scholarly journals Raspberry Polyphenol Extract Decreases NF-kB and IL-6 Expression in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 422-422
Author(s):  
Lena Lear ◽  
Rami Najjar ◽  
Rafaela Feresin ◽  
Jessica Danh
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Therapy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Raw 264.7 Macrophages ◽  
Complementary And Alternative Therapy ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Lps Treatment

Abstract Objectives To investigate whether raspberry polyphenol extract attenuates the inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Methods Raspberry polyphenol extract was prepared using methanolic extraction, followed by solvent evaporation and freeze-drying. RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 μg/ml of raspberry polyphenol extract in six-well plates. After 2 h, cells were then treated with 100 ng/ml of LPS for 6 h. Cells were collected for protein expression analysis of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) and inflammatory cytokines, i.e., interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, via western blot. Results were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer post-hoc test. Results As expected, LPS significantly increased NF-kB compared to control (P < 0.0001). Pre-treatment with 400 μg/ml raspberry polyphenol extract significantly decreased phosphorylation of NF-kB in LPS stimulated cells (0.71 ± 0.03 vs. 1.00 ± 0.00-fold, P = 0.005) compared to LPS alone. LPS treatment significantly increased the expression of IL-6 compared to the control group (P < 0.0001). IL-6 expression was significantly reduced in LPS stimulated macrophages by pre-treatment with 200 and 400 µg/ml of raspberry polyphenol extract (0.49 ± 0.03-fold, P < 0.0001 and 0.33 ± 0.04-fold, P < 0.0001 respectively) compared to LPS alone (1.00 ± 0.00-fold). The expression of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β was significantly greater than control in LPS-only treated cells (P < 0.0001). However, treatment with 400 μg/ml raspberry polyphenol was able to significantly prevent this effect (0.59 ± 0.1 vs. 1.00 ± 0.00-fold, P = 0.007). Conclusions Results indicate that raspberry polyphenols possess anti-inflammatory properties suggesting a possible role as a complementary and alternative therapy to prevent inflammation. However, in vivo and human studies are needed to confirm this. Funding Sources None.

scholarly journals Cornus Officinalis Polyphenol Extract Decrease Pro-inflammatory Markers in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages (P06-087-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rami Najjar ◽  
Neda Akhavan ◽  
Shirin Pourafshar ◽  
Yun-Hwa Hsieh ◽  
Bahram Arjmandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Raw 264.7 Macrophages ◽  
Akt Phosphorylation ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Cornus Officinalis ◽  
Grant Program ◽  
Pre Treatment

Abstract Objectives To investigate whether cornus officinalis (CO) polyphenol extract attenuate the inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Methods CO polyphenol extract was prepared using methanolic extraction, followed by solvent evaporation and freeze-drying. RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 μg/ml of CO polyphenol extract. After 2 h, cells were then treated with 100 ng/ml of LPS for 6 h. Cells were then collected for whole cell protein expression analysis of signaling and inflammatory molecules via western blot. Results were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer post-hoc test. Results LPS treatment significantly increased Akt phosphorylation compared to control (1.00 ± 0.00 vs 0.16 ± 0.02 fold, P < 0.0001). However, pre-treatment with 100, 200 and 400 µg/ml of CO polyphenol extract significantly reduced Akt phosphorylation (0.57 ± 0.08 fold, P = 0.0030; 0.49 ± 0.08 fold, P = 0.0003 and 0.44 ± 0.09 fold, P < 0.0001, respectively) in LPS stimulated macrophages compared to LPS alone. Control cells did not express inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS); however, LPS induced iNOS expression, which was significantly decreased by treatment with 400 µg/ml CO polyphenol extract (1.00 ± 0.00 vs 0.36 ± 0.1 fold, P = 0.0098). Similarly, inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β and 6 were not expressed in control macrophages; however, their expression was induced by LPS. CO polyphenol extract dose-dependently decreased LPS-induced expression of IL-1β (P < 0.0001) and IL-6 (P < 0.0001). Conclusions CO polyphenol extract attenuated the inflammatory response induced by LPS in RAW 264.7 macrophages. This effect is likely due to Akt downstream signaling inhibition. Funding Sources Lewis Foundation Grant Program.

