scholarly journals Adaptation of the Gut Microbiota to Modern Dietary Sugars and Sweeteners

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 616-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara C Di Rienzi ◽  
Robert A Britton
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Western Diet ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Diet Cost ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Novel Approaches ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Genetic Profiles ◽  
Dietary Sugars

ABSTRACT The consumption of sugar has become central to the Western diet. Cost and health concerns associated with sucrose spurred the development and consumption of other sugars and sweeteners, with the average American consuming 10 times more sugar than 100 y ago. In this review, we discuss how gut microbes are affected by changes in the consumption of sugars and other sweeteners through transcriptional, abundance, and genetic adaptations. We propose that these adaptations result in microbes taking on different metabolic, ecological, and genetic profiles along the intestinal tract. We suggest novel approaches to assess the consequences of these changes on host–microbe interactions to determine the safety of novel sugars and sweeteners.

Host-microbe interactions mediating antitumorigenic effects of MRX0518, a gut microbiota-derived bacterial strain, in breast, renal and lung carcinoma.

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e15006-e15006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Stevenson ◽  
Alessio Panzica ◽  
Amy Holt ◽  
Delphine Laute Caly ◽  
Anna Ettore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Bacterial Strain ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions

scholarly journals Gut Microbial Influences on the Mammalian Intestinal Stem Cell Niche

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bailey C. E. Peck ◽  
Michael T. Shanahan ◽  
Ajeet P. Singh ◽  
Praveen Sethupathy
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Cell Niche ◽  
Systemic Health ◽  
Endocrine Signaling

The mammalian intestinal epithelial stem cell (IESC) niche is comprised of diverse epithelial, immune, and stromal cells, which together respond to environmental changes within the lumen and exert coordinated regulation of IESC behavior. There is growing appreciation for the role of the gut microbiota in modulating intestinal proliferation and differentiation, as well as other aspects of intestinal physiology. In this review, we evaluate the diverse roles of known niche cells in responding to gut microbiota and supporting IESCs. Furthermore, we discuss the potential mechanisms by which microbiota may exert their influence on niche cells and possibly on IESCs directly. Finally, we present an overview of the benefits and limitations of available tools to study niche-microbe interactions and provide our recommendations regarding their use and standardization. The study of host-microbe interactions in the gut is a rapidly growing field, and the IESC niche is at the forefront of host-microbe activity to control nutrient absorption, endocrine signaling, energy homeostasis, immune response, and systemic health.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota and Iron: The Crucial Actors in Health and Disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahtiyar Yilmaz ◽  
Hai Li
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Iron Availability ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Dynamic Modulation ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions

Iron (Fe) is a highly ample metal on planet earth (~35% of the Earth’s mass) and is particularly essential for most life forms, including from bacteria to mammals. Nonetheless, iron deficiency is highly prevalent in developing countries, and oral administration of this metal is so far the most effective treatment for human beings. Notably, the excessive amount of unabsorbed iron leave unappreciated side effects at the highly interactive host–microbe interface of the human gastrointestinal tract. Recent advances in elucidating the molecular basis of interactions between iron and gut microbiota shed new light(s) on the health and pathogenesis of intestinal inflammatory diseases. We here aim to present the dynamic modulation of intestinal microbiota by iron availability, and conversely, the influence on dietary iron absorption in the gut. The central part of this review is intended to summarize our current understanding about the effects of luminal iron on host–microbe interactions in the context of human health and disease.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota and Mucosal Immunity in the Neonate

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majda Dzidic ◽  
Alba Boix-Amorós ◽  
Marta Selma-Royo ◽  
Alex Mira ◽  
Maria Collado
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
System Response ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Complex Dynamic ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Gut Immunity ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Immune System Response ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions

Gut microbiota colonization is a complex, dynamic, and step-wise process that is in constant development during the first years of life. This microbial settlement occurs in parallel with the maturation of the immune system, and alterations during this period, due to environmental and host factors, are considered to be potential determinants of health-outcomes later in life. Given that host–microbe interactions are mediated by the immune system response, it is important to understand the close relationship between immunity and the microbiota during birth, lactation, and early infancy. This work summarizes the evidence to date on early gut microbiota colonization, and how it influences the maturation of the infant immune system and health during the first 1000 days of life. This review will also address the influence of perinatal antibiotic intake and the importance of delivery mode and breastfeeding for an appropriate development of gut immunity.

scholarly journals Introduction to the human gut microbiota

2017 ◽  
Vol 474 (11) ◽  
pp. 1823-1836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Thursby ◽  
Nathalie Juge
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Dynamic Population

The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract harbours a complex and dynamic population of microorganisms, the gut microbiota, which exert a marked influence on the host during homeostasis and disease. Multiple factors contribute to the establishment of the human gut microbiota during infancy. Diet is considered as one of the main drivers in shaping the gut microbiota across the life time. Intestinal bacteria play a crucial role in maintaining immune and metabolic homeostasis and protecting against pathogens. Altered gut bacterial composition (dysbiosis) has been associated with the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases and infections. The interpretation of these studies relies on a better understanding of inter-individual variations, heterogeneity of bacterial communities along and across the GI tract, functional redundancy and the need to distinguish cause from effect in states of dysbiosis. This review summarises our current understanding of the development and composition of the human GI microbiota, and its impact on gut integrity and host health, underlying the need for mechanistic studies focusing on host–microbe interactions.

scholarly journals Stabilization and optimization of host-microbe-environment interactions as a potential reason for the behavior of natal philopatry

