Judeo-Spanish (Judezmo, Ladino)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Bunis
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Endangered Language ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Hebrew Letter ◽  
Conscious Choice ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Ibero-Romance-speaking Jews of medieval Christian Iberia were linguistically distinct from their non-Jewish neighbors primarily as a result of their language’s unique Hebrew-Aramaic component; preservations from older Jewish Greek, Latin, and Arabic; a tradition of translating sacred Hebrew and Aramaic texts into their language using archaisms and Hebrew-Aramaic rather than Hispanic syntax; and their Hebrew-letter writing system. With the expulsions from Iberia in the late 15th century, most of the Sephardim who continued to maintain their Iberian-origin language resettled in the Ottoman Empire, with smaller numbers in North Africa and Italy. Their forced migration, and perhaps a conscious choice, essentially disconnected the Sephardim from the Spanish language as it developed in Iberia and Latin America, causing their language—which they came to call laðino ‘Romance’, ʤuðezmo or ʤuðjó ‘Jewish, Judezmo’, and more recently (ʤudeo)espaɲol ‘Judeo-Spanish’—to appear archaic when compared with modern Spanish. In their new locales the Sephardim developed the Hispanic component of their language along independent lines, resulting in further differentiation from Spanish. Divergence was intensified through borrowing from contact languages of the Ottoman Empire such as Turkish, Greek, and South Slavic. Especially from the late 18th century, factors such as the colonializing interests of France, Italy, and Austro-Hungary in the region led to considerable influence of their languages on Judezmo. In the 19th century, the dismemberment of the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires and their replacement by highly nationalistic states resulted in a massive language shift to the local languages; that factor, followed by large speech-population losses during World War II and immigration to countries stressing linguistic homogeneity, have in recent years made Judezmo an endangered language.

The Public and Economic Activities of the Hִatim Family of Istanbul: A Chapter in the History of the Jewish Leadership in Istanbul and Jerusalem in the 19th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-127
Author(s):  
Leah Bornstein-Makovetsky
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The Public ◽  
Economic Elite ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article discusses the biographies and economic and public activities of the Ḥatim family in Istanbul in the late 18th century and throughout the 19th century. Most of the attention is focused on R. Shlomo Ḥatim and his son Yitsḥak, who were members of the Jewish elite in Istanbul and settled in Jerusalem at the ends of their lives. R. Shlomo, who is said to have served the Ottoman authorities in Istanbul, settled in Jerusalem more than ten years before the leaders of the Jewish economic elite in Istanbul were executed in the 1820s. His son, surviving this purge, followed much later, immigrating to Israel in 1846, but died immediately thereafter. This article provides insights into the business activities of the Ḥatim family, as well as the activities of Yitsḥak Ḥatim as an Ottoman official in Istanbul. I also discuss two more generations of this family, considered an elite, privileged one, and that was highly esteemed among well-known rabbis in the Ottoman Empire. I also discuss the ties that developed between the communities of Istanbul and Jerusalem in the first half of the 19th century as a result of initiatives of officials in Istanbul and of immigration from Istanbul to Jerusalem.

scholarly journals Akteure im Dazwischen

Administory ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-111
Author(s):  
Nathalie Patricia Soursos ◽  
Anna Ransmayr
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Practical Realization ◽  
Greek Orthodox ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract From the late 18th century to the end of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1918, Vienna’s two Greek Orthodox communities administered a remarkable number of endowments. By founding endowments the benefactors acted between several spaces and subspaces. The transgression of boundaries by endowments addressed to the benefactors’ hometowns in the Ottoman Empire as well as the instability of these boundaries in the 19th century led to various problems in the interaction with the state authorities. But also endowments given to Viennese institutions were sometimes problematic, depending on the benefactors’ character as either Ottoman or Habsburg subjects. In contrast to Ottoman subjects, Habsburg subjects could also endow real estate and thus show their integration into the Viennese bourgeoisie. In this article we discuss the legal frameworks for the administration of endowments in the two Greek communities in Vienna as well as its practical realization in interaction with the Habsburg authorities.

