Morphology and Phonotactics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Gouskova
Keyword(s):  
Historical Change ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Syntactic Category ◽  
Grammatical Knowledge ◽  
Lexical Information ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Status ◽  
Morpheme Boundary ◽  
Basic Level ◽  
Phonological Rules

Phonotactics is the study of restrictions on possible sound sequences in a language. In any language, some phonotactic constraints can be stated without reference to morphology, but many of the more nuanced phonotactic generalizations do make use of morphosyntactic and lexical information. At the most basic level, many languages mark edges of words in some phonological way. Different phonotactic constraints hold of sounds that belong to the same morpheme as opposed to sounds that are separated by a morpheme boundary. Different phonotactic constraints may apply to morphemes of different types (such as roots versus affixes). There are also correlations between phonotactic shapes and following certain morphosyntactic and phonological rules, which may correlate to syntactic category, declension class, or etymological origins. Approaches to the interaction between phonotactics and morphology address two questions: (1) how to account for rules that are sensitive to morpheme boundaries and structure and (2) determining the status of phonotactic constraints associated with only some morphemes. Theories differ as to how much morphological information phonology is allowed to access. In some theories of phonology, any reference to the specific identities or subclasses of morphemes would exclude a rule from the domain of phonology proper. These rules are either part of the morphology or are not given the status of a rule at all. Other theories allow the phonological grammar to refer to detailed morphological and lexical information. Depending on the theory, phonotactic differences between morphemes may receive direct explanations or be seen as the residue of historical change and not something that constitutes grammatical knowledge in the speaker’s mind.

scholarly journals Conserving the endemic birds on the Comoro Islands, I: general considerations on survival prospects

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Louette ◽  
Jan Stevens
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Forest Birds ◽  
Historical Change ◽  
Colonization History ◽  
Endemic Birds ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Status ◽  
Native Birds ◽  
Comoro Islands

SummaryThe status of the Comoro endemic birds is briefly reviewed. Field data were gathered during expeditions in 1981, 1983, 1985 and 1989.Some native birds (Cyanolanius madagascarinus, Dicrurus fuscipennis on Ngazidja, Treron australis on Mwali, Accipiter francesae, Otus rutilus, Leptosomus discolor on Ndzuani, Dicrurus waldenii on Maore) are so rare that they are certainly highly endangered. The altitudinal stenotopy of a few other species makes them also very vulnerable, e.g. Zosterops mouroniensis in the tree-heath zone on Mount Karthala above 1,750 m. A preliminary analysis of habitat preference on Ngazidja suggests a relatively large flexibility of most forest species between different types of forest, including those with altered vegetation structure, but demonstrated their absence in plantations without large trees and/or natural shrubs. Comparison of density of species in Ngazidja and Mwali and an overview of the avifaunal composition on all four islands are the basis for a discussion on colonization history (with possible extinctions), historical change in avifaunal composition, the suitability of each island for the different species and the completeness of their avifauna. The results are checked for possible threats and necessary actions for conservation. Competition by introduced species does not yet seem to be a problem. But importation of foreign animals must be banned and hunting must be regulated (especially for pigeons). Habitat loss (overexploitation of the forest) will soon become a serious problem for the stenotopie forest birds. A suggestion is made for delimiting a national park on Ngazidja and Mwali. Most controversial is the development of tourism. For long-lasting results, education of local people is necessary, together with full liaison with the authorities.

Fathers of the Nation? Bismarck, Garibaldi and the Cult of Memory in Germany and Italy

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Gerwarth ◽  
Lucy Riall
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Historical Change ◽  
Father Figures ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Status ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
National Unification

This essay explores the origins and functions of two national father figures, Bismarck and Garibaldi, in modern Italy and Germany. Although fundamentally different in character and political outlook, Bismarck and Garibaldi acquired the status of `fathers' of the nation due to their pre-eminent roles in bringing about national unification. The ways in which these father figures were portrayed shifted remarkably over the course of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, testifying to the ability of both narratives to adapt to changing circumstances and even to different types of political rule. The divergent meanings attached to them were reflections of highly fragmented societies trying to establish historical continuities in times of profound and rapid historical change. Ultimately both men were employed by fascist dictatorships in an attempt to win over broader public support and to bolster the dictatorships' claims to historical legitimacy, but with varying degrees of success.

scholarly journals A Hybrid Methodology for Automation the Diagnosis of Leukemia Based on Quantitative and Morphological Feature Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussam N. Fakhouri ◽  
Saleh H. Al-Sharaeh
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Medical Image ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Medical Image Processing ◽  
Initial Diagnosis ◽  
Feature Analysis ◽  
Microscopic Images ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Status ◽  
Blast Cells