scholarly journals Antiadipogenic Effects of açai Polyphenols on High Fat Diet-fed Mice and 3T3-L1 Adipocytes: A Potential Mechanism of Action (OR34-04-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Trindade ◽  
Elaine Soares ◽  
Elisa Monteiro ◽  
Nathalia Moura-Nunes ◽  
Danielly Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Fat Diet ◽  
In Vivo Model ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Body Adiposity ◽  
Funding Agencies ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Potential Strategy

Abstract Objectives Body adiposity is an important risk factor for the development of chronic non-communicable diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of açai seed extract (ASE) on adipogenesis. Methods We investigated the effects of ASE in a mouse model of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. We also evaluated the effects of ASE as a pre-treatment and treatment on 3T3-L1 adipocytes cell proliferation, cell differentiation and expression of proteins involved in lipid metabolism, such as PPARɣ, SREBP-1 and FAS, using westernbloting. Results In our work high-fat diet–fed mice treated with ASE (HFD-ASE) showed a lower adipose index (−32.63%, p < 0.001) than the high-fat diet–fed mice group (HFD) and the adipocytes from the HFD group were considerably enlarged (p < 0.001) compared to those in the control group (CG) and HFD-ASE group (+175% and +123%, respectively). We also evaluated the effects of ASE on the modulation of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. ASE exposure led to a decrease of 26.6 (P < 0.05) in proliferation and also inhibited preadipocyte differentiation through the decreasing expression (P < 0.05) of transcription factors and adipogenic proteins such as PPARɣ, SREBP-1 and FAS. Conclusions These results show that the ASE reduce adipogenesis and suppress lipid accumulation in in vivo model and in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and reinforce the potential ASE as a potential strategy to modulate adipogenesis. Funding Sources The financial support of Brazilian funding agencies: FAPERJ, E-26/202.829/2015 and E-26/010.002632/2014; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, 472711/2013-0; and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pesssoal de Nível Superior-Brazil (CAPES) – Finance code 001. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

scholarly journals In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Sulfated Polysaccharides Isolated from the Edible Brown Seaweed, Sargassum fulvellum

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 277
Author(s):  
Lei Wang ◽  
Hye-Won Yang ◽  
Ginnae Ahn ◽  
Xiaoting Fu ◽  
Jiachao Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Brown Seaweed ◽  
Sulfated Polysaccharides ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Raw 264.7 Macrophages ◽  
Sargassum Fulvellum ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

In the present study, the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of the sulfated polysaccharides isolated from Sargassum fulvellum (SFPS) were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and zebrafish. The results indicated that SFPS improved the viability of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages from 80.02 to 86.80, 90.09, and 94.62% at the concentration of 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL, respectively. Also, SFPS remarkably and concentration-dependently decreased the production levels of inflammatory molecules including nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, prostaglandin E2, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-6 in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. In addition, SFPS significantly inhibited the expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, the in vivo test results indicated that SFPS improved the survival rate of LPS-treated zebrafish from 53.33 to 56.67, 60.00, and 70.00% at the concentration of 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, SFPS effectively reduced cell death, reactive oxygen species, and NO levels in LPS-stimulated zebrafish. Taken together, these results suggested that SFPS possesses strong in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities, and could be used as an ingredient to develop anti-inflammatory agents in the functional food and pharmaceutical industries.

scholarly journals The Role of Copper in the Regulation of Ferroportin Expression in Macrophages

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 2259
Author(s):  
Aneta Jończy ◽  
Rafał Mazgaj ◽  
Ewa Smuda ◽  
Beata Żelazowska ◽  
Zuzanna Kopeć ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Homeostasis ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Protein Abundance ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Iron Storage ◽  
Raw 264.7 Macrophages ◽  
Transcriptional Suppression ◽  
Lps Treatment

