scholarly journals Using a Developmental Test and Electroencephalography to Examine Child Cognition and Its Predictors in Bangladesh (P13-024-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Larson ◽  
Mohammed Imrul Hasan ◽  
Daniel Feuerriegel ◽  
Shamima Shiraji ◽  
Samiha Shabnab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Child Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Main Trial ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Child Cognition ◽  
Psychosocial Stimulation ◽  
Developmental Test

Abstract Objectives The majority of global health studies use behavioural assessments to measure early child development. Few studies have examined neural indices of cognition using electroencephalography (EEG) in low-income settings. Using data from the Benefits and Risks of Iron Supplementation in Children (BRISC) trial, we examined cognitive development and neural indices of memory and attention in 11 month-old Bangladeshi children and their environmental, socio-demographic, and biological predictors. Methods At 8 months of age, 3300 children were randomized to iron syrup, multiple micronutrient supplementation, or placebo for 3 months. The main trial outcomes include child development measured using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID)-III, anthropometry, haemoglobin, morbidity, and iron indices. EEG is being conducted to measure event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in a random subset of 250 children at 11 months of age. ERPs are measured in response to auditory and visual stimuli, using roving oddball and attention orienting tasks. Generalized linear mixed models estimated the predictors of BSID-derived cognitive development and EEG-derived neural indices of memory and attention. Potential predictors include psychosocial stimulation, anthropometry, haemoglobin, socio-economic status, food security, sex, and parental education. Additionally, we examined correlations between the BSID cognitive scores and EEG-derived neural indices of cognition. Results Preliminary BSID data up to December 2018 indicates that 1749 children have completed measurements at 11 months of age. Psychosocial stimulation was significantly associated with BSID cognitive development scores. ERPs in children at 11 months of age are expected to be completed by May 2019 and relevant results will be presented. Conclusions This study is the first to acquire ERP data in children at 11 months of age in rural Bangladesh. Our findings will identify significant predictors of cognitive functioning measured using the BSID (a well-established developmental test) and using EEG (a sensitive neurophysiological approach) in young children in this setting. Results will indicate the agreement between child cognition outcomes using the BSID and EEG. Funding Sources NHMRC and The University of Melbourne.

scholarly journals The Influence of Psycho-Social Environment and Socio-Economic Status on Early Language Development Among Toddlers

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Bardha Kika
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Early Education ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Emotional And Behavioral Problems ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Socio Economic Status

Learning to talk is one of the most visible and important achievements of early childhood (Rvachew, 2015). Language skills, in particular, are critical to children’s adjustment in school and in later life (Benner, Nelson, Ron, Epstein, 2002). There is evidence to suggest that children with language problems may develop social, emotional,and behavioral problems (Schoon, Parsons, - Rush, 2010). In the literature, the environment with all its complexities it is mentioned as one of the most influential factor for the language development (Johnston, 2010). However, most of the studies that treated this aspect have been conducted in developed countries and less is known whether the pattern of influence is the same among other underrepresented study population. This study is focused on identification of the role of the environment on the toddlers’ language development in a low-income country, such as Kosovo. In total, 201 randomly selected parents (55% males) from three kindergartens in Kosovo were interviewed for this study. We used the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Developmental Profile (CSBS DP; Wetherby-Prizant, 2002) to collect the data and a demographic questionnaire to identify the characteristics of the environment. The preliminary results show a positive correlation between parental education and toddlers’ language development (r = .19, p - .01). Moreover, a positive correlation was found between socio-economic status and toddlers’ language (r = .21, p - .05). Importantly, it was found that there are significant differences between toddlers’ language that frequent kindergarten and the group of toddlers that do not frequent early education institution. The present finding goes into the same line with other studies that confirm environment as important factor on language acquisition. Not only parent’s education, but also the economic status is shown to play a major role on language development. Most importantly, it is shown that along with family kindergarten influences the toddler language skills. These results that attend kindergarten have significantly higher language skills. This can serve to develop intervention programs in Kosovo, to raise awareness among general population for the importance of the early education attendance, which currently is less than 10%.

scholarly journals Review Literatur: Analisis Determinan Sosio Demografi Kejadian Stunting Pada Balita di Berbagai Negara Berkembang

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-164
Author(s):  
Rachma Purwanti ◽  
Desi Nurfita
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Number Of Children