The Portrayal of Islam in Some Early Nigerian Newspapers (1880-1910)

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-328
Author(s):  
Salahudeen Yusuf
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Religious Conflict ◽  
Intellectual Honesty ◽  
The People ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
The Press ◽  
External Threat ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

The history of Islam in part of what is known today as Nigeria datesto about the loth Century. Christianity dates to the late 18th Century. Bythe middle of the 19th Century, when Nigerian newspapers began to appearon the streets of Nigeria, both religions had won so many followers and extendedto so many places in Nigeria that very few areas were untouched bytheir influence. The impact of both religions on their adherents not only determinedtheir spiritual life, but influenced their social and political lives aswell. It therefore became inevitable that both religions receive coverage frommost of the newspapers of the time. How the newspapers as media of informationand communication reported issues about the two religions is thetheme of this paper.Rationale for the StudyThe purpose of this study is to highlight the context in which such earlynewspapers operated and the factors that dictated their performance. Thisis because it is assumed that when a society faces external threat to its territory,culture, and independence, all hands (the press inclusive) ought tobe on deck to resist the threat with all might. Were newspapers used as verbalartillery and how did they present each religion? It is also assumed thatin a multireligious society a true press should be objective and serve as avanguard in the promotion of the interest of the people in general and notcreate or foster an atmosphere of religious conflict. The study also aims atfinding out whether the papers promoted intellectual honesty and fosteredthe spirit of unity particularly when the society was faced with the encroachmentof the British who posed a threat to their freedom, culture, economy ...

scholarly journals Historyczne plany Lublina w zasobie Archiwum Państwowego w Lublinie. Cz. 1: obszar całego miasta

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 135-196
Author(s):  
Piotr Dymmel
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
Construction Design ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
Basic Work ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The 19Th Century

Autor zajmuje się planami Lublina, które przedstawiają cały obszar miasta w historycznym rozwoju. Plany Lublina nie tworzą dziś zwartego zbioru zgromadzonego w jednym miejscu. Ze względu na swoje funkcje, czas i okoliczności powstania, a także postać fizyczną są rozproszone zarówno w sensie przestrzennym, jak i instytucjonalnym. Najwięcej zabytków kartograficznych, przedstawiających obszar Lublina, zachowało się w archiwach państwowych w Polsce, z kolei spośród nich największy zbiór posiada Archiwum Państwowe w Lublinie. Sytuacja ta wynika zasadniczo z urzędowego charakteru tych materiałów, które od początku XIX w. były tworzone głównie dla potrzeb władz i urzędów państwowych oraz miejskich w ramach pełnionych przez nie funkcji. Powstawały one przy okazji dokumentowania różnych czynności, związanych m.in. ze zmianami własnościowymi, projektowaniem budowlanym, planowaniem urbanistycznym i zagospodarowaniem przestrzennym. Wiedza na ich temat jest niepełna, co powoduje, że stan rozpoznania i zinwentaryzowania lubelskich planów nie jest jeszcze kompletny. W Archiwum Państwowym w Lublinie jest przechowywanych około 50 planów przedstawiających całą przestrzeń Lublina. Pochodzą one z okresu prawie dwóch stuleci, od końca XVIII do połowy XX w. Plany znajdują się w różnych zespołach archiwalnych, występują w postaci kolekcji tworzonej przez pojedyncze zabytki kartograficzne lub znajdują się w ramach poszczególnych zespołów, jako dokumentacja spraw tworzona w wyniku działalności urzędów. Rozproszenie materiałów kartograficznych powoduje w konsekwencji potrzebę ich rozpoznania i opisania. Zadaniem autora jest wykonanie prac podstawowych związanych z poszukiwaniem i rejestracją oraz analizą i opisem zachowanych zabytków kartograficznych. Historical Maps of Lublin in the Collection of the State Archives in Lublin Part I: the Area of the Entire City The author discusses the maps of Lublin that present the entire area of the city in historical development. Today, the maps of Lublin do not form a coherent collection gathered in one place: on account of their functions, time, and the circumstances of their creation and also of their physical form they are dispersed, both in the spatial and institutional sense. Most of cartographic relics representing the area of Lublin are preserved in the State Archives all over Poland; the greatest collection is in turn stored in the State Archive in Lublin. This situation stems mainly from the official character of these materials which, from the beginning or the 19th century, were created generally for the needs of the authorities and state and city offices as part of their functions. They were created alongside with the documentation of various activities connected with, inter alia, changes of ownerships, construction design, urban planning, and spatial development. The knowledge on their subject is not complete – consequently, the state of identification and inventory of Lublin map is not yet complete. In the State Archive in Lublin about 50 maps representing the entire area of Lublin are stored. They come from the period of almost two centuries, from the late 18th century to the mid-20th century. The maps are kept in various archival fonds, they appear in the form of collections created by single, cartographic pieces or are within particular fonds as the documentation of cases created as a result of the activity of the offices. Consequently, the dispersion of cartographic materials necessitates their identification and description. The author’s task is to carry out the basic work connected with the search, registration, analysis, and description of the preserved cartographic materials.

