Illegal Commercial Promotion of Products That Compete with Breastfeeding (P22-002-19)

Abstract Objectives To evaluate if infant formulas, baby bottles, nipples, pacifiers, and nipple protectors are marketed in compliance with the Brazilian Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes (NBCAL). Methods A cross-sectional study conducted in 2017 through a census of all pharmacies, supermarkets and department stores that commercialized products covered by NBCAL in the Southern Zone of Rio de Janeiro. NBCAL- trained health professionals used a structured electronic form for direct observation of the establishments and for interviewing those responsible. Six indicators have been developed for the evaluation of commercial practices and descriptive analyzes have been carried out. Results 352 commercial establishments were evaluated: 240 pharmacies, 88 supermarkets, and 24 department stores, of which 88% sold products whose promotion is prohibited by NBCAL. The illegal commercial promotion was found in 20.3% of those who marketed the products investigated: 52 pharmacies (21.9%), four supermarkets (7.5%) and seven department stores (33.3%). The most frequent commercial promotion strategies were discounts and special exhibitions. The products with the highest prevalence of infractions to NBCAL were infant formulas. 309 people in charge of the commercial establishments were interviewed, more than half reporting not knowing about the Law. Visits of merchant representatives of infant formula manufacturers were reported by more than three-quarters of them. Conclusions More than a fifth of the commercial establishments were promoting infant formula, baby bottles, and nipples, despite the prohibition of this practice in Brazil for thirty years. Training of those responsible for the commercial establishments is necessary. Government agencies should carry out supervision of commercial establishments in order to curb strategies to persuade and induce sales of these products, guaranteeing mothers autonomy in the decision on feeding their children. Funding Sources CNPq and FAPERJ.

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Illegal commercial promotion of products competing with breastfeeding

Revista de Saúde Pública ◽

10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054000854 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 10 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Karine Borges da Silva ◽

Maria Inês Couto de Oliveira ◽

Cristiano Siqueira Boccolini ◽

Enilce De Oliveira Fonseca Sally

Keyword(s):

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Government Agencies ◽

Infant Formulas ◽

Department Stores ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Baby Bottles ◽

Promotion Strategies ◽

The Law ◽

South Zone

OBJECTIVE: To assess if the commercialization of infant formulas, baby bottles, bottle nipples, pacifiers and nipple protectors is performed