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting-bei Bo ◽  
Kevin D. Kohl
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Genetic Optimization ◽  
Natal Philopatry ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Animal Development ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions

AbstractMany animals engage in a behavior known as natal philopatry, where after sexual maturity they return to their own birthplaces for subsequent reproduction. There are many proposed ultimate factors that may underlie the evolution of natal philopatry, such as genetic optimization, suitable living conditions, and friendly neighbors, which can improve the survival rates of offspring. However, here we propose that a key factor that has been overlooked could be the colonization of gut microbiota during early life and the effects these microorganisms have on host performance and fitness. In addition to the bacteria transmitted from the mother to offspring, microbes from the surrounding environment also account for a large proportion of the developing gut microbiome. While it was long believed that microbial species all have global distributions, we now know that there are substantial geographic differences and dispersal limitations to environmental microbes. The establishment of gut microbiota during early life has enormous impacts on animal development, including energy metabolism, training of the immune system, and cognitive development. Moreover, these microbial effects scale to influence animal performance and fitness, raising the possibility for natural selection to act on the integrated combination of gut microbial communities and host genetics (i.e. the holobiont). Therefore, in this paper, we propose a hypothesis: that optimization of host-microbe-environment interactions represents a potentially important yet overlooked reason for natal philopatry. Microbiota obtained by natal philopatry could help animals adapt to the environment and improve the survival rates of their young. We propose future directions to test these ideas, and the implications that this hypothesis has for our understanding of host-microbe interactions.

scholarly journals Drosophila Antimicrobial Peptides and Lysozymes Regulate Gut Microbiota Composition and Abundance

mBio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Marra ◽  
M. A. Hanson ◽  
S. Kondo ◽  
B. Erkosar ◽  
B. Lemaitre
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

This study advances current knowledge in the field of host-microbe interactions by demonstrating that the two families of immune effectors, antimicrobial peptides and lysozymes, actively regulate the gut microbiota composition and abundance. Consequences of the loss of these antimicrobial peptides and lysozymes are exacerbated during aging, and their loss contributes to increased microbiota abundance and shifted composition in old flies.

scholarly journals Minimizing confounders and increasing data quality in murine models for studies of the gut microbiome

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Miyoshi ◽  
Vanessa Leone ◽  
Kentaro Nobutani ◽  
Mark W. Musch ◽  
Kristina Martinez-Guryn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Standard Operating Procedure ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Murine Models ◽  
Single Room ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions

Murine models are widely used to explore host-microbe interactions because of the challenges and limitations inherent to human studies. However, microbiome studies in murine models are not without their nuances. Inter-individual variations in gut microbiota are frequent even in animals housed within the same room. We therefore sought to find an efficient and effective standard operating procedure (SOP) to minimize these effects to improve consistency and reproducibility in murine microbiota studies. Mice were housed in a single room under specific-pathogen free conditions. Soiled cage bedding was routinely mixed weekly and distributed among all cages from weaning (three weeks old) until the onset of the study. Females and males were separated by sex and group-housed (up to five mice/cage) at weaning. 16S rRNA gene analyses of fecal samples showed that this protocol significantly reduced pre-study variability of gut microbiota amongst animals compared to other conventional measures used to normalize microbiota when large experimental cohorts have been required. A significant and consistent effect size was observed in gut microbiota when mice were switched from regular chow to purified diet in both sexes. However, sex and aging appeared to be independent drivers of gut microbial assemblage and should be taken into account in studies of this nature. In summary, we report a practical and effective pre-study SOP for normalizing the gut microbiome of murine cohorts that minimizes inter-individual variability and resolves co-housing problems inherent to male mice. This SOP may increase quality, rigor, and reproducibility of data acquisition and analysis.

scholarly journals The Use of Defined Microbial Communities To Model Host-Microbe Interactions in the Human Gut

2019 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janneke Elzinga ◽  
John van der Oost ◽  
Willem M. de Vos ◽  
Hauke Smidt
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Human Host ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions

SUMMARYThe human intestinal ecosystem is characterized by a complex interplay between different microorganisms and the host. The high variation within the human population further complicates the quest toward an adequate understanding of this complex system that is so relevant to human health and well-being. To study host-microbe interactions, defined synthetic bacterial communities have been introduced in gnotobiotic animals or in sophisticatedin vitrocell models. This review reinforces that our limited understanding has often hampered the appropriate design of defined communities that represent the human gut microbiota. On top of this, some communities have been applied toin vivomodels that differ appreciably from the human host. In this review, the advantages and disadvantages of using defined microbial communities are outlined, and suggestions for future improvement of host-microbe interaction models are provided. With respect to the host, technological advances, such as the development of a gut-on-a-chip system and intestinal organoids, may contribute to more-accuratein vitromodels of the human host. With respect to the microbiota, due to the increasing availability of representative cultured isolates and their genomic sequences, our understanding and controllability of the human gut “core microbiota” are likely to increase. Taken together, these advancements could further unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying the human gut microbiota superorganism. Such a gain of insight would provide a solid basis for the improvement of pre-, pro-, and synbiotics as well as the development of new therapeutic microbes.

Immunological Responses to Gut Bacteria

2012 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia M Green-Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Host Defenses ◽  
Immunological Responses ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions

Abstract The integral nature of interactions between the gut microbiota and host is especially evident with respect to effects on the immune system and host defenses. Host-microbiota interactions are increasingly being revealed as complex and dynamic, with far-reaching effects on varied aspects of host health. This review focuses on adaptive and innate immune responses to the gut microbiota and the bidirectional nature of these host-microbe interactions.

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