scholarly journals Associations Between Late Evening Food Consumption and Exceeding Estimated Energy Needs in U.S. Adults: Results From What We Eat in America, NHANES 2013–2016

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 452-452
Author(s):  
Rhonda Sebastian ◽  
Joseph Goldman ◽  
Theophile Murayi ◽  
Alanna Moshfegh
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Food Patterns ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Objectives Eating later in the day has been associated with higher daily energy intake. However, it is unclear how this behavior relates to energy needs. The goal of this study was to determine whether late evening (LE) food and beverage consumption, overall and by previously identified prevalent LE food patterns, is associated with exceeding estimated daily energy needs. Methods One day of dietary intake collected from 9861 adults 20 + years of age (4829 men and 5032 women) in What We Eat in America, NHANES 2013–2016 was analyzed. LE consumption was defined as any food/beverage intake excluding plain water that began between 8:00 pm and 11:59 pm. Individuals’ energy needs were estimated based upon sex, age, and self-reported physical activity. T-tests identified differences in the percentages of adults exceeding their estimated energy needs by ≥25% between LE non-reporters and LE reporters, overall and by prevalent LE pattern, and logistic regression was applied to determine the relative risk (RR) of this outcome. Results On the intake day, 66.8% of men and 62.2% of women were LE reporters. The mean LE energy contribution among LE reporters was 579 kcal in men and 407 kcal in women, but ranged considerably among the prevalent patterns (268–924 kcal for men; 159–657 kcal for women; ANOVA for both P < 0.01). Among both men and women, LE consumption overall was associated with a higher likelihood of exceeding energy needs by ≥25% (men: 20.2% vs. 14.0%; RR = 1.44; 99% CI: 1.04, 2.00; women: 20.1% vs. 12.8%; RR = 1.57; 99% CI: 1.16, 2.11). However, when individual LE patterns were assessed, differences were observed among women only. Relative to non-reporter women, those in the following prevalent LE patterns were more likely to exceed estimated energy needs by ≥25%: the candy/nuts/seeds pattern (+13.6%; RR = 2.06; 99% CI: 1.20, 3.54), the savory snacks/alcohol pattern (+9.7%; RR = 1.76; 99% CI: 1.14, 2.71), and the milk/dairy drinks pattern (+16.8%; RR = 2.31; 99% CI: 1.43, 3.73). Conclusions Although LE intake overall was associated with a greater likelihood of exceeding estimated energy needs by ≥25% among both men and women, pattern-specific associations were only observed among women. Addressing both the frequency and content of LE consumption could attenuate its impact on potential excess energy intake in this population. Funding Sources ARS, USDA.

scholarly journals Late Evening Food Patterns of U.S. Adults Are Differentially Associated with Total Energy Intake and Diet Quality: Results from What We Eat in America, NHANES 2013–2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 564-564
Author(s):  
Rhonda Sebastian ◽  
Cecilia Wilkinson Enns ◽  
Joseph Goldman ◽  
Theophile Murayi ◽  
Alanna Moshfegh
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Food Patterns ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Late Evening

Abstract Objectives Eating later versus earlier in the day has been associated with higher energy intake and lower diet quality. However, since food and beverage choices vary, these relationships may not be true of all late evening (LE) eating patterns. The goal of this study was to identify LE patterns of U.S. adults and determine their associations with energy intake and diet quality. Methods One day of dietary intake collected from 9861 adults 20 + years of age (4829 males and 5032 females) in What We Eat in America, NHANES 2013–2016 was analyzed. LE consumption was any food/beverage intake that began between 8:00 pm and 11:59 pm. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to develop LE food/beverage patterns based on percentage of LE energy provided by each of 23 food groups with adjustment for gram weight. Adjusted estimates of energy intake and Healthy Eating Index (HEI) score were compared between reporters in each LE pattern and non-reporters. Results Nearly two-thirds (64.4%) of adults were LE reporters. The 11 LE patterns identified accounted for 65.9% of the variance in LE energy intake. The 6 most prevalent LE patterns were characterized by intake of sweets, sandwiches, and beverages (23.0% of adults); mixed dishes, meat, and vegetables (12.3%); savory snacks and alcohol (9.5%); candy, nuts, and seeds (5.2%); fruit and 100% juice (4.1%); and milk and dairy drinks (3.4%). Fewer than 3% of adults fell into each of the 5 remaining patterns (white potatoes, pizza, cereal, cooked grains, and legumes). Compared to non-reporters, LE reporters in 7 of the 11 patterns had higher mean total daily energy intake (P < 0.001), ranging from 12.6% higher for sweets, sandwiches, and beverages to 26.7% higher for pizza. Mean HEI scores were higher in 2 patterns (fruit and 100% juice, 56.5; legumes, 59.4) and lower in 1 pattern (pizza, 44.5) than for non-reporters (50.6). Conclusions LE food/beverage consumption is common among U.S. adults. Although most current LE patterns are associated with higher energy intake and few with better diet quality, exceptions were seen, notably for patterns characterized by fruit and legumes. For the majority of LE reporters, modifying LE food/beverage choices to better align with dietary guidance could considerably improve the nutrient density of the overall diet. Funding Sources ARS, USDA.