Recent year’s witnessed a huge revolution for developing an automated diagnosis for different disease such as cancer using medical image processing. Many researches have been dedicated to achieve this goal. Analyzing medical microscopic histology images provide us with large information about the status of patient and the progress of diseases, help to determine if the tissue have any pathological changes. Automation of the diagnosis of these images will lead to better, faster and enhanced diagnosis for different hematological and histological tissue images such as cancer. This paper propose an automated methodology for analyzing cancer histology and hematology microscopic images to detect leukemia using image processing by combining two diagnosis procedures initial and advance; the initial diagnosis depend on the percentage of the white blood cells in microscopic images affected by leukemia as indicator for the existence of leukemia in the blood smear sample. Whereas, the advance diagnosis classifying the leukemia according into different types using feature bag classifier. The experimental results showed that the proposed methodology initial diagnosis is able to detect leukemia images and differentiate it from samples that do not have leukemia. While, advance diagnosis it is able to detect and classify most leukemia types and differentiate between acute and chronic, but in some cases in the chronic leukemia where the percent of blast cells and shape are similar; it gave a diagnosis of the type of leukemia to the most similar type.

scholarly journals The esteem needs in the main character of ‘Me Before You’ movie

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1285-1298
Author(s):  
Diana Anggraeni ◽  
Herland Franley Manalu ◽  
Desty Anggraini
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Descriptive Data ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Status

Humans have gone through many incidents, both good and bad experiences, and sometimes these experiences are shared with others in the form of stories. The stories, as one of the forms of literary works, would be nothing without the created characters within them because they provide the viewers with a purpose and a reason for us to learn about what happens in the story. Besides, they act as one important element in the movie with various psychological effects. This research aims to analyze the characteristics and the hierarchy of human needs, especially esteem needs, that appear in the main character named Will Traynor in the ‘Me Before You’ movie directed by Thea Sharrock. This study uses descriptive data analysis which describes a phenomenon and the main character in the movie. The results revealed seven characters comprising the esteem needs hierarchy: sensitive, open-minded, friendly, kind, confident, humble, and stubborn. The esteem needs hierarchy is the desire to have the need to be approved, valued, and recognized to have some self-esteem. This is striking in the movie because of the status of the character, Will Traynor as a lord, and Louisa Clark who is only a maid and has no superiority over Will in her life. The findings imply the personality of humans differ in their characters and psychology as shown from the esteem needs hierarchy in Will’s personality expressing the different types of characteristics.

scholarly journals Status of Pepper Farming and Flower Composition of Different Pepper Varieties in Sarawak

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fidelia Johny ◽  
Noorasmah Saupi ◽  
Shiamala Devi Ramaiya
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Bisexual Flower ◽  
Hermaphrodite Flower ◽  
Cash Crops ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Status ◽  
Rot Disease

Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is one of the most important cash crops in Sarawak. The productivity of pepper is consistently low due to the low yield of berry production. One of the major problems of pepper production is inconsistent flowering time. This is due to the morphology and inheritance of functional male, female and hermaphrodite (bisexual) flower in P. nigrum which affect the productivity of pepper. For the exploitation of pepper for its maximum production, the detailed of flower development and flower composition are important factors to be considered. A field survey was conducted to determine the status of farming practices and problems encountered by the farmers. The study was also done to determine the composition of flower which influenced the consistency of berry production in P. nigrum in Sarawak. Surveys were conducted at 18 pepper farms in Sarawak to determine the composition of flowers in different types of Sarawak pepper varieties which are Kuching, Semenggok Aman and Semenggok Emas. Nine spikes were harvested in each pepper vine. Three pepper vines were selected randomly for each variety. The spikes were then observed under 3D Keyence microscope to determine the number of flowers of each type of flower. The survey on the farming practices were also conducted. The composition of flower was found to be varied between varieties. ‘Kuching’ variety had less hermaphrodite flower when compared to ‘Semenggok Aman’ and ‘Semenggok Emas’ varieties. In addition, a proportion of 29% farmers had encountered root rot disease problem in their farm, while 21% stated that unsynchronisation of berries production in each harvesting time as a major problem.

scholarly journals Static and dynamic states: the case of Estonian stative colour expressions

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geda Paulsen
Keyword(s):  
Structure Analysis ◽  
Mental Image ◽  
Conceptual Structure ◽  
Lexical Information ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Permanent Property ◽  
Dynamic States

