scholarly journals Origin and evolution of sound production in Serrasalmidae

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Mélotte ◽  
Xavier Raick ◽  
Régis Vigouroux ◽  
Eric Parmentier
Keyword(s):  
Sound Production ◽  
Dual Function ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
Carnivorous Species ◽  
Herbivorous Species ◽  
Last Stage ◽  
Insertion Sites ◽  
Secondary Function ◽  
Sonic Structures

Abstract Among piranhas, sound production is known in carnivorous species, whereas herbivorous species were thought to be mute. Given that these carnivorous sonic species have a complex sonic apparatus, we hypothesize that intermediate forms could be found in other serrasalmid species. The results highlight the evolutionary transition from a simple sound-producing mechanism without specialized sonic structures to a sonic mechanism involving large, fast-contracting sonic muscles. Hypaxial muscles in basal herbivores primarily serve locomotion, but some fibres cause sound production during swimming accelerations, meaning that these muscles have gained a dual function. Sound production therefore seems to have been acquired through exaptation, i.e. the development of a new function (sound production) in existing structures initially shaped for a different purpose (locomotion). In more derived species (Catoprion and Pygopristis), some fibres are distinguishable from typical hypaxial muscles and insert directly on the swimbladder. At this stage, the primary function (locomotion) is lost in favour of the secondary function (sound production). In the last stage, the muscles and insertion sites are larger and the innervation involves more spinal nerves, improving calling abilities. In serrasalmids, the evolution of acoustic communication is characterized initially by exaptation followed by adaptive evolution.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of High-Copy-Number LTR Retrotransposons in Asian Pears

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Shuang Jiang ◽  
Xiaoqing Wang ◽  
Chunhui Shi ◽  
Jun Luo
Keyword(s):  
Copy Number ◽  
Long Terminal Repeat Retrotransposons ◽  
High Copy Number ◽  
Pyrus Pyrifolia ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Asian Pear ◽  
Copy Numbers ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
History Of ◽  
Insertion Sites

A large proportion of the genome of ‘Suli’ pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) contains long terminal repeat retrotransposons (LTR-RTs), which suggests that LTR-RTs have played important roles in the evolution of Pyrus. Further analysis of retrotransposons, particularly of high-copy-number LTR-RTs in different species, will provide new insights into the evolutionary history of Pyrus. A total of 4912 putative LTR-RTs classified into 198 subfamilies were identified in the ‘Suli’ pear genome. Six Asian pear accessions, including cultivars and wild species, were resequenced. The comparison of copy number for each LTR-RT subfamily was evaluated in Pyrus accessions, and data showed up to four-fold differences for some subfamilies. This contrast suggests different fates for retrotransposon families in the evolution of Pyrus. Fourteen high-copy-number subfamilies were identified in Asian pears, and more than 50% of the LTR-RTs in the genomes of all Pyrus accessions were from these 14 identified LTR-RT subfamilies. Their average insertion time was 3.42 million years ago, which suggests that these subfamilies were recently inserted into the genome. Many homologous and specific retrotransposon insertion sites were identified in oriental and occidental pears, suggesting that the duplication of retrotransposons has occurred throughout almost the entire origin and evolution of Pyrus species. The LTR-RTs show high heterogeneity, and their copy numbers vary in different Pyrus species. Thus, our findings suggest that LTR-RTs are an important source of genetic variation among Pyrus species.