scholarly journals Late Evening Food and Beverage Consumption by U.S. Adults: Prevalence and Associations with Nutrient and Food Pattern Intakes (P18-118-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhonda Sebastian ◽  
Cecilia Wilkinson Enns ◽  
Joseph Goldman ◽  
Alanna Moshfegh
Keyword(s):  
Plain Water ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
Beverage Consumption ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Food Pattern ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
24 Hour Recall ◽  
Daily Intakes

Abstract Objectives This study sought to characterize late evening (8:00 pm – 11:59 pm) food/beverage consumption among U.S. adults and compare nutrients and food pattern (FP) components (absolute intakes and densities/1000 kcal) between late evening reporters and nonreporters using the most recent nationwide dietary data. Methods One day of 24-hour recall data from 9861 adults (4829 men and 5032 women) age ≥ 20 years collected in What We Eat in America, NHANES 2013–2016 was analyzed. Individuals who reported foods or beverages other than plain water between 8:00 pm and midnight on the intake day were considered late evening reporters. Nutrient and FP intakes of reporters and nonreporters were compared after regression adjustment for confounding variables including sex, age, and physical activity. Results Two-thirds (67%) of adults were late evening reporters. Prevalence of late evening eating/drinking did not differ by sex but was higher among adults age 20–39 (71%) and 40–59 years (67%) than among those ≥60 years (61%; P < 0.001; P-trend < 0.001). Among late evening reporters, 78% reported a snack, 38% reported a meal (primarily dinner), and 31% reported multiple meals/snacks during the late evening. Mean energy contributed by late evening foods/beverages was 519 kcal, accounting for 23% of reporters’ daily energy intake, 18–24% of nutrients, and 9–27% of FP components. Relative to nonreporters, reporters had higher adjusted mean daily intakes of energy (+268 kcal), nearly all macro- and micronutrients analyzed, and the FP components total and refined grains, total protein foods, eggs, total dairy, fluid milk, cheese, oils, solid fats, and added sugars. However, mean daily density per 1000 kcal did not differ by reporting status for any nutrients or FP components. Conclusions Consuming foods and beverages during late evening is common among U.S. adults and contributes substantially to dietary intake. Late evening reporters have higher daily intakes of nutrients and FP components but densities do not differ. Findings of age-related differences in occurrence of late evening eating/drinking and in consumption of snacks versus meals in this time period suggest there may be varying patterns of late evening consumption in this population. Funding Sources ARS, USDA.

scholarly journals Differences in the Quantity and Types of Foods and Beverages Consumed by Canadians between 2004 and 2015

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Tugault-Lafleur ◽  
Jennifer Black
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Food Consumed

This study examined differences in food and beverage intake estimated from nationally representative surveys of Canadians in 2004 and 2015 collected through the Canadian Community Health Surveys. Differences in mean daily energy intake and amounts of food consumed were compared between 2004 and 2015 and across age groups for all energy reporters (aged 2 years+) and among only plausible energy reporters. From 2004 to 2015, mean energy intake decreased by 228 kcal/day (all energy reporters) and 74 kcal/day (plausible energy reporters). Canadians reported consuming more daily servings of meat and alternatives but fewer servings of vegetables and fruit and milk and alternatives in 2015 compared to 2004. Analyses of food subgroups revealed that Canadians reported consuming more daily servings of dark green and orange vegetables, dairy products, legumes, nuts and seeds, and eggs but fewer servings of potatoes, other vegetables, fruit juices, fluid milk, and sugar-sweetened beverages in 2015 compared to 2004. While some aspects of the Canadian diet have improved, daily mean intake of other nutritious foods either stagnated or worsened over time. Continued attention is needed to improve population-level intakes of vegetables, fruit, whole grains, and protein foods such as legumes, nuts, seeds, and lower fat dairy products.

scholarly journals The Assessment of Daily Energy Expenditure of Commercial Saturation Divers Using Doubly Labelled Water