The aim of this study is to account for stative situations through the example of structurally different but semantically close colour expressions: the Estonian stative verbs derived from colour adjectives and colour adjectives appearing as the predicative. Stative verbs are assumed to be similar to copula constructions, with the aspectual distinction of temporary/permanent property. In this article, the stative colour expressions are analysed using the linguistic diagnostics developed for the determination of ontological properties of different types of states – the sc. Davidsonian and Kimian states (see e.g. Maienborn 2003). Analysis reveals that the copula construction with colour adjective as predicative is ambiguous, inclining to the Kimian states but also assigning properties characteristic to the Davidsonian states; the stative colour verbs, in turn, are true examples of Davidsonian states. In addition to the examination of the stative properties, the conceptual structure analysis of the colour expressions instantiating stative and dynamic states is given. The observer’s evaluation of the coloured object as a mental image is treated as part of the lexical information of the colour statives. Also, sentential and contextual phenomena of the colour statives are discussed.

scholarly journals Marked and Non-Marked Attribute Structures within a Secondary Predicate in the French Language

2020 ◽  
pp. 143-155
Author(s):  
Iuliia Zelena
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
French Language ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Status ◽  
Productive Potential ◽  
Semantic Transfer ◽  
Argumentative Structure ◽  
Transfer Mechanisms

The article is devoted to the study of marked and unmarked attributive constructions, considering the influence of semantic transfer mechanisms, taking into account their productive potential. Structuraland semantic characterization of types of attributive constructions is performed in light of two initial theories –in view ofreferentstatusand actual sentence fragmentation. An independent research of relationsbetween predication manifestations and the semanticand syntactic structure of a sentence has been performed by determining the valence properties of attributive verbs. The distinctionbetween different types of constructionswith the attribute complement isdescribed and it is specifiedthat there is a direct correlation between the type of attributive sentences and the emergence of predicative relation.The article is dedicated to the analysis of modification of the information structure and the status of the referent in sentences containing attributive object. Given the types of interpretation of attributive sentences and, based on the results of contextual analysis, it became possible to prove that change of argumentative structure in verbal group gives a reason to treat attributive verb with elements SN2 and X as a predicative focus of the sentence and permit to consider it as the complex secondary predicate.

scholarly journals Análisis de los tipos de acoso y discriminación recogidos en los códigos de conducta de las empresas cotizadas en la Bolsa española en el mercado continuo a 31-12-2015/Analysis of the types of harassment and discrimination included in the codes of conduct

2018 ◽  
pp. 2-17
Author(s):  
María Concepción Verona Martel ◽  
Sara De León Santana
Keyword(s):  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Code Of Conduct ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Ethical Codes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Spanish Stock Exchange

En este trabajo se analizan los diferentes tipos de acoso y discriminación recogidos en los códigos éticos de las empresas cotizadas en la Bolsa española a 31-12-2015. Los resultados muestran que las empresas incluyen una amplia variedad de tipos de acoso y discriminación en su código de conducta, entre los que destaca el rechazo a la discriminación por razón de sexo. Asimismo, el análisis por sectores pone de manifiesto que en todos los sectores no se da la misma importancia a los diferentes tipos de acoso y discriminación. Abstract In this paper we analyze the different types of harassment and discrimination included in the ethical codes of companies listed on the Spanish Stock Exchange on 12/31/2015. The results show that companies include a wide variety of types of harassment and discrimination in their code of conduct, among which the rejection of discrimination based on sex stands out. Likewise, the analysis by sectors shows that in all sectors, the different types of harassment and discrimination are not given the same importance.

Departmental Boundaries within the Corporate Body of Theory: Quine on the Holistic Foundations of Logic

Dialogue ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Godden
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Corporate Body ◽  
Individual Concepts ◽  
Central Tenet ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Status ◽  
Linguistic Functions

ABSTRACTThis article argues that Quine's holistic and naturalized semantics provides an inadequate account of the foundations of logical expressions and misrepresents the internal structure of theories. By considering a Quinean model of theoretical revision, I identify the status and foundation holism provides to the propositions of logic. I contend that a central tenet of Quinean holism—the Revisability Doctrine—cannot be held consistently, and that the inconsistencies surrounding it mark a series of pervasive errors within naturalized holism. In response, I propose that semantic theories must reflect the different linguistic functions of different types of expressions and the specific relationships that individual concepts within a theory or language have to one another.

Full Citizens: Female

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Kamen
Keyword(s):  
Different Types ◽  
The Status ◽  
Degree Of Control ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
Female Slaves ◽  
Precise Degree

This chapter focuses on the status of female citizens because female citizenship is sufficiently different from male citizenship to warrant a distinct status category. That is, female citizens are less equal to male citizens than female slaves are to male slaves, female ex-slaves to male, female metics to male, and so on. It distinguishes between different types of female citizens as appropriate. One of the most distinctive attributes of Athenian women is that although they were citizens, they were also under the supervision of a kurios or guardian. As girls, they were under the guardianship of their fathers, and when they married, they entered the guardianship of their husbands. This much is certain, but the precise degree of control the kurios had over women and girls is less clear.

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