Functional diversity in biters: the evolutionary morphology of the oral jaw system in pacus, piranhas and relatives (Teleostei: Serrasalmidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 127 (4) ◽  
pp. 722-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessia Huby ◽  
Aurélien Lowie ◽  
Anthony Herrel ◽  
Régis Vigouroux ◽  
Bruno Frédérich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Evolutionary Morphology ◽  
Trophic Specialization ◽  
Jaw Muscles ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Carnivorous Species ◽  
Herbivorous Species ◽  
Fish Group

Abstract Serrasalmid fishes form a highly specialized group of biters that show a large trophic diversity, ranging from pacus able to crush seeds to piranhas capable of cutting flesh. Their oral jaw system has been hypothesized to be forceful, but variation in bite performance and morphology with respect to diet has not previously been investigated. We tested whether herbivorous species have higher bite forces, larger jaw muscles and more robust jaws than carnivorous species. We measured in vivo and theoretical bite forces in 27 serrasalmid species. We compared the size of the adductor mandibulae muscle, the jaw mechanical advantages, the type of jaw occlusion, and the size and shape of the lower jaw. We also examined the association between bite performance and functional morphological traits of the oral jaw system. Contrary to our predictions, carnivorous piranhas deliver stronger bites than their herbivorous counterparts. The size of the adductor mandibulae muscle varies with bite force and muscles are larger in carnivorous species. Our study highlights an underestimated level of functional morphological diversity in a fish group of exclusive biters. We provide evidence that the trophic specialization towards carnivory in piranhas results from changes in the configuration of the adductor mandibulae muscle and the lower jaw shape, which have major effects on bite performance and bite strategy.

Mechanisms of proximal proton secretion in BBM of herbivorous, omnivorous, and carnivorous species

1995 ◽  
Vol 269 (1) ◽  
pp. R104-R112 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Duplain ◽  
J. Noel ◽  
A. Fleser ◽  
V. Marshansky ◽  
A. Gougoux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proton Pump ◽  
Proximal Tubules ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Proton Secretion ◽  
Carnivorous Species ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Orange Fluorescence ◽  
Herbivorous Species ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Triton X

The mechanisms of proton secretion by the proximal brush-border membrane (BBM) were compared in carnivorous (dog), omnivorous (human, pig, rat), and herbivorous (rabbit, hamster) species. The activity of the proton pump (V-type bafilomycin-sensitive H(+)-adenosinetriphosphatase) and of the Na+/H+ exchanger (amiloride-sensitive quenching of acridine orange fluorescence), the two major proton secretion mechanisms, was measured. The enzymatic activity of the H(+)-adenosinetriphosphatase activity was measured in intact (endosomes) and solubilized (0.1% deoxycholate or Triton X-100) BBM vesicles isolated by conventional Mg2+ precipitation techniques. In all species, but not in humans, the fraction of the ATP turnover energizing the proton pump (bafilomycin-sensitive respiration) was also measured in isolated proximal tubules. Significant differences in acid transport mechanisms were noted between species, with the proton pump predominating in the BBM of carnivorous species and the Na+/H+ exchanger predominating in the BBM of herbivorous species. The fraction of respiration suppressible by bafilomycin in proximal tubules was also different in all the species considered. This may indicate a different organization of proximal H+ transport related to the species-specific menace to acid-base balance.

scholarly journals A comparative study of the proventricular structure in twenty Chinese Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera) species

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinliang Wang ◽  
Yuetian Su ◽  
Xue Zhang ◽  
Na Li ◽  
Bingzhong Ren
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Carnivorous Species ◽  
Herbivorous Species ◽  
Scanning Electron

This study focuses on the proventriculus and the alimentary canal of twenty Tettigoniidae species among three subfamilies, Tettigoniinae, Phaneropterinae and Conocephalinae. Each part of the alimentary canal and the inner structure of proventriculus were examined under optic microscope and scanning electron microscopy. As a result, the length of each part of the alimentary canal and the inner structure of proventriculus were highly associated with feeding habits. Carnivorous species always had a short foregut and long cilia on the base of the sclerotized appendix in proventriculus, whereas herbivorous species always had a longer foregut and a highly sclerotized proventriculus. These results increase understanding of the alimentary canal in Tettigoniidae and will be useful in future studies of their feeding habits.

scholarly journals The Fibularis (Peroneus) Tertius Muscle in Humans: A Meta-Analysis of Anatomical Studies with Clinical and Evolutionary Implications