UNICEF reported that in 2014 as many as 2/3 of the number of children aged less than five years in low income countries experienced stunting. Stunting is a predictor of the poor quality of human resources and decreasing the productivity of mation in the future. This literature review aims to analyse sociodemographic determinants of the incidence of stunting in children in various developing countries. The design of this study is a literature review with a systematic review method. Articles are traced using several search enginse. The Google Database is the main source in this literature review. The inclusion criteria of the selected articles include: 1) journal/scientific report, 2) presentation in English, 3) Published last 10 years (2008 – 2018), 4) articles using research subject are children <60 months old, and, 5) articles with design correlation research There was a positive relationship between recidence and the incidence of stunting (p<0,0001; p<0,05; p<0,01; p<0,0001). There is a negative relationships between family economic status and the incidence of stunting (p<0,0001; p<0,001; p<0,001), the education level of mothers with the incidence of stunting (p<0,0001; p<0,0001; p<0,0001; p<0,01; p<0,01; p<0,01; and p<0,01), father’s education level with the incidence of stunting (p<0,0001 dan p<0,01). There is a relationship between birth order of children, living with grandmother and polygamy with the incidence of stunting (p<0,01; p<0,01, p<0,001). Socio demographic determinants of stunting events include: 1. residence (rural/urban), 2. Family economic status, 3. Parental education, and 4. Contact with other culture , including the birth order, living with grandparents and polygamy. Keywords: determinant; socio demographic; under five years; stunting; developing countries Abstrak UNICEF melaporkan sebanyak 2/3 dari jumlah anak usia kurang dari 5 tahun di negara berpenghasilan menengah ke bawah mengalami stunting pada tahun 2014. Stunting merupakan prediktor buruknya kualitas sumber daya manusia dan menurunkan produktivitas suatu bangsa di masa yang akan datang. Literatur Review ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis determinan sosio-demografi kejadian stunting pada balita di berbagai negara berkembang. Desain penelitian ini adalah literature review dengan metode sistematik review. Artikel-artikel ditelusuri menggunakan beberapa search engine. Database google menjadi sumber utama dalam literature review ini. Kriteria inklusi dari artikel yang dipilih antara lain : 1) jurnal/laporan ilmiah, 2) Disajikan dalam bahasa inggris, 3) Terbit 10 tahun terakhir (tahun 2008 sampai tahun 2018), 4) Artikel menggunakan subjek penelitian adalah anak usia <60 bulan, dan 5) Artikel dengan desain correlation research. Ada hubungan positif tempat tinggal dengan kejadian stunting (p<0,0001; p<0,05; p<0,01; p<0,0001). Ada hubungan negatif status ekonomi keluarga dengan kejadian stunting (p<0,0001; p<0,001; p<0,001), tingkat pendidikan ibu dengan kejadian stunting (p<0,0001; p<0,0001; p<0,0001; p<0,01; p<0,01; p<0,01; dan p<0,01), dan tingkat pendidikan ayah dengan kejadian stunting (p<0,0001 dan p<0,01). Ada hubungan urutan kelahiran anak, tinggal bersama nenek, dan poligami dengan kejadian stunting (p<0,01; p<0,01, dan p<0,001). Determinan sosio demografi kejadian stunting meliputi: 1. Tempat tinggal (rural/urban), 2. Status ekonomi keluarga, 3. Tingkat pendidikan orang tua (ayah dan ibu), dan 4. Kontak dengan budaya lain, meliputi urutan kelahiran anak, tinggal bersama kakek/nenek, dan adanya poligami. Kata kunci: determinan; sosio demografi; balita; stunting; negara berkembang

scholarly journals Parental socioeconomic status and adolescent health in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shohei Okamoto
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Adolescent Health ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Health Related

