scholarly journals The Relationship Between Fiber Intake and Omega 3 and 6 Fatty Acid intake and Metabolic Syndrome in 4 Countries Spanning the Epidemiologic Transition

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 242-242
Author(s):  
Supal Mehta ◽  
Lara Dugas ◽  
Amy Luke
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
High Density Lipoproteins ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Fiber Intake ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Epidemiologic Transition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Insoluble Fiber

Abstract Objectives Dietary modifications can be an effective therapeutic approach to prevent and manage metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study is to explore the association between fiber intake with metabolic syndrome and between omega 3 and 6 fatty acids with metabolic syndrome in four countries spanning the epidemiological transition. The study participants eat very different diets across the countries. Methods Data were obtained from a cohort of 2000 adults, aged 25–45, enrolled in the Modeling the Epidemiologic Transition Study from US, Ghana, Jamaica and Seychelles. Dietary intake was measured using two 24hr recalls and analyzed using Nutrient Data System for Research. Participants were categorized as having metabolic syndrome if they had at least three of the following condition: high triglyceride levels (>150 mg/dL), reduced high-density lipoproteins (<40 mg/dL), elevated blood pressure (>130/85 mmHg), increased fasting blood glucose (>100 mg/dL) and a waist circumference (>89 cm for women and >103 cm for men). The association between fiber and metabolic syndrome was analyzed using quartiles of total, soluble, and insoluble fiber intake. The association between metabolic syndrome and the combined intake of omega 3 and 6 fatty acids was analyzed using quartiles of the omega 3 index, the sum of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and quartiles of the ratio of omega 6:3 fatty acids. Data were analyzed using logistic regressions adjusted for age, sex, calorie intake, alcohol intake and smoking status. Results Participants with metabolic syndrome were 1.7 times (95% CI: 1.2, 2.3) as likely to be in the lowest compared to the highest quartile of total fiber intake and 1.5 times (1.1, 2.0) as likely to in the lowest quartile of insoluble fiber intake. Participants with metabolic syndrome were 1.9 times (1.3, 2.7) as likely to be in the lowest quartile of the of EPA + DHA intake. Risk of metabolic syndrome was not significantly associated with omega 6:3 ratio. Conclusions These findings expand on prior research supporting a beneficial role for dietary fiber and omega 3 fatty acids in reducing the risk of metabolic syndrome in understudied populations consuming a wide range of diets. In aggregate, these results support an important role of diet in metabolic syndrome risk regardless of population. Funding Sources National Institute of Health. Stritch School of Medicine.

scholarly journals Spectrum of esterified fatty acids of the omega-3 and omega-6 in the blood of persons with vibration pathology

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (12) ◽  
pp. 1430-1435
Author(s):  
Olga M. Zhurba ◽  
Alexey V. Merinov ◽  
Anton N. Alekseenko ◽  
Irina V. Kudaeva
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Quantitative Indices ◽  
Vibration Disease ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Group I ◽  
Omega 6

Introduction. Vibration is one of the leading unfavourable physical factors of the working environment and leads to vibration disease (VD) development. The study of metabolic profiles of markers of fatty acids (FA) metabolism is one of the directions in the early diagnosis of vascular diseases and metabolic syndrome (MS), caused, among other things, by exposure to vibration. The aim of this work is to study the spectrum of esterified fatty acids of the omega-3 and omega-6 families in the blood of patients with vibration disease (VD) and combination with metabolic syndrome (MS). Materials and methods. The study involved 66 people, divided into two groups: Group I - 34 patients with an established diagnosis of VD; Group II - 32 patients with an established diagnosis of VD in combination with metabolic syndrome (MS). The levels of esterified forms (EF) of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the ω-3 and ω-6 families in blood plasma samples were determined using the method of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry on an Agilent 7890A gas chromatograph with an Agilent 5975C mass selective detector. Results. The distribution of quantitative indices of PUFA of the ω-3 and ω-6 families in the examined groups was studied. In VD patients with MS, compared with VD patients, there was a statistically significant increase in the level of eicosapentaenoic, α-linolenic acids of the ω-3 family, the sum of ω-3 PUFAs, γ-linolenic and linoleic acids of the ω-6 family. Conclusion. The study of the quantitative indices of EF of the families ω-3 and ω-6 in the blood plasma of VD patients with MS showed the levels of ω-6 to be 4.5-5.4 times statistically higher than the levels of ω-3 fatty acids.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Association Study for Serum Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Exploratory Analysis of the Sex-Specific Effects and Dietary Modulation in Mediterranean Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Coltell ◽  
Jose V. Sorlí ◽  
Eva M. Asensio ◽  
Rocío Barragán ◽  
José I. González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Association Study ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Chromosome 11 ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Meta Analyses

