy providers by the Nganjuk regional government. 3) positive and negative impacts of the comparison of government policies on the implementation of Madrasah education. This research uses qualitative research with a descriptive-analytic approach. Data collection techniques are done using observation, interviews, and documents. Data analysis of the results of the study was carried out by data reduction, data presentation, and concluding (data verification). The results of the study show that (1) Problems and comparisons of educational policies namely regarding the qualifications of the establishment of schools and madrasas, and differences in the admission schedule for new students that are still not aligned between the Education Office and the Nganjuk Ministry of Religion Office due to the centralization and decentralization of the government system. (2) The authority exercised by the Education Office and the Regional People's Representative Assembly Commission 4 does not affect Madrasas (3) The positive impact is that madrasas can choose students who are superior and can meet the ceiling set by the government. The negative impact is that madrasas are said to be a factor in merging schools and the lack of local government attention to madrasas.Keywords: School, Madrasa, Educational Policy, Local Government Abstrak: Pemerintah daerah menjadi ujung tombak dalam pembangunan yang berkelanjutan. Melalui kebijakan yang dikeluarkan pemerintah daerah dapat membantu peningkatkan mutu penyelenggaraan pendidikan di tingkat Madrasah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan tentang1) perbandingan kebijakan pendidikan oleh Pemerintah Daerah NganjukDalam Penyelenggaraan Pendidikan Madrasah. 2) Kewenangan penyelenggara kebijakan pendidikanMadrasah oleh pemerintah daerah Nganjuk.3) dampak positif dan negatif dari perbandingan kebijakan pemerintah terhadap penyelenggaraan pendidikan Madrasah. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif-analitik. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan observasi, wawancara serta dokumen. Analisis data hasil penelitian dilakukan dengan reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan (verifikasi data). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) Permasalahan dan perbandingan kebijakan pendidikan yaitu mengenai kualifikasi jarak pendirian sekolah dan madrasah, dan perbedaan jadwal penerimaan siswa baru yang masih belum selaras antara Dinas Pendidikan dan Kantor Kementerian Agama Nganjuk dikarenakan sentralisasi dan desentralisasi sistem pemerintahan. (2) Kewenagan yang dilakukan Dinas Pendidikan dan DPRD Komisi 4 tdak berpengaruh kepada Madrasah (3) Dampak positif yaitu madrasah mampu memilih siswa yang unggul dan bisa memenuhi pagu yang telah ditentukan oleh pemerintah. Dampak negatinya adalah madrasah dikatakan sebagai faktor penggabungan sekolah dan masih kurangnya perhatian pemerintah daerah terhadap madrasah.Kata kunci: Sekolah, Madrasah, Kebijakan Pendidikan, Pemerintah Daerah

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN REGIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT FOR THE HANDLING OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Yurispruden ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Fahrul Abrori
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Relationship

 ABSTRAKPandemi Covid-19 yang terjadi di Indonesia membuat pemerintah membuat kebijakan-kebijakan sebagai stimulus untuk menjaga kestabilan masyarakat dan perekonomian. Pemerintah pusat memberikan kewenangan kepada pemerintah daerah untuk mengelola keuangan daerah untuk menangani covid-19 di daerah masing-masing. Hal ini disebabkan karena pemerintah daerah lebih memahami kebutuhan daerahnya. Permasalahan yang diangkat Pertama, bagaimana hubungan Pemerintah Pusat dan Pemerintah Daerah dalam pengelolaan keuangan untuk penanganan pandemi Covid-19? Kedua, Apa peran Pemerintah Daerah dalam pengelolaan keuangan daerah untuk penanganan pandemi Covid-19? Menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konsep. Hubungan Pemerintah Pusat dan Pemerintah Daerah dalam Pengelolaan Keuangan untuk Penanganan Pandemi Covid-19 yaitu desentralisasi fiskal yang mana. Peran Pemerintah Daerah dalam Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah untuk Penanganan Pandemi Covid-19 yaitu dengan melakukan refocusing kegiatan, realokasi anggaran, dan Penggunaan Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah.Kata kunci: Pemerintah Daerah, Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah, Pandemi Covid-19 ABSTRACTThe Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia led the government to make policies as a stimulus to maintain the stability of society and the economy. The central government authorizes local governments to manage local finances to deal with covid-19 in their respective regions. This is because the local government better understands the needs of the region. The issue raised first, how is the relationship between the Central Government and Local Government in financial management for the handling of the Covid-19 pandemic? Second, What is the role of local governments in regional financial management for the handling of the Covid-19 pandemic? Using normative juridical research methods with statutory approaches and concept approaches. The relationship between the Central Government and Local Government in Financial Management for the Handling of the Covid-19 Pandemic is fiscal decentralization. The role of local governments in regional financial management for the handling of the Covid-19 pandemic is by refocusing activities, reallocating budgets, and using regional budgets.Keywords: Local Government, Regional Financial Management, Covid-19 Pandemic

Local Government Use of Web 2.0

2012 ◽  
pp. 1774-1791
Author(s):  
Raoul J. Freeman ◽  
Peter Loo
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Web 2.0 ◽  
Social Networking ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Los Angeles County ◽  
The Government ◽  
Operational Issues ◽  
Technological Opportunities

Web 2.0 refers to various networked applications utilizing technologies such as application mashups, content syndication, videocasts, wikis, blogs, social networking, user tagging, social bookmarks and content and service rating. Such technologies are designed to reach, attract, and interact with a greater electronic user audience. The potential of these technologies for e-government applications at Los Angeles County is analyzed. The government model for leveraging Internet technologies is different from that of commercial enterprises or academia. Thus immediate utilization of seemingly attractive technological opportunities must be tempered by organizational, implementation, and social responsibility constraints. Appropriate attention needs to be paid to legal and operational issues. The main conclusion drawn is that Web 2.0 presents an opportunity for local governments such as Los Angeles County, but that there should not be a headlong rush to implementation without consideration of a variety of other issues.

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