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjoy K. Deb ◽  
Eimear Dolan ◽  
Catherine Hambly ◽  
John R. Speakman ◽  
Olav Eftedal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dive Depth ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Work Activity ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Measurement Period

Commercial saturation divers are exposed to unique environmental conditions and are required to conduct work activity underwater. Consequently, divers’ physiological status is shown to be perturbed and therefore, appropriate strategies and guidance are required to manage the stress and adaptive response. This study aimed to evaluate the daily energy expenditure (DEE) of commercial saturation divers during a 21-day diving operation in the North Sea. Ten saturation divers were recruited during a diving operation with a living depth of 72 metres seawater (msw) and a maximum working dive depth of 81 msw. Doubly labelled water (DLW) was used to calculate DEE during a 10-day measurement period. Energy intake was also recorded during this period by maintaining a dietary log. The mean DEE calculated was 3030.9 ± 513.0 kcal/day, which was significantly greater than the mean energy intake (1875.3 ± 487.4 kcal; p = 0.005). There was also a strong positive correction correlation between DEE and total time spent performing underwater work (r = 0.7, p = 0.026). The results suggested saturation divers were in a negative energy balance during the measurement period with an intraindividual variability in the energy cost present that may be influenced by time spent underwater.

scholarly journals Patterns of energy intake in patients with cirrhosis and healthy volunteers

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela M. Madden ◽  
Marsha Y. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Complex Carbohydrate ◽  
Late Night ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Cirrhotic Patients ◽  
The Mean

Fuel utilization and N economy are optimized in patients with cirrhosis by provision of several small meals throughout the day and a late-night snack of complex carbohydrate. Currently, however, only limited information is available on the patterns of energy intake in patients with chronic liver disease. The aims of the present study were to determine the number of days required to undertake such an investigation and to observe the daily distribution of energy intake in this patient population. Eight patients with cirrhosis and eight matched healthy volunteers kept weighed dietary intake records for fifteen separate days over a 6-month period. The records were analysed for energy intake per hour and the number and size of energy intake episodes per 24 h calculated. Intake was verified against resting energy expenditure. Fourteen separate observational days were required to investigate the pattern of energy intake in the cirrhotic patients while 20 d were required for healthy volunteers. Considerable inter- and intrasubject variations in the number and size of energy intake episodes were observed in both the patients and healthy volunteers. However, no significant differences were observed between the mean total number of daily energy intake episodes (6·3 (sd 1·6) v. 7·0 (sd 1·4)) or in the distribution of daily energy intake between the two groups. Most patients and volunteers tended to eat frequent small meals, often including a late-night snack, rather than two or three large meals daily. It should, therefore, be possible to establish optimum patterns of energy intake in these patients in line with recent guidelines.

scholarly journals Adolescent Beverage Intake in Relation to Actigraphy-assessed Sleep Duration, Timing, and Fragmentation (P18-100-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Corcoran ◽  
Karen Peterson ◽  
Wei Perng ◽  
Galit Dunietz ◽  
Alejandra Cantoral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Sleep Timing ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Flavored Water ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Objectives To examine whether usual beverage intake was associated with sleep timing, duration, and fragmentation among adolescents. Methods The study population included 528 Mexico City adolescents enrolled in a longitudinal study. Beverage intake over the last week was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire. The following beverage groups were analyzed: milk, sweetened milk, regular soda, coffee/tea, 100% fruit juice, commercial fruit juice with sugar, fruit drink/flavored water with sugar, and plain water. Sleep timing, duration, and fragmentation were assessed with 7-day actigraphy. Overall and sex-stratified linear regression was conducted with sleep characteristics as separate outcomes and quantiles of energy-adjusted beverage intake as exposures, accounting for sex, age, maternal education, physical activity, and smoking. Results The mean age (SD) was 14.4 (2.1) years; 48% were male. The most commonly consumed drinks were water, milk, soda, and fruit juice with added sugar (energy-adjusted mean = 666 (557) mL per day, 360 (278) mL per day, 225 (251) mL per day and 203 (263) mL per day, respectively). In overall regression analysis, soda was associated with later sleep timing; those in the 4th (highest) quartile of soda consumption had a 19 minute later weekday sleep timing than those in the lowest quartile [95% CI 1, 37]. Among boys, milk and water consumption were each associated with longer weekday sleep duration (25 [1, 48] and 26 [4, 47] more minutes, respectively in the 4th compared to the 1st quartile); and higher 100% fruit juice consumption was related to earlier weekday sleep timing (−22 [−28, 1] minutes in the 1st compared to the last quantile; P trend = 0.03). Among girls, soda was associated with higher sleep fragmentation (1.6 [0.4, 2.8] % in the 4th compared to the 1st), and coffee/tea consumption was related to shorter weekend sleep duration (−23 [−44, −2] minutes in the 4th compared to the 1st). Conclusions Higher soda intake was associated with later sleep midpoint in boys and girls, while other beverages were associated with sleep in a sex-specific manner. Among girls, adverse associations with sleep were observed for caffeinated drinks only, while boys with higher consumption of water, milk, and natural juice had evidence of healthier sleep. Funding Sources NIH/NIEHS, EPA.