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaissar Yammine ◽  
Mirela Erić
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Anatomical Studies ◽  
Terrestrial Locomotion ◽  
Evolutionary Level ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Insertion Sites ◽  
Secondary Function

Being considered an exclusive human structure for a long time, fibularis tertius (FT) is believed to have a secondary function of foot dorsiflexion and eversion. This study is an attempt to approach the issue from an anatomical perspective. A systematic literature search identified 35 studies (7601 legs) which met the inclusion criteria. The weighted results of FT presence were as follows: an “adult cadaveric” frequency of 93.2% and a clinical frequency of 80%. The most common FT origin and insertion sites were the distal half of fibula and the base of the 5th metatarsal, respectively. In 95% of cases, an accessory fibular muscle was detected when FT was lacking. We demonstrated that the discrepancy found between the adult cadaveric and clinical frequency values would point out a probable bias in interpreting previous kinesiological results. On an evolutionary level, comparative anatomy demonstrated a very low FT prevalence among monkeys while reaching a frequency of 30% in gorillas, the only non-human apes having an almost exclusive terrestrial locomotion. The consistent prevalence among humans and the presence of similar functional muscles when it is missing would support an essential role of FT during the phylogenetic development of the erect bipedal posture and probably during gait.

EXPERIMENTAL INFECTIONS OF CYCLOPID COPEPODS WITH TRIAENOPHORUS CRASSUS FOREL AND T. NODULOSUS (PALLAS)

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. F. Watson ◽  
J. L. Price
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
North American ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
The Other ◽  
Experimental Infections ◽  
Carnivorous Species ◽  
Important Host ◽  
Herbivorous Species ◽  
Cyclops Scutifer

Coracidia of both Triaenophorus crassus and T. nodulosus were fed to 19 species of cyclopid copepods, and coracidia of one or the other were fed to 4 other species. Procercoids of both species of parasite developed in nine species of cyclopids. Three species were infected with T. crassus only and four with T. nodulosus only. Size or feeding habits of the specimens did not influence the ingestion of coracidia. The presence of non-feeding individuals may have influenced the infection rate of some species. Herbivorous species, carnivorous species, and species which did not become infected ate large quantities of coracidia.Microcyclops varicans rubellus was the most easily infected cyclopid species in the experiments. It is probably an important host of Triaenophorus in North American lakes along with Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi, Cyclops brevispinosus, and, in certain areas, Cyclops scutifer.

The evolution of enhanced conceptual complexity and of Broca’s area

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 336-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Thomas Schoenemann
Keyword(s):  
Special Interest ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Brain Evolution ◽  
Neural Circuitry ◽  
Present Condition ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Existing Structures

Abstract Evolutionary change occurs most often through the modification of pre-existing structures. What were the pre-existing circuits in our primate ancestors that paved the way for human language, and how did they change in the lineages leading to our present condition? Among the neural modifications that were critical for human language, there are two of special interest: The origin and evolution of the remarkably rich conceptual world that humans share to the exclusion of other primates (which made possible increasingly sophisticated communication systems), and the origin of neural circuitry that underlies various sequential and hierarchical aspects of language, as utilized for example in syntax and word morphology. The fossil record of brain evolution and the archaeological record provide intriguing clues about these processes.

Total Antioxidant Capacity of Feces of Mammalian Herbivores and Carnivores

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 165-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan Saletnik ◽  
Grzegorz Bartosz ◽  
Janusz Markowski ◽  
Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
Keyword(s):  
Total Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Frap Assay ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Mammalian Herbivores ◽  
Reduction Assay ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
Carnivorous Species ◽  
Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power ◽  
Herbivorous Species

The total antioxidant capacities (TAC) of feces of mammalian herbivores and carnivores were compared. TAC were estimated using three different methods: 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid) radical (ABTS·) reduction, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH·) reduction, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). TAC of 18 herbivorous species were generally higher with respect to 16 carnivorous species [(14:21±6:72) vs. (9:45±7:32) mmol Trolox equivalents/kg feces; P < 0:05] in the FRAP assay. The ABTS· reduction assay indicated that the TAC originating from “fast” reacting antioxidants were higher in the herbivores than in carnivores [(17:92±7:18) vs. (12:22±8:5) mmol Trolox equivalents/kg feces; P < 0:05], while a reverse trend was observed for TAC originating from “slowly” reacting antioxidants [(20:68±4:85) vs. (24:68±6:87) mmol Trolox equivalents/kg feces].