Many early studies presented beneficial effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on cardiovascular risk factors and disease. However, results from recent meta-analyses indicate that this effect would be very low or nil. One of the factors that may contribute to the inconsistency of the results is that, in most studies, genetic factors have not been taken into consideration. It is known that fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster in chromosome 11 is a very important determinant of plasma PUFA, and that the prevalence of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) varies greatly between populations and may constitute a bias in meta-analyses. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been carried out in other populations and none of them have investigated sex and Mediterranean dietary pattern interactions at the genome-wide level. Our aims were to undertake a GWAS to discover the genes most associated with serum PUFA concentrations (omega-3, omega-6, and some fatty acids) in a scarcely studied Mediterranean population with metabolic syndrome, and to explore sex and adherence to Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) interactions at the genome-wide level. Serum PUFA were determined by NMR spectroscopy. We found strong robust associations between various SNPs in the FADS cluster and omega-3 concentrations (top-ranked in the adjusted model: FADS1-rs174547, p = 3.34 × 10−14; FADS1-rs174550, p = 5.35 × 10−14; FADS2-rs1535, p = 5.85 × 10−14; FADS1-rs174546, p = 6.72 × 10−14; FADS2-rs174546, p = 9.75 × 10−14; FADS2-rs174576, p = 1.17 × 10−13; FADS2-rs174577, p = 1.12 × 10−12, among others). We also detected a genome-wide significant association with other genes in chromosome 11: MYRF (myelin regulatory factor)-rs174535, p = 1.49 × 10−12; TMEM258 (transmembrane protein 258)-rs102275, p = 2.43 × 10−12; FEN1 (flap structure-specific endonuclease 1)-rs174538, p = 1.96 × 10−11). Similar genome-wide statistically significant results were found for docosahexaenoic fatty acid (DHA). However, no such associations were detected for omega-6 PUFAs or linoleic acid (LA). For total PUFA, we observed a consistent gene*sex interaction with the DNTTIP2 (deoxynucleotidyl transferase terminal interacting protein 2)-rs3747965 p = 1.36 × 10−8. For adherence to MedDiet, we obtained a relevant interaction with the ME1 (malic enzyme 1) gene (a gene strongly regulated by fat) in determining serum omega-3. The top-ranked SNP for this interaction was ME1-rs3798890 (p = 2.15 × 10−7). In the regional-wide association study, specifically focused on the FADS1/FASD2/FADS3 and ELOVL (fatty acid elongase) 2/ELOVL 5 regions, we detected several statistically significant associations at p < 0.05. In conclusion, our results confirm a robust role of the FADS cluster on serum PUFA in this population, but the associations vary depending on the PUFA. Moreover, the detection of some sex and diet interactions underlines the need for these associations/interactions to be studied in all specific populations so as to better understand the complex metabolism of PUFA.

The effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on bone health

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-232
Author(s):  
Marcello Maggio ◽  
Andrea Artoni ◽  
Fulvio Lauretani ◽  
Carmelinda Ruggiero ◽  
Tommy Cederholm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Bone Metabolism ◽  
Bone Health ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Membrane Function ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Omega 6