AbstractThere is no consensus on which parental socioeconomic indicators should be used to define adolescents’ socioeconomic status (SES). Utilising the data for 3154 parent-adolescent pairs obtained from the sample of the Survey of Lifestyle Value of Parents and Children 2011 conducted by the Cabinet Office in Japan, the associations between adolescent’s subjective economic status, parental SES (i.e. education, occupation, and household income), and child health-related outcomes (i.e. self-rated health, dietary and oral health behaviours) were analysed using multilevel mixed-effects ordered logistic regression to investigate heterogeneity in these relationships across SES indicators and health outcome measures. Results demonstrated that income was the strongest predictor of adolescent health outcomes, suggesting that adolescents in the middle- or high-income groups tended to report better health status compared to the low-income group, have a higher frequency of having breakfast, and more likely to regularly brush their teeth by 24% (OR 1.24, 95% CI [1.06–1.46]) to 66% (OR 1.66, 95% CI [1.30–2.12]). Parental education was also related to child health-related behaviours, with higher levels of habitual healthy behaviours being observed in the middle- and high-education groups than in the low-education group by 15% (OR 1.15, 95% CI [1.01–1.32]) to 63% (OR 1.63, 95% CI [1.31–2.03]). Future studies regarding health disparities among children/adolescents should carefully choose an SES indicator, taking multiple pathways between each SES indicator and health/health behaviours into consideration.

scholarly journals Mediating pathways in the socio-economic gradient of child development

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 483-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Rubio-Codina ◽  
Orazio Attanasio ◽  
Sally Grantham-McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Child Development ◽  
Home Environment ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Home Stimulation

Research has previously shown a gap of near 0.5 of a standard deviation (SD) in cognition and language development between the top and bottom household wealth quartile in children aged 6–42 months in a large representative sample of low- and middle-income families in Bogota, using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. The gaps in fine motor and socio-emotional development were about half that size. Developmental deficits increased with age. The current study explored the associations amongst child development, household socio-economic status (SES), and a set of potential mediating variables—parental characteristics, child biomedical factors, and the quality of the home environment—in this sample. We ran mediation tests to quantify the contribution of these variables to the SES gap, and explored the role of age as a moderator. Parental education, particularly maternal education, and the quality of the home environment mediated the SES gap in all outcomes examined. Height-for-age mediated a small amount of the deficit in language scales only. More educated mothers provided better home stimulation than less educated mothers and the home environment partly mediated the effect of maternal education. These results suggested that in interventions aimed at promoting child development, those focusing on the quality of the home environment should be effective.

Nobody’s Perfect: Making sense of a parenting skills workshop through ethnographic research in a low-income neighbourhood in Santiago de Chile

2021 ◽  
pp. 026101832098398
Author(s):  
Marjorie Murray ◽  
Daniela Tapia
Keyword(s):  
Child Development ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Parenting Skills ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Santiago De Chile ◽  
One Year ◽  
Everyday Problems

Nadie es Perfecto (Nobody’s Perfect, or NEP) is a parenting skills workshop aimed at ‘sharing experiences and receiving guidance on everyday problems to strengthen child development’. This article explores this workshop in terms of its relationship with the daily lives of participants, based on one year of fieldwork focused on families with young children in a low-income neighbourhood in Santiago. While caregivers frame their parenting efforts as aiming to ‘hacer lo mejor posible’ (do their best) under difficult circumstances, our study found that facilitators take an anachronistic and homogenizing view of participants. Embracing a universalistic perspective of child development, they discourage participation and debate, focusing instead on providing concrete advice that limits the potential of the workshops. This article argues that by ignoring the different living situations of families in this socioeconomic context, NEP reproduces a prejudiced view of poor subjects that sees them as deficient and incapable of change.

scholarly journals Socio-economic constraints on camel production in Pakistan’s extensive pastoral farming

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asim Faraz ◽  
Muhammad Younas ◽  
Carlos Iglesias Pastrana ◽  
Abdul Waheed ◽  
Nasir Ali Tauqir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Community Education ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Health Production ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Husbandry Practices

AbstractThe present research is aimed to evaluate the diverse husbandry practices, ethno-veterinary practices, socio-economic status and distressing constraints of camel pastoralists inhabiting desert (Thal) areas of Pakistan, where they maintain herds of Marecha and Barela dromedaries in extensive production regimes. For this purpose, 200 pastoralists were selected at random to fill out an on-site questionnaire. According to the farmers’ responses, it was perceived that their living status had improved in the last decades due to the progressive optimization of camel productivity and herdsmen responsiveness. In contrast, calf mortality rates, some traditional husbandry practices and the lack of market investments continued to be the major constraints affecting camel overall production. Ethno-veterinary medicines are widely applied as primary health care, thus influencing the general health, production potentials and relief of camels in the study region. With this scenario, concerned stakeholders and authorized institutions must re-evaluate the urgent needs of indigenous communities; their education and husbandry skills to promote economic/ financial support in low-income remote areas. In turn, traditional communities will be adapted to the changing socio-economic and cultural values with regard to camel husbandry and welfare. Current societal perceptions and demands within this livestock production industry, where camels are conceived as a sustainable food security animal, if accomplished to the highest possible extent, will increase effectiveness of the camel value chain and breeders’ quality of life will be noticeably enhanced. However, this success could be multiplied if government may devise community education, veterinary cover, marketing facilitates and interest-free small loans for pastoralists.

