Avian Play

The Auk ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Millicent S. Ficken
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Object Manipulation ◽  
Selection Pressures ◽  
Common Raven ◽  
The Common

Abstract Play is more difficult to distinguish from other activities in birds than in mammals. Some cases of play reported in the literature appear to be due to threshold lowering, a type of activity that is usually differentiated from play. The various types of avian play are reviewed. Like mammals, birds exhibit object manipulation and some types of locomotory play. Subsong shows some remarkable similarities with characteristics of nonvocal play as noted in mammals, and birds may engage in other types of acoustic activities with playlike features. The corvids, particularly the Common Raven, exhibit the most complex play known for birds, and these activities, which are part of the learning process in the young, are probably important in the species' adaptation to a wide variety of habitats. Of all animals, only birds and mammals play, and play evolved independently in the two groups probably because of similar selection pressures acting on the developmental process to produce flexibility of behavior and the perfection of certain motor skills.

scholarly journals KoGuN: Accelerating Deep Reinforcement Learning via Integrating Human Suboptimal Knowledge

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Zhang ◽  
Jianye Hao ◽  
Weixun Wang ◽  
Hongyao Tang ◽  
Yi Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Fuzzy Rule ◽  
Policy Network ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Learning Agents ◽  
The Common ◽  
Low Performance

Reinforcement learning agents usually learn from scratch, which requires a large number of interactions with the environment. This is quite different from the learning process of human. When faced with a new task, human naturally have the common sense and use the prior knowledge to derive an initial policy and guide the learning process afterwards. Although the prior knowledge may be not fully applicable to the new task, the learning process is significantly sped up since the initial policy ensures a quick-start of learning and intermediate guidance allows to avoid unnecessary exploration. Taking this inspiration, we propose knowledge guided policy network (KoGuN), a novel framework that combines human prior suboptimal knowledge with reinforcement learning. Our framework consists of a fuzzy rule controller to represent human knowledge and a refine module to finetune suboptimal prior knowledge. The proposed framework is end-to-end and can be combined with existing policy-based reinforcement learning algorithm. We conduct experiments on several control tasks. The empirical results show that our approach, which combines suboptimal human knowledge and RL, achieves significant improvement on learning efficiency of flat RL algorithms, even with very low-performance human prior knowledge.

scholarly journals Depiction of Gender in American Headway Series

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
Mohammad Amin Mozaheb
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Gender Representations ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
The Common

A great number of researchers interested in designing and producing EFL/ESL materials believe that gender roles and representations can motivate students while learning a foreign language such as English. This comes while some scholars believe that gender representations can hinder the learning process. Ever since the day EFL/ESL experts have determined the significance of gender in EFL/ESL textbooks, a number of studies have been conducted to uncover the prejudices and biases inserted in EFL materials. Linked to previous research articles and studies, the present study aims to investigate how social gender identity is defined through adjectives and photos used in American Headway 5 published by Oxford University Press in 2016. To obtain the objective of the study, the common adjectives used in the conversation section of the American Headway 5 have been detected and counted. Then they were presented in related tables utilizing frequencies. Additionally, the photos all extracted from the book have been tested against gender biases and prejudices. The findings of the study reveal that American Headway 5attempts to demonstrate both men and women equally, albeit some instances of biases have been detected in the pictures. The findings of the current research can be used by materials developers, syllabus designers as well as EFL/ESL practitioners.

scholarly journals Morphological and Histological Study of an ‘Iliac Venous Ladder’ Associated with Very Short Common Iliac Arteries

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (04) ◽  
pp. 255-260
Author(s):  
Satheesha B. Nayak ◽  
Sudarshan Surendran ◽  
Venu Madhav Nelluri ◽  
Prakashchandra Shetty
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Process ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Iliac Vein ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Common Iliac Vein ◽  
Structural Variations ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
The Common

Abstract Introduction Communications between iliac veins in the pelvis are reported to be rare occurrences, which are mostly due to developmental abnormalities. The common iliac vein is formed by the joining of the internal and external iliac veins. Here, we present a detailed morphological and histological study of a rare communication found between the internal and external iliac veins, which would prove to be of substantial value to the knowledge of vessels in the pelvis, both for clinicians and surgeons. Materials and Methods In the present study, we came across a rare communication in the form of a ladder, between the left internal and external iliac veins in a 70-year-old male cadaver. There were two communications (named upper and lower communications) between the external and internal iliac veins, before they joined to form the common iliac vein. On naked eye observation, the lumen of the right common iliac vein appeared to be wider than on the left side. The lengths of these communications and the distance between each of their attachments have been measured and tabulated. The walls of these veins, their microscopic sections and their communication involved in the case were taken. The possible causes for these variations were congenital, owing to the complicated nature of the developmental process involved in the formation of the inferior vena cava and the venous system of the lower limb. Results The structure of all the veins involved in this case and the communications were seen to be normal. The thickness of these walls were measured and tabulated for uniformity around the circumference of the wall of these veins. All the measurements from the structural variations and from the histological observations are tabulated in our results. Conclusion The complicated development sequence of these veins could have possibly led to the persistence of these communications. Such a developmental variation does not seem to pose any threat until unless encountered under clinical or surgical interventions, as the histological structure of the walls of the communications as well as the major channels connected appeared to be normal and well-developed. The detailed morphological and histological features of these structures involved in the variation along with the possible complications have been presented in the present report. Knowledge of these variations and complications due to injury plays a key role in a clinical setup.