The critical function of ferroportin (Fpn) in maintaining iron homeostasis requires complex and multilevel control of its expression. Besides iron-dependent cellular and systemic control of Fpn expression, other metals also seem to be involved in regulating the Fpn gene. Here, we found that copper loading significantly enhanced Fpn transcription in an Nrf2-dependent manner in primary bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). However, prolonged copper loading resulted in decreased Fpn protein abundance. Moreover, CuCl2 treatment induced Fpn expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages at both the mRNA and protein level. These data suggest that cell-type-specific regulations have an impact on Fpn protein stability after copper loading. Transcriptional suppression of Fpn after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment contributes to increased iron storage inside macrophages and may result in anemia of inflammation. Here, we observed that in both primary BMDMs and RAW 264.7 macrophages, LPS treatment significantly decreased Fpn mRNA levels, but concomitant CuCl2 stimulation counteracted the transcriptional suppression of Fpn and restored its expression to the control level. Overall, we show that copper loading significantly enhances Fpn transcription in macrophages, while Fpn protein abundance in response to CuCl2 treatment, depending on macrophage type and factors specific to the macrophage population, can influence Fpn regulation in response to copper loading.

scholarly journals The Antioxidative Effects of Borago Officinalis in Lipopolysaccharide and Hydrogen Peroxide-Activated RAW 264.7 Macrophages

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 368-368
Author(s):  
Neda Akhavan ◽  
Kanisha Parikh ◽  
Gloria Salazar ◽  
Bahram Arjmandi
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Borago Officinalis ◽  
Raw 264.7 Macrophages ◽  
Antioxidative Properties ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Polyphenolic Content ◽  
Mediterranean Regions ◽  
Total Polyphenolic Content

Abstract Objectives Borage (Borago officinalis) is a plant herb found widely in Asian and Mediterranean regions which has been used for the treatment of chronic conditions and diseases. Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and phenolic acids are important constituents of borage, which are known for their antioxidative properties. However, little is known regarding the mechanisms in which borage elicits its antioxidant effects. Therefore, it is important to further examine the antioxidative properties of Borago officinalis extract (BOE) on levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Methods High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the total polyphenolic content of BOE. RAW264.7 murine macrophages were incubated with BOE (0, 50, 100, 200 and 300 µg/ml) followed by treatments with LPS (50 ng/ml) or H2O2 (50 ng/ml) for 24 hours. Media was collected for assessment of nitric oxide (NO), and the cell lysates were collected for determining levels of catalase. BOE treated cells induced with LPS and H2O2 were further examined to assess levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Results Cells treated with LPS, H2O2, as well as BOE did not show any decreases in cell viability. The total polyphenolic content of BOE was 102.4 mg/g, with rosmarinic acid the most abundant polyphenol. BOE decreased (P &lt; 0.05) levels of NO when induced with LPS at 300 µg/ml and at dosages of 100, 200, and 300 µg/ml when cells were stimulated with H2O2. The level of catalase was increased (P &lt; 0.05) in H2O2-stimulated macrophages treated with 300 µg/ml BOE. Conclusions This is the first study to our knowledge to mechanistically examine the antioxidative properties of crude BOE in H2O2 and LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. These findings indicate that BOE is efficacious as an antioxidative agent which can be used as an alternative or adjuvant therapy. Further research is needed to determine the benefits of BOE's polyphenolic profile and GLA to isolate constituents of interest. Funding Sources None.

A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Acupuncture in Treating Dysphagia in Patients with a Stroke

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao-Bin Long ◽  
Xiao-Ping Wu
Keyword(s):  
Acupuncture Treatment ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Alternative Therapy ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Complementary And Alternative Therapy ◽  
Dichotomous Data ◽  
Biological Medicine ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Background Dysphagia, or deglutition difficulty, is a common manifestation in patients with a stroke and its management is an important aspect of rehabilitation. Acupuncture, a complementary and alternative therapy, is the subject of growing public interest for treatment of stroke. Objective A meta-analysis was performed to study the effect of acupuncture for treatment of dysphagia in patients affected by a stroke. Methods Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing acupuncture treatment with non-acupuncture treatment of dysphagia in patients with a stroke were identified from the databases of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and CBM disc (China Biological Medicine Database). Eligible investigations were included and data on the effectiveness of acupuncture were extracted and synthesised by meta-analysis using RevMan 5.1.4. Results were expressed as OR for dichotomous data; 95% CIs were also calculated. Results Seventy-two RCTs (3208 patients in the treatment group and 2926 patients in the control group) were identified. Details of randomisation and blinding were not reported and information on withdrawals and dropouts was missing in most of included reports. Meta-analysis showed that the effectiveness of treatment in the group receiving acupuncture was higher than that in the non-acupuncture group (OR=5.17, 95% CI 4.18 to 6.38; p<0.00001). However, the study quality was generally low and of insufficient quality to make recommendations about using acupuncture in the rehabilitation of patients with dysphagia due to stroke. Conclusions Acupuncture might be beneficial in the rehabilitation of patients with dysphagia caused by stroke, and the evidence justifies future high-quality studies.