scholarly journals The Neighborhood Effects of a Place-Based Policy—Causal Evidence from Atlanta’s Economic Development Priority Areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6808
Author(s):  
Yuxi Luo ◽  
Zhaohua Zhang ◽  
Jun Zheng ◽  
Diane Hite
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Neighborhood Effects ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Housing Price ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Priority Areas ◽  
Positive Effects

Place-based policies refer to government efforts to enhance the economic performance of an area within its jurisdiction. Applying various difference in differences strategies, this study evaluates the neighborhood effects of a place-based policy—the Economic Development Priority Areas (EDPA) of Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Since the census block groups are locally defined and the boundaries may change over time, we defined the neighborhoods by creating a set of 0.25-mile- diameter circles evenly distributed across Atlanta, and used the created buffers as the comparison unit. The empirical estimates showed that EDPA designation significantly reduced poverty rate and increased housing price of EDPA neighborhoods but had no beneficial effects on population size and employment rate. The heterogeneous analysis with respect to different initial economic status of the neighborhoods showed a relative larger and significant effect of EDPA designation on low-income neighborhoods. The increasing labor demand induced by EDPA designation in low-income neighborhoods attracted more population to migrate in and put upward pressure on housing prices. The estimation results are robust when replacing the 0.25-mile-diameter circle neighborhoods with 0.5-mile-diameter circle neighborhoods. Although we found some positive effects of the EDPA program in Atlanta, it would be misguided to assume similar effects occur in other areas implementing place-based policies.

scholarly journals What You Do Versus Who You Are: Home-Learning Activities, Social Origin and Cognitive Skills among Young Children in Ireland

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 610-625
Author(s):  
Patricia McMullin ◽  
Frances McGinnity ◽  
Aisling Murray ◽  
Helen Russell
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Vocabulary Development ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Social Origin ◽  
Home Learning

Abstract This article explores the role that home-learning activities (HLAs) play in the relationship between social origin and cognitive development using an Irish birth cohort study, Growing Up in Ireland. Numerous studies using different measures of the home-learning environment (HLE) have shown that it has considerable influence on young children’s cognitive development, and that the HLE is often linked to social origin. We find a social gradient in vocabulary even at age 3 years, with the largest gaps for mothers’ education. Family income, mothers’ education, and social class are also associated with vocabulary independently, though these associations are reduced by adding all three measures simultaneously. The extent of HLAs helps explain a very small part of the education differences and none of the income or social class differences in vocabulary. We find some evidence that HLAs may be more salient for children from families with low income and lower social class backgrounds in terms of supporting vocabulary development, thereby compensating somewhat for disadvantage. HLAs also appear to encourage vocabulary development between age 3 and 5, and play a role in reducing the gap in vocabulary between high- and low-income children.

scholarly journals Center-Based Child Care and Differential Improvements in the Child Development Outcomes of Disadvantaged Children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Anne Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Child Development ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Additional Time ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Development Outcomes ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Research finds center-based child care typically benefits children of low socio-economic status (SES) but few studies have examined if it also reduces inequalities in developmental disadvantage. Objective I test if the length of time in center-based care between ages one and three years associates with child development scores at age three years, focusing on the impact for groups of children in the lower tercile of child development scores and in the lower SES tercile. Method Using data from 1,606 children collected in a nationally representative Chilean survey, I apply a value-added approach to measure gains in child development scores between age one and three years that are associated with length of time in center-based child care. Results Disadvantages at age one year were associated with lower child development scores at age three years. No benefits of additional time in center-based care were found for the non-disadvantaged group, but positive associations were found between more time in center-based care and child development outcomes for children with the SES disadvantage only. Center-based care was not associated with child development trajectories of children with lower child development scores at age one year, no matter their SES status. Conclusions There is evidence that Chilean center-based child care reduces SES inequality in child development scores between ages one and three years, but only if children already were not low-scorers at age one year.

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