scholarly journals Effect of Oral Corrective Feedback on Language Skills

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 672
Author(s):  
Radiah Alsolami
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Corrective Feedback ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Oral Corrective Feedback ◽  
Language Classrooms ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Impact

Corrective feedback is an important element in the language learning process. The issue of corrective feedback in language classrooms has been investigated by numerous scholars who believe that the strategy can effectively be used to improve the language skills of students. Though many forms of feedback approaches are used in learning, oral corrective feedback is the commonly used strategy in teaching languages. This is mainly because it captures the diverse elements of language lessons such as pronunciations and spelling. Oral corrective feedback presents a broad field which assists both teachers and students in error identification and eradication. It mainly focuses on highlighting the common errors and mistakes and addressing them enabling the students to avoid them in the future. This paper mainly explores the impact of oral corrective feedback on the language skills of learners. It generally analyses articles that address the issue of oral corrective feedback and derives information regarding the impact of the strategy in language learning outcomes.

scholarly journals STRENGTHENING EFL PRE-SERVICE TEACHER’S PEDAGOGIC COMPETENCE THROUGH EXTENSIVE READING

JURNAL ELINK ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Novi Rahmania Aquariza ◽  
Syafiul Anam
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Extensive Reading ◽  
The Common

In this article a brief explanation of what Extensive Reading is presented. The article starts by presenting the common idea of what Extensive Reading is. Then the possible advantages and obstacles of it are also presented as well as the previous study related. Then, the origin of pedagogic competence stated in line with the implementation of how to apply the Extensive Reading in the teaching and learning process are also detailed in the end of this article.  Keywords: Extensive Reading, Pedagogic Competence

scholarly journals USE OF TRAINING DISCUSSION AT LABORATORY AND PRACTICAL LESSONS WHILE IMPLEMENTING COMPETENCY BASED APPROACH

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Olga P. Sazhina ◽  
Oxana V. Glazkova ◽  
Alexandr A. Shabarin ◽  
Yulia I. Matyushkina
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Common Activity ◽  
Competency Based ◽  
The Common ◽  
Effectiveness Of Training

An approach implemented in a higher school education system requires use of interactive forms in learning process. Using the example of organisation of laboratory and practical lessons "Methods of quality control with respect to raw materials and products of chemistry manufacture" the effectiveness of training discussions as an interactive form of learning while implementing a competency based approach was demonstrated. Analysis of natural magnetite, used as a raw material for production of iron by the pyrometallurgical method, was chosen as a subject of the discussion. Initially, students analyse State Standard (GOST) N 32517.1-2013 on their own. In class they analyse the Standard from the perspective of use of potentiometric titration instead of visual one under the supervision of instructors. They do modernization of technique for determining: correct a list of specimen used, solution strength, mass of magnetite sample, volume of a sample for titration; suggest a list of laboratory dishes and devices, make preliminary calculations and find out the calculation formula. In the course of discussion, the most preferable method of experiment is elaborated on and recorded. Upon completion a public discussion of the results is held. Each group analyses the obtained data, indicates the positive and negative sides of the suggested method for potentiometric determination of iron content in naturally occurring magnetite. Based on results of questionnaire survey having been held among students who took part in the pedagogic experiment, it was discovered that the proposed way of holding laboratory and practical lessons is more effective in comparison to the traditional one, while serving to unlock the students’ research potential. This way requires applying theoretical skills learned earlier to perform a particular research task. They also learn to work in a team, to sum up results of the common activity and hold responsibility for the results received. Moreover, public speaking is also an important point of learning process. The proposed methods of gaining skills for solution of training tasks facilitate development of intellectual, speaking and communicative students’ competences; they make future specialists more prepared for resolving real production issues.For citation:Sazhina O.P., Glazkova O.V., Shabarin A.A., Matyushkina Yu.I. Use of training discussion at laboratory and practical lessons while implementing competency based approach. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 7. P. 97-101.

scholarly journals Research on Educational Evaluation, Promote the Development of Teachers and Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (S1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Fuming Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Educational Evaluation ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
The Common ◽  
Good For ◽  
Sense Of Identity ◽  
Traditional Evaluation ◽  
Assessment Results

Evaluation is a cognitive activity. Educational evaluation is to judge students’ learning process and results, which are always conducted by course teachers. The traditional evaluation model often follows the single and mechanical standards, and the teachers will evaluate the learning results within the same class or the same grade. In this way, the evaluators basically have no connection with the students, hence the assessment results are more of subjective consciousness. The assessment that emphasizes the results while overlooks the process made students lost their sense of identity, which will easily upset the students. Multiple evaluations will be more effective, because teachers, students, and parents are all the participants, which contribute to the multi-subject, multi-dimension, and diversified methods, so as to better motivate the students. With the implementation of multiple evaluations, teachers will no longer only focused on the students’ achievement but more on the overall improvement of students’ morality, intelligence, physique, and aesthetics. It is conducive to changing teachers’ education concepts and methods, making it easier for teachers and students to get closer to each other which is good for the common development.

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