scholarly journals Beverage consumption and BMI of British schoolchildren aged 9–13 years

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1244-1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara Coppinger ◽  
YM Jeanes ◽  
M Mitchell ◽  
S Reeves
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Soft Drinks ◽  
Fruit Juices ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Beverage Consumption ◽  
Daily Energy

AbstractObjectiveAdequate fluid intake has been well documented as important for health but whether it has adverse effects on overall energy and sugar intakes remains under debate. Many dietary studies continue to refrain from reporting on beverage consumption, which the present study aimed to address.DesignA cross-sectional survey investigated self-reported measures of dietary intake and anthropometric measurements.SettingPrimary and secondary schools in south-west London, UK.SubjectsBoys and girls (n 248) aged 9–13 years.ResultsBoys consumed 10 % and girls consumed 9 % of their daily energy intake from beverages and most children had total sugar intakes greater than recommended. Beverages contributed between a quarter and a third of all sugars consumed, with boys aged 11–13 years consuming 32 % of their total sugar from beverages. There was a strong relationship between consumption of beverages and energy intake; however, there was no relationship between beverage type and either BMI or BMI Z-score. Fruit juices and smoothies were consumed most frequently by all girls and 9–10-year-old boys; boys aged 11–13 years preferred soft drinks and consumed more of their daily energy from soft drinks. Milk and plain water as beverages were less popular.ConclusionsAlthough current health promotion campaigns in schools merit the attention being given to improving hydration and reducing soft drinks consumption, it may be also important to educate children on the energy and sugar contents of all beverages. These include soft drinks, as well as fruit juices and smoothies, which are both popular and consumed regularly.

scholarly journals A protein-rich beverage consumed as a breakfast meal leads to weaker appetitive and dietary responses v. a protein-rich solid breakfast meal in adolescents

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather J. Leidy ◽  
Louise I. Bales-Voelker ◽  
Corey T. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Young People ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Differential Response ◽  
Solid Meal ◽  
Breakfast Meal ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Protein Rich

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether a protein-rich beverage leads to a differential response in appetite, satiety and subsequent energy intake compared with an energy- and macronutrient-matched solid version in young people. A total of fifteen adolescents (eight girls and seven boys; age 14 (sem 1) years, BMI percentile 79 (sem 4) %) randomly completed two testing days that included protein-rich (PR) breakfast meals (38 % of energy as protein, 48 (sem 2) g/meal) provided as a solid (S) or beverage (B). Breakfast was 24 % of estimated daily energy needs (2146 (sem 96) kJ/meal). Perceived appetite and satiety responses were collected over 5 h followed by an ad libitum lunch buffet. The PR-S meal led to greater reductions in 4 h postprandial appetite ( − 6221 (sem 1171) mm × 240 min) v. the PR-B meal ( − 3570 (sem 957) mm × 240 min; P < 0·05). When examining the data according to hourly responses, the PR-S meal led to greater reductions in appetite during postprandial hours 2, 3 and 4 v. the PR-B meal (all comparisons, P < 0·05). No differences in postprandial hourly or total (4 h) fullness were observed following the PR-S v. PR-B meals. The PR-S meal led to approximately 480 kJ less energy consumed at the ad libitum lunch buffet (1418 (sem 222) kJ) v. the PR-B meal (1900 (sem 326) kJ; P < 0·05). These data indicate that, although the food form of the PR breakfast meals had little, if any, effect on satiety, the appetitive responses were diminished and the subsequent food intake was greater when protein was consumed as a beverage v. a solid meal.