scholarly journals Mineralocorticoid receptor signaling is implicated in carfilzomib-induced increase in blood pressure

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Efentakis ◽  
S Lamprou ◽  
M Makridakis ◽  
I Barla ◽  
P.-E Nikolaou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Mineralocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Antineoplastic Agent ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Molecular Signaling ◽  
Funding Sources

Abstract Introduction Carfilzomib (Cfz), an irreversible proteasome inhibitor, is a first line antineoplastic agent indicated for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma, with its clinical use being hampered by cardiovascular adverse effects. Hypertension, is the most common cardiovascular side effect of Cfz, remaining of unknown pathogenicity. Purpose Considering that management of Cfz-related hypertension remains an unmet clinical need and that renal function plays a pivotal role in blood pressure regulation we sought to investigate the renal contribution in Cfz-induced hypertension. Methods We have previously established a translational model of Cfz-induced cardiomyopathy, based on clinically applicable dose regimens and we have concluded that two and four dose protocols successfully resemble the clinical observations in vivo. Herein, sixty C57Bl/6 male mice (12–14 weeks old) were randomized to: 1. Two doses Protocol: i. Control (N/S 0.9%), ii. Cfz (8mg/kg) for two consecutive days; and 2. Four doses Protocol: i. Control (N/S 0.9%), ii. Cfz (8mg/kg) for seven days intraperitoneally. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured by tail cuffs; the latter protocol was repeated and urine collection was performed via metabolic cages studies. Renal samples were collected for histological, proteomic, metabolomic and molecular signaling analyses. Finally, eplerenone, a mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blocker, was orally co-administered with Cfz to the mice daily (165 mg/kg) in the four doses protocol. Results Cfz increased SBP only in the four doses protocol (78.50±2.05 vs 68.20±0.73 in the Control group, **P&lt;0.01). Histological evaluation of the kidneys revealed a juxtaglomerular apparatus hyperplasia (JAH) in the same dose regimen. Proteomic analysis presented that metabolic and transport of small molecules pathways were differentially regulated in the Cfz treated murine kidneys. Metabolomic analysis revealed an increase in urea cycle metabolites (L-Alanine, L-Glutamine, glutamate, aspartate) and taurine content in the kidneys. Additionally, mice presented decreased diuresis without any differences in other metabolic parameters. In parallel an upregulation of β-ENaC expression and activation of MR/SGK-1 signaling in the kidneys was observed, indicating that Cfz activates MR signaling. Co-administration of eplerenone and Cfz, restored diuresis, decreased SBP and inhibited MR/SGK-1 signaling in the kidneys. Conclusions Activation of MR signaling by Cfz in the kidneys orchestrates renal water/salt retention and drives an increase in blood pressure in vivo. Histological and metabolomic analyses present that Cfz induces an acute kidney injury and a tonicity increase. Eplerenone reversed Cfz-induced blood pressure increase and restored diuresis by inhibiting MR/SGK-1 signaling. Therefore, MR blockade emerges as a potent therapeutic approach against Cfz-related cardiovascular adverse events. FUNDunding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

scholarly journals In vivo Hemostatic Activity of Jatropha mollissima: A Triple-Blinded, Randomized, Controlled Trial in an Animal Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Vitoria Oliveira Dantas ◽  
Paula Lima Nogueira ◽  
Filipe de Oliveira Lima ◽  
Denis Candeia Pereira Oliveira ◽  
Emanuelly Nara Severiano Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Bleeding Time ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Hemostatic Activity ◽  
Post Hoc