Dual-function radar–communications: information transmission during FDA radar listening mode

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Abdul Rahman Al-Salehi ◽  
Ijaz Mansoor Qureshi ◽  
Aqdas Naveed Malik ◽  
Wasim Khan ◽  
Abdul Basit
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Dual Function ◽  
Frequency Division ◽  
Additional Advantage ◽  
Communication Signal ◽  
Frequency Diverse Array ◽  
Secondary Function ◽  
Radar Antenna ◽  
Better Than

AbstractWe investigate the frequency diverse array (FDA) for joint radar and communication systems. The basic idea is to use the transmitter/receiver modules of the radar system for communication purpose during listening mode as a secondary function. The radar will be performing its routine functions during the active mode as a primary function. An FDA at the transmitter side will be used to produce an orthogonal frequency division multiplexed signal, which is proposed for the communication system. The directivity of the radar antenna, FDA in this case, provides an additional advantage to mitigate the interferences other than the Direction of Interest (DoI). The proposed technique allows two beampatterns to be transmitted sequentially from the same FDA structure. Due to the communication signal transmission in the mainlobe of the second beampattern, the bit error rate achieved in the mainlobe is better than the existing techniques using the sidelobe transmission for communications. At the receiver, both incoming signals of radar and communication will share a different spatial angle. Simulation results indicate the novelty of the idea to suppress the interferences in terms of DoI. Furthermore, we analyzed the signal-to-interference ratio and Cramer–Rao lower bounds for angle and range estimation for the proposed technique.

Coeval development of extensional and contractional features along transform margins: insights from the Diaz Marginal Ridge

2021 ◽  
pp. SP524-2021-88
Author(s):  
D. A. Paton ◽  
E. M. Mortimer ◽  
P. Markwick ◽  
J. Khan ◽  
A. Davids ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Model ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Strain Partitioning ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
Structural Inversion ◽  
Horizontal Strain ◽  
Minimum Stress ◽  
Cape Fold Belt ◽  
Transform Margin

AbstractThe Diaz Marginal Ridge (DMR), on the southern transform margin of South Africa, is a bathymetric feature parallel to the Agulhas Falkland Fracture Zone (AFFZ) that has long been considered an archetype marginal ridge; and yet its origin and evolution remains unconstrained. Using recently acquired seismic data we present a new structural interpretation of the DMR and its association with the evolution of both the AFFZ and the Southern Outeniqua Basin. In contrast to previous scenarios invoking thermo-mechanical explanations for its evolution, we observe a more straightforward structural model in which the genesis of the DMR results from the structural inversion of a Jurassic rift basin. This inversion resulted in the progressive onlap of latest Valanginian-Hauterivian aged stratigraphic units, important for the formation of stratigraphic plays of the recent Brulpadda discovery.Paradoxically, this contraction is contemporaneous with renewed extension observed in the inboard normal faults. The orientation of the DMR and inboard structures have been demonstrated to be controlled by the underlying Cape Fold Belt (CFB) fabric. The onset of motion across the AFFZ shear system led to east-west orientated maximum stress and north-south orientated minimum stress. We propose this stress re-orientation resulted in strain partitioning across existing structures whereby in addition to strike-slip on the AFFZ there was coeval extension and contraction, the nature of which was determined by fault orientation. The fault orientation in turn was controlled by a change in orientation of the underlying CFB. Our model provides new insights into the interplay of changes in regional stress orientation with basement fabric and localised magmatism along an evolving transform. The application of horizontal strain partitioning can provide an explanation of similar features observed on other transform margins.

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