A pilot study investigating the relationship between perceived and actual workload and estimated energy intake in riding centre horses

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Dekker ◽  
D Marlin ◽  
L Alexander ◽  
R Bishop ◽  
P Harris
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Metabolic Efficiency ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Perceived Workload ◽  
Maintain Body Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Field ◽  
One Way Anova

AbstractFeeding regimens for horses are usually based on perceived workload (PW) together with body condition. This can lead to inappropriate energy intake and, in particular, excess weight. Therefore, a more detailed understanding of the factors influencing individual energy needs under practical field conditions would be valuable. The purpose of this study was to evaluate to what extent the variations in actual versus PW may influence the estimated energy intake required to maintain body weight (BW) in individual animals. Eight mature, experienced riding school horses, chosen at random and maintaining a constant BW, were observed in standard flat work lessons with four different instructors at an equine training college. Heart rate (HR) and the structure of the lessons were recorded. Relative workload (RW) was determined for each horse by dividing its average HR per lesson by its estimated maximum HR (HRmax). PW was estimated by each instructor for each horse using a scale of 1–5. One-way ANOVA and t-test were used to determine the differences and Spearman's and Pearson's correlations were used to determine the correlations. The mean estimated RW was 39.1% of the estimated HRmax ( ± 5.7%) and was not significantly different between instructors (P>0.05). Rider weight as a percentage of BW showed a weak but statistically significant positive correlation with mean HR (r2 = 0.14, P < 0.05). Estimated energy intake was negatively correlated with BCS (r2 = 0.65, P < 0.001) and differed significantly (P < 0.05) between light (BW = 455–532 kg) horses (mean 0.18 ± 0.04 MJ kg− 1 BW) and heavy (BW = 622–660 kg) horses (mean 0.15 ± 0.03 MJ kg− 1 BW). No difference was found in estimated energy intake between different workloads (flat work only or flat work and jumping) (P>0.05). When BW was compared with estimated energy intake, no relation was found either (P>0.05). These results suggest that the amount of energy needed to maintain BW in individual horses cannot necessarily be estimated simply on the basis of the intensity and the duration of structured exercise. Other factors including age, individual digestive and metabolic efficiency, body condition and possibly the energy utilized through non-structured activity (e.g. box walking) may need to be taken into account.

scholarly journals Food consumption patterns in an adult urban population in Beirut, Lebanon

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Nasreddine ◽  
Nahla Hwalla ◽  
Abla Sibai ◽  
Mouïn Hamzé ◽  
Dominique Parent-Massin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
The Mean

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate, measure and assess the food consumption pattern of the adult population living in Beirut, Lebanon, and to identify inadequate or excessive intake of food groups particularly linked to non-communicable diseases.DesignA cross-sectional food consumption survey was conducted in 2001. Dietary habits were assessed by means of a quantitative food-frequency questionnaire.SettingDietary survey of the urban population (Beirut).SubjectsRandom sample of 444 adult subjects (aged 25–54 years) in Beirut.ResultsThe mean consumption of food by the study population was estimated to be 3030 g day−1, providing an energy intake of 2523.57 kcal day−1. Fat contributed 38.9% to the average daily energy intake, protein 13.4% and carbohydrates 47.2%. Mean consumption of fruits and vegetables was approximately 367 g day−1 and 45.3% of subjects consumed less than the recommended 400 g daily. Cereals contributed 324.5 g day−1, providing 35.0% of daily energy intake, with bread being the most highly consumed (146.2 g day−1) in this food group. The mean intake of meat and poultry products was 91.7 g day−1 and provided 8.8% of daily energy intake, with consumption of butchery products especially beef being the highest (47.6 g day−1) followed by poultry (36.1 g day−1). A low consumption of fish was noted (19.7 g day−1), with 73.6% of subjects consuming less than the recommended 2 servings of fish per week. Dairy products contributed 243.1 g day−1 or 10.9% of daily energy intake, and milk was the least consumed dairy product (56.8% of consumers). The intake of added fats and oils, excluding those in cooked recipes, was 20.4 g day−1; olive oil was not used in cooking but was added solely at the table and its mean intake was 5 g day−1. The consumption of butter was low (0.86 g day−1) and vegetable oil was the type of fat mostly used in cooking. The average intake of alcoholic beverages was low (33.6 g day−1), accounting for 0.7% of total energy intake. Women had significantly higher intakes of milk, dairy products, vegetables and coffee than men (P < 0.05). The percentage of women who reported the use of low-fat items was significantly higher than that of men. Younger people (25–34 years) ate significantly more meat, sugar, alcoholic beverages and soft drinks, and consumed significantly less cooked vegetables and legumes, than older ones (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe rather high contribution of fat to daily energy intake, the low intake of fish and the relatively high percentage of people consuming less than the recommended amount of fruits and vegetables observed in this study suggest that the adult Lebanese population is at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, obesity and other non-communicable diseases, which provides the basis for recommending increased intakes of fish, particularly fatty fish, and fruits and vegetables.

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