Trading Networks of Malay Merchants and Traders in the Straits of Melaka from 1780 to 1830

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-82
Author(s):  
Nordin Hussin
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Early Modern History ◽  
Trace Back ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
European Colonialism ◽  
Trading Networks ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Focal Analysis

Abstract Malay merchants and traders played an essential and significant role in the early modern history of trade and commerce in Southeast Asia. Nevertheless records on the history of their entrepreneurship has been hardly written and researched upon. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to trace back the dynamic of Malay trading communities in the late 18th and towards the early decades of the 19th century. The paper would also highlight the importance of Malay traders in early Penang and the survival of Melaka as an important port in the late 18th century. A focal analysis of this study is on the 18th and 19th centuries Malay merchant communities and how their active presence in the Malay waters had given a great impact to the intra-Asian trade in Southeast Asia prior to the period of European colonialism and imperialism.

Ottoman-Russian Relations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Brisku
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Trade Disputes ◽  
Military Alliances ◽  
Military Reform ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
The Russian Empire

Four-centuries-long encounters between the Ottoman Empire and the Grand Duchy of Muscovy/Russian Empire point to complex relations that have been triggered and defined mostly by territorial, trade disputes, and wars, and maintained by diplomatic rivalry and occasional military alliances. Starting as friendly encounters during Sultan Bayezid II reign at the beginning of the 16th century, these relations, essentially and persistently asymmetrical, reveal an initial and long Ottoman dominance over the Muscovy/Russian side; one that lasted from the early 16th to the late 18th century—whereby the two sides shared no direct borders, traded and did not fight each other until the late 17th century—followed by a late 18th-century and mid-19th-century Russian ascendency. This ascendency was achieved largely thanks to the military reform that Tsar/Emperor Peter the Great undertook, namely, the establishment of a standing and professional army and consequentially due to the many wars that Russia won throughout the 19th century; the decisive ones being those fought during the reign of Empress Catherine the Great. The mid-19th century and the early 20th century—which witnessed the implosion of the Russian Empire due to the Bolshevik Revolution and the break-up of the Ottoman Empire by Britain and France—was a long period that saw few and brief military alliances, contested trade relations and yet continued wars. It was ultimately marred by an Ottoman drive to counterbalance Russia’s dominance, while the latter sought to preserve it, by involving other European powers (British and French)—the most crucial moment being the British, French, and Ottoman armies defeating the Russian one in the Crimean War (1853–1856)—transforming their bilateral interactions into multilateral but unsustainable relations.

Fine Structure and Reproducibility of Radiocarbon Ages of Middle to Early Modern Japanese Tree Rings

Radiocarbon ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 1907-1917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minoru Sakamoto ◽  
Masataka Hakozaki ◽  
Nanae Nakao ◽  
Takeshi Nakatsuka
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Tree Rings ◽  
Calibration Curve ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Structure Tree ◽  
The 19Th Century

ABSTRACTThis study carried out accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon (AMS 14C) measurement of Japanese tree rings dating from the middle to early modern eras to investigate calibration curve fine structure. Tree-ring ages were determined by dendrochronology or δ18O chronology for Japanese trees. 14C ages from the 15th century to the middle of the 17th century followed the IntCal13 calibration curve within measurement error. Different patterns of fluctuations during the latter half of the 17th century to the early the 18th century were observed in different tree samples. In the 19th century, patterns of 14C ages of different samples appeared similar but did not exactly match each other.