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the hemostatic activity of the sap from Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill. in rats. Materials and Methods Twenty-four Wistar rats were randomized into four groups (n = 6): the JM25 and JM40 groups were treated with ethanolic extract from the sap of J. mollissima, in a concentration of 25 and 40 mg·mL1, respectively; the MO group was treated with Monsel’s solution and the control group SC with a 0.9% sodium chloride solution. Statistical Analysis Data were submitted to the Kurskal–Wallis’ test, followed by Dunn’s post hoc (p < 0.05). Results There was a significant reduction in the bleeding time of the group from the JM25 extract (p = 0.001) when compared with MO and SC. There were no statistically significant differences between groups JM25 and JM40 (p > 0.05). The JM25 group did not present rebleeding, a result significantly different from the MO group (p = 0.001). Monsel’s solution showed significant bleeding, six times greater than the control group SC. Conclusion The J. mollissima extract, in the concentration of 25 mg·mL1, showed the highest hemostatic efficiency and was found to be a promising biomaterial for the elaboration of a hemostatic product.

scholarly journals Enhanced anti-inflammatory effect of resveratrol and EPA in treated endotoxin-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (9) ◽  
pp. 1562-1573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Pallarès ◽  
Damien Calay ◽  
Lídia Cedó ◽  
Anna Castell-Auví ◽  
Martine Raes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epigallocatechin Gallate ◽  
No Production ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Fish Food ◽  
Antioxidant Genes ◽  
Raw 264.7 Macrophages ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

Macrophages play an important role in immunogenic challenges by producing reactive oxygen species, NO and proinflammatory cytokines that can aggravate and propagate local inflammation. Multiple mechanisms regulate these inflammatory processes. NF-κB and activator protein 1 pathways are crucial in the expression of proinflammatory genes, such as TNF-α, IL-1 (α or β) and -6. Some polyphenols, which are present in beverages, vegetables and fruits, and PUFA, which are present in marine oils and fish food, possess anti-inflammatory effects in vivo and in vitro. Our aim in the present study was to assess whether polyphenols and PUFA have synergistic anti-inflammatory effects in murine macrophages in vitro. Inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages was induced by lipopolysaccharide at 100 ng/ml. The treatments with molecules were performed by co-incubation for 19 h. A NO production assay by Griess reaction, a phosphoprotein assay by Pathscan ELISA kit and gene expression analysis using the TaqMan® Low-density Array for ninety-one genes related to inflammation, oxidative stress and metabolism were performed to assess the synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of polyphenols, epigallocatechin gallate and resveratrol (Res; 2·5 μg/ml), and the PUFA, DHA and EPA (30 μm). Adding Res+EPA had an enhanced anti-inflammatory effect, in comparison with EPA and Res alone, leading to decreased NO levels; modulating the phospho-stress activated protein kinase/Jun N-terminal kinase (P-SAPK/JNK) level; down-regulating proinflammatory genes, such as IL, chemokines, transcription factors; and up-regulating several antioxidant genes. Therefore, this combination has a stronger anti-inflammatory effect than either of these molecules separately in RAW macrophages.

scholarly journals Galangin Protects against Symptoms of Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Acute Colitis by Activating Autophagy and Modulating the Gut Microbiota

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongzhuan Xuan ◽  
Aiqun Ou ◽  
Shengyu Hao ◽  
Jiajun Shi ◽  
Xiaolu Jin
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Disease Activity Index ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Related Proteins

Galangin is a natural flavonoid that has been reported to provide substantial health benefits. Nevertheless, little is known about the potential effects of galangin against inflammatory bowel diseases. Here, an in vivo study was performed to investigate the preventive effects of galangin against dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced acute murine colitis, which mimics the symptoms of human ulcerative colitis (UC). Pre-treatment with galangin (15 mg/kg, p.o.) resulted in a significant decreased in the macroscopic signs of DSS-induced colitic symptoms, including a decreased disease activity index, prevention of the colon length shortening, and alleviation of the pathological changes occurring in the colon. Colonic pro-inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, and IL-6, as well as myeloperoxidase activities were decreased following galangin pre-treatment when compared with the DSS control group. Moreover, galangin pre-treatment significantly increased the expressions of autophagy-related proteins and promoted the formation of autophagosome in the colon. Galangin pre-treatment increased the diversity of the gut microbiota, and this was accompanied by increased levels of short-chain fatty acids. These observed changes could involve the modulating effects conferred by galangin in relation to some specific bacteria populations, including the recovery of Lactobacillus spp., and increased Butyricimonas spp. Overall, these results support the use of galangin in the prevention of UC.

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