SummaryThe essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are divided into two classes, n-3 (ω-3) and n-6 (ω-6) and their dietary precursors are α-linolenic (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA), respectively. PUFAs are precursors of a wide range of metabolites, for example eicosanoids like prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which play critical roles in the regulation of a variety of biological processes, including bone metabolism.A large body of evidence supports an effect of PUFA on bone metabolism which may be mediated by regulation of osteoblastogenesis and osteoclast activity, change of membrane function, decrease in inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), modulation of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and influence in NO secretion and NO synthase.Animal studies have shown that a higher dietary omega-3/omega-6 fatty acids ratio is associated with beneficial effects on bone health. Human studies conducted in elderly subjects suggest that omega-3 instead of omega-6 has a positive effect on bone metabolism. In spite of increasing evidence, studies conducted in humans do not allow us to draw a definitive conclusion on the usefulness of PUFAs in clinical practice.

scholarly journals Domestic chicken omega 3 – a product for promoting human health

2021 ◽  
Vol 854 (1) ◽  
pp. 012081
Author(s):  
Dragan Sefer ◽  
Stamen Radulovic ◽  
Dejan Peric ◽  
Matija Sefer ◽  
Lazar Makivic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Omega 6

Abstract Literature data show that the relationship between two groups of polyunsaturated fatty acids in diet, omega 3 acids, whose basic representative is a-linolenic acid (C18: 3 n-3), and omega 6 acids, whose basic representative is linoleic acid (C18: 2 n-6), has a significant role in development of cardiovascular diseases in humans. The optimal ratio of omega 6 to omega 3 fatty acids is around 4:1. In monogastric animals, the fatty acids in feed are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract largely unchanged. This means the fatty acid profile of the animal’s diet directly reflects the fatty acid profile of the tissue. The daily intake of unsaturated fatty acids can be increased by an adequate animal nutrition strategy. Flaxseed contains ten times more unsaturated (32.26%) than saturated (3.66%) fatty acids. The largest amount of unsaturated fatty acids (about 70%) is a-linolenic acid (ALA), which is a precursor of the entire omega 3 series of fatty acids, and which makes flaxseed an ideal raw material for the production of a wide range of omega 3 enriched products. In order to obtain chicken meat rich in omega 3, an experiment was organized with a specific diet for broilers at fattening. Thanks to the designed animal feed, it was possible to get products (meat, breast, drumstick, liver, subcutaneous fat) with significantly higher amounts of omega 3 fatty acids compared to the same products obtained from broilers fed with conventional mixtures, or with almost the ideal ratio between omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids.

scholarly journals Effect of n-3 and n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Microsomal P450 Steroidogenic Enzyme Activities and In Vitro Cortisol Production in Adrenal Tissue From Yorkshire Boars

Endocrinology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 157 (4) ◽  
pp. 1512-1521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuemei Xie ◽  
Xudong Wang ◽  
Gail J. Mick ◽  
Janusz H. Kabarowski ◽  
Landon Shay Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Eicosapentaenoic Acid ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Glucocorticoid Production ◽  
Adrenal Glucocorticoid

AbstractDysregulation of adrenal glucocorticoid production is increasingly recognized to play a supportive role in the metabolic syndrome although the mechanism is ill defined. The adrenal cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, CYP17 and CYP21, are essential for glucocorticoid synthesis. The omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) may ameliorate metabolic syndrome, but it is unknown whether they have direct actions on adrenal CYP steroidogenic enzymes. The aim of this study was to determine whether PUFA modify adrenal glucocorticoid synthesis using isolated porcine microsomes. The enzyme activities of CYP17, CYP21, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH), and CYP2E1 were measured in intact microsomes treated with fatty acids of disparate saturated bonds. Cortisol production was measured in a cell-free in vitro model. Microsomal lipid composition after arachidonic acid (AA) exposure was determined by sequential window acquisition of all theoretical spectra-mass spectrometry. Results showed that adrenal microsomal CYP21 activity was decreased by docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid, α-linolenic acid, AA, and linoleic acid, and CYP17 activity was inhibited by DPA, DHA, eicosapentaenoic acid, and AA. Inhibition was associated with the number of the PUFA double bonds. Similarly, cortisol production in vitro was decreased by DPA, DHA, and AA. Endoplasmic enzymes with intraluminal activity were unaffected by PUFA. In microsomes exposed to AA, the level of AA or oxidative metabolites of AA in the membrane was not altered. In conclusion, these observations suggest that omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA, especially those with 2 or more double bonds (DPA, DHA, and AA), impede adrenal glucocorticoid production.