POLICING THE COUNTRYSIDE: GENDARMES OF THE LATE 19TH-CENTURY OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1876–1908)

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadir Özbek
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Administrative Practices ◽  
Internal Security ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
History Of

This article lays groundwork for a more systematic history of the Ottoman gendarmerie (jandarma), here with special emphasis on the men in the corps and their working conditions. The gendarmerie, which before 1879 reform the Ottomans called asakir-i zabtiye, was a provincial paramilitary police organization established by bureaucrats of the Tanzimat state during the 1840s on an ad hoc basis. This force later acquired a more uniform and centralized character, becoming the empire's principal internal security organization. Through this paramilitary police institution, 19th-century Ottoman bureaucrats aimed to extend their authority into the provinces, which at that time could be described as only marginally under Ottoman sovereignty according to contemporary definitions of the term. From the late 18th century on, extending state sovereignty to recognized territorial boundaries emerged as a vital need for most European states as well as the Ottoman Empire. Along with other modern military and civil institutions and modern administrative practices, introducing various types of paramilitary provincial police forces enabled governments in Europe to enhance and extend their authority over territories in which it had been limited. The gendarmerie thus emerged in both Europe and in the Ottoman Empire as integral to modern state formation and its technologies of government. Although acknowledging the Pan-European context of the gendarmerie's emergence and its theoretical ramifications, the present article is concerned more with the Ottoman context within which this police corps was established, evolved, and took on a uniquely Ottoman form.

Plutonism versus Neptunism at the southern tip of Africa: the debate on the origin of granites at the Cape, 1776–1844

2009 ◽  
Vol 100 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharad Master
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Contact Metamorphism ◽  
Sea Level Changes ◽  
Table Mountain ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Palaeozoic ◽  
The 19Th Century

ABSTRACTThe Cape Granites are a granitic suite intruded into Neoproterozoic greywackes and slates, and unconformably overlain by early Palaeozoic Table Mountain Group orthoquartzites. They were first recognised at Paarl in 1776 by Francis Masson, and by William Anderson and William Hamilton in 1778. Studies of the Cape Granites were central to some of the early debates between the Wernerian Neptunists (Robert Jameson and his former pupils) and the Huttonian Plutonists (John Playfair, Basil Hall, Charles Darwin), in the first decades of the 19th Century, since it is at the foot of Table Mountain that the first intrusive granites outside of Scotland were described by Hall in 1812. The Neptunists believed that all rocks, including granite and basalt, were precipitated from the primordial oceans, whereas the Plutonists believed in the intrusive origin of some igneous rocks, such as granite. In this paper, some of the early descriptions and debates concerning the Cape Granites are reviewed, and the history of the development of ideas on granites (as well as on contact metamorphism and sea level changes) at the Cape in the late 18th Century and early to mid 19th Century, during the emerging years of the discipline of geology, is presented for the first time.

On Nystagmus, Saccades, and Fixations

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p3395 ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin W Tatler ◽  
Nicholas J Wade
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Visual Awareness ◽  
Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Vestibular Reflex ◽  
Voluntary Eye Movements ◽  
Slow Eye Movements ◽  
The 19Th Century

Investigations of the ways in which the eyes move came to prominence in the 19th century, but techniques for measuring them more precisely emerged in the 20th century. When scanning a scene or text the eyes engage in periods of relative stability (fixations) interspersed with ballistic rotations (saccades). The saccade-and-fixate strategy, associated with voluntary eye movements, was first uncovered in the context of involuntary eye movements following body rotation. This pattern of eye movements is now referred to as nystagmus, and involves periods of slow eye movements, during which objects are visible, and rapid returns, when they are not; it is based on a vestibular reflex which attempts to achieve image stabilisation. Post-rotational nystagmus was reported in the late 18th century (by Wells), with afterimages used as a means of retinal stabilisation to distinguish between movement of the eyes and of the environment. Nystagmus was linked to vestibular stimulation in the 19th century, and Mach, Breuer, and Crum Brown all described its fast and slow phases. Wells and Breuer proposed that there was no visual awareness during the ballistic phase (saccadic suppression). The saccade-and-fixate strategy highlighted by studies of nystagmus was shown to apply to tasks like reading by Dodge, who used more sophisticated photographic techniques to examine oculomotor kinematics. The relationship between eye movements and perception, following earlier intuitions by Wells and Breuer, was explored by Dodge, and has been of fundamental importance in the direction of vision research over the last century.

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