5. Economy

2020 ◽  
pp. 64-82
Author(s):  
Christian Reus-Smit
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
The West ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Global Organization ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
The Relationship

‘Economy’ examines the relationship between economies and the organization of political authority, arguing that the two are mutually dependent. After considering three shifting conditions—changes in the global economy, revolutions in technology, and shifts in the global distribution of economic resources from the West to the East—it examines key developments in the organization of political authority, and how these have affected global economic relations. It concludes with a brief discussion of three major economic challenges facing the global organization of political authority: the rise of new economies and actors, inequality and social dislocation, and the accelerating global environmental crisis.

Adenauer, Erhard, and the Uses of Prosperity

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-103
Author(s):  
William Glenn Gray
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Federal Republic ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
The West ◽  
Economic Miracle ◽  
Gradual Process ◽  
Near Term ◽  
The Relationship

This essay explores the relationship between West Germany's “economic miracle” and the goal of reunification in the early postwar decades. It argues that Konrad Adenauer was reluctant to mobilize economic resources on behalf of German unity-instead he sought to win trust by proclaiming unswerving loyalty to the West. Ludwig Erhard, by contrast, made an overt attempt to exchange financial incentives for political concessions-to no avail. Both of these chancellors failed to appreciate how West Germany's increasing prosperity undermined its diplomatic position, at least in the near term, given the jealousies and misgivings it generated in Western capitals and in Moscow. Only a gradual process of normalization would allow all four of the relevant powers-France, Britain, the United States, and the USSR-to develop sufficient trust in the economically dynamic Federal Republic to facilitate the country's eventual unification.

scholarly journals SCIENTIFIC AND CONCEPTUAL GROUNDS OF JUSTIFICATION OF THE ESSENCE OF THE ELECTRONIC COMMERCE SYSTEM

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Alfimova
Keyword(s):  
System Approach ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Tremendous Impact

E-commerce today is the fastest growing part of the global economy. Complex processes of digitalization, which have already penetrated into all spheres of economic activity, development of information technology and the COVID-19 pandemic have had a tremendous impact on the development of this type of commerce in all developed countries. The e-commerce development in last ten years has increased in several years, the capitalization of enterprises operating in this area has also grown rapidly, and the scale of activity of some of them has spread to all countries. Thus, the above confirms the importance of new research in this area, given the scale of its operation and significant prospects for further global development. Within the article, the nature of e-commerce using the methodology of a system approach is considered. This allowed to substantiate the basic components of this system, to determine relationships between them, to describe the motivation of the main economic agents that play a key role in the development of e-commerce. The use of the advantages of the system approach, which are also specified in the article, allowed to deepen the understanding of the composition of the outlined system, its interaction with the elements of the external environment. Thus, it is established that the e-commerce system is a system of relationships between economic agents that arise by sale, purchase of goods and services via the Internet, the implementation of other business transactions for the development of such relationships, which interacts with the elements of the environment, its function, has a single purpose of existence - to meet the demand for goods and services and to make a profit. In addition, within the article, the feasibility of additional research in the field of knowledge of individual subsystems of the e-commerce system, which reflect the relationship between certain types of economic relations in the process of buying, selling and providing goods and consuming services, is substantiated.

Conquering and Ruling Premodern Afghanistan

Afghanistan ◽  
2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Barfield
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Fracture Zone ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Hindu Kush ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
North And South

This chapter examines Afghanistan's premodern patterns of political authority and the groups that wielded it. During this period nation-states did not exist and regions found themselves as parts of various empires. During its premodern history, the territory of today's Afghanistan was conquered and ruled by foreign invaders. Located on a fracture zone linking Iran in the west, central Asia in the north, and south Asia in the east, it was the route of choice for armies moving across the Hindu Kush (or south of it) toward the plains of India. For the same reason, empires based in India saw the domination of this region as their first line of defense. This chapter focuses on how (and what kinds of) territory was conquered, how conquerors legitimated their rule, and the relationship of such states with peoples at their margins.

The Popular Sources of Political Authority in 1856 San Francisco

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Waldrep
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Central Moment ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
The West ◽  
Constitutional Principle ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter traces the ideological formation surrounding a central moment in the history of American lynching, the San Francisco Vigilance Committee of 1856. The San Francisco vigilantes helped to craft highly influential arguments about the relationship between the people and the law that would be adopted by subsequent generations of lynchers in the West, Midwest, and South. The chapter follows the historical context in which the San Francisco vigilantes and their opponents articulated their respective understandings of constitutionalism. It argues that the numbers supporting the San Francisco vigilantes were a transient political majority, acting in defiance of constitutional principle, and thus it cannot be said that their lynchings were socially positive or antidemocratic.