scholarly journals The burden of metabolic syndrome on osteoarthritic joints

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce M. Dickson ◽  
Anke J. Roelofs ◽  
Justin J. Rochford ◽  
Heather M. Wilson ◽  
Cosimo De Bari
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
High Density Lipoproteins ◽  
Metabolic Alterations ◽  
Macrophage Polarisation ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background The prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) increases with obesity, with up to two thirds of the elderly obese population affected by OA of the knee. The metabolic syndrome (MetS), frequently associated with central obesity and characterised by elevated waist circumference, raised fasting plasma glucose concentration, raised triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoproteins, and/or hypertension, is implicated in the pathogenesis of OA. This narrative review discusses the mechanisms involved in the influence of MetS on OA, with a focus on the effects on macrophages and chondrocytes. Main text A skewing of macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype within synovial and adipose tissues is thought to play a role in OA pathogenesis. The metabolic perturbations typical of MetS are important drivers of pro-inflammatory macrophage polarisation and activity. This is mediated via alterations in the levels and activities of the cellular nutrient sensors 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), intracellular accumulation of metabolic intermediates such as succinate and citrate, and increases in free fatty acids (FFAs) and hyperglycaemia-induced advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) that bind to receptors on the macrophage surface. Altered levels of adipokines, including leptin and adiponectin, further influence macrophage polarisation. The metabolic alterations in MetS also affect the cartilage through direct effects on chondrocytes by stimulating the production of pro-inflammatory and catabolic factors and possibly by suppressing autophagy and promoting cellular senescence. Conclusions The influence of MetS on OA pathogenesis involves a wide range of metabolic alterations that directly affect macrophages and chondrocytes. The relative burden of intra-articular versus systemic adipose tissue in the MetS-associated OA remains to be clarified. Understanding how altered metabolism interacts with joints affected by OA is crucial for the development of further strategies for treating this debilitating condition, such as supplementing existing therapies with metformin and utilising ω-3 fatty acid derivatives to restore imbalances in ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids.

scholarly journals Consumption of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Is Associated with Improved Cardiometabolic Outcomes in Four African-Origin Populations Spanning the Epidemiologic Transition

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2442
Author(s):  
Supal Mehta ◽  
Lara Ruth Dugas ◽  
Candice Choo-Kang ◽  
Pascal Bovet ◽  
Terrence Forrester ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Favorable Effect ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
African Origin ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Epidemiologic Transition ◽  
Multiple Variable

Long-chain omega-3 PUFAs, specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are of increasing interest because of their favorable effect on cardiometabolic risk. This study explores the association between omega 6 and 3 fatty acids intake and cardiometabolic risk in four African-origin populations spanning the epidemiological transition. Data are obtained from a cohort of 2500 adults aged 25–45 enrolled in the Modeling the Epidemiologic Transition Study (METS), from the US, Ghana, Jamaica, and the Seychelles. Dietary intake was measured using two 24 h recalls from the Nutrient Data System for Research (NDSR). The prevalence of cardiometabolic risk was analyzed by comparing the lowest and highest quartile of omega-3 (EPA+ DHA) consumption and by comparing participants who consumed a ratio of arachidonic acid (AA)/EPA + DHA and >4:1. Data were analyzed using multiple variable logistic regression adjusted for age, gender, activity, calorie intake, alcohol intake, and smoking status. The lowest quartile of EPA + DHA intake is associated with cardiometabolic risk 2.16 (1.45, 3.2), inflammation 1.59 (1.17, 2.16), and obesity 2.06 (1.50, 2.82). Additionally, consuming an AA/EPA + DHA ratio of >4:1 is also associated with cardiometabolic risk 1.80 (1.24, 2.60), inflammation 1.47 (1.06, 2.03), and obesity 1.72 (1.25, 2.39). Our findings corroborate previous research supporting a beneficial role for monounsaturated fatty acids in reducing cardiometabolic risk.

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