Culture and Difference

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farah Godrej
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
The Political ◽  
The West ◽  
Political Thinking ◽  
Political Critique ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Political Approach

Can non-Western traditions offer the West intellectual resources to re-conceptualize the human–nature relationship, and transform our ethical relationship to the natural world? This essay argues that there have been two kinds of approaches to this question: first, an almost purely ethical approach that is termed “civilizational,” which follows the logic inherent in biocentric critiques of Western anthropocentrism and instrumentalism; and second, a more political approach which is called “neo-Gandhian,” which takes inspiration from the political thinking of Mahatma Gandhi. After describing each approach at length, the chapter argues that the latter is a more sophisticated way to turn to non-Western traditions for environmentally just solutions to the global environmental crisis. It not only avoids reproducing the binaries and dichotomies to which the former approach seems indebted, but it also marries normative environmental concerns with practical, material concerns and explicitly political critique and action.

scholarly journals Economics and environment: An impossible reconciliation?

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 242
Author(s):  
Alberto Díaz de Junguitu ◽  
Iñaki Heras Saizarbitoria ◽  
Olivier Boiral
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
The Future ◽  
Climate Action ◽  
The Media ◽  
The One ◽  
Student Mobilization ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Recurrent Theme

It should be noted that the relationship between economics and the environment has never previously featured as one of mankind’s primary or principal concerns. It presently does. The recent worldwide student mobilization for climate action, the Climate Change Congress in Paris (December 2015) or the dieselgate related to the scandals involving companies in the automobile sector not complying with regulatory environmental norms (which started also in 2015), among many other issues, provide evidence that this relationship is presently of central concern to questions regarding the future of mankind. Nevertheless, we should remind ourselves of the fact that, despite being a recurrent theme in the media, the environment continued to be a treated by economists as a subsidiary issue until, in relatively recent times, the effects of the global environmental crisis grew to proportions that meant it became of serious concern to the future of mankind. The aim of this paper is to trace the historical relationship between the environment and economics. In fact, the focus is more modest: we aim to illustrate the principal traces of the presence of the environment in economic science in an attempt to exhibit a path which might lead to the reconciliation of the one (the environment) with the other (economics).

scholarly journals Re-thinking the Global Age as Interdependence, Opacity and Inertia

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oriol Poveda Guillén ◽  
Jakob Svensson
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Global Age

In this theoretical essay we criticize theories of modernity and explore the possibility that the modern epoch is coming to a close while a new configuration is emerging: the global age. Building upon sociologist Martin Albrow’s work The Global Age, we claim that Albrow’s scholarship did a remarkable job at outlining the shift away from modernity, but that greater clarity is needed in laying out the main characteristics of the global age. With this essay we aim to fill that gap. Acknowledging that capitalism is the most important feature of our societies, we outline the contours of the global age through three interrelated concepts: interdependence, opacity and inertia which in turn we exemplify with the global environmental crisis, the global economy and the Internet.

scholarly journals On Moral Aspect of Sustainable Development Theory and Practice

wisdom ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Sirine KOSYAN ◽  
Tatevik POGHOSYAN ◽  
Karine DANIELYAN
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
Development Theory ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Reorientation Process

The paper deals with the modern processes of large-scale destabilization of the geosphere and the role of the scientific prediction of global environmental crisis. We also present an analysis of the reorientation process of civilization to sustainable development and ethical foundations of the relationship of humanity and nature.

scholarly journals Geoeconomic aspects of the cooperation between the Republic of Serbia and the people's Republic of China: Situation and perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-351
Author(s):  
Ivana Božić-Miljković
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
Basic Hypothesis ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The subject of this paper is the economic relations between the Republic of Serbia and the People's Republic of China from the beginning of the century until today. The development of these economic relations and cooperation is based on the long tradition of their good political and diplomatic relations. The relationship of these two countries towards the transition and different strategies in the implementation of this process are determinants of their economic success and the position they have in the global economy. The aspects of the economic cooperation between Serbia and China are analyzed in two categories in which this cooperation is most visible and in which its effects can be precisely expressed quantitatively: the cooperation in the field of foreign trade and in the field of investments. The basic hypothesis is that the economic relations between Serbia and China have been growing rapidly since the beginning of the century and that such a trend will continue in the future at the bilateral level, but also within the program of various cooperation platforms initiated by China and signed by Serbia. China's position in international institutions enables the protection of Serbia's territorial integrity, which is another important dimension of their mutual relations.

scholarly journals Uderstanding the Concept of Ecosufism: Harmony and the Relationship of God, Nature and Humans in Mystical Philosophy of Ibn Arabi

ULUMUNA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-265
Author(s):  
Syafwan Rozi
Keyword(s):  
Religious Orientation ◽  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
Philosophical Foundation ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Nature Preservation ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This paper examines Ibn Arabi's concept of ecosufism, a new philosophical foundation and paradigma in understanding nature, domination and control over natural resources amidst of global environmental crisis, caused by anthropocentric exploitation towards nature. This ecosufism is related to the constellation of religious orientation amongst monotheism, polytheism and pantheism and the relationship between God and nature in response to the environmental problem. This paper explains Ibn Arabi's philosophical thought on ecology and examines how this notion is based on his Sufi view on the relationship of God, humans and nature. This study shows that Ibn Arabi’s concept of  waḥdat al-wujūd (unification of being) and al-insān al-kāmil (perfect human) generate his perception of nature preservation. These two fundamental concepts are relevant to be used as a paradigm for promoting ecosufism, which consider nature as God's manifestation. A perfect human is the one who could realize such a perspective. Protecting nature is necessary because of its position as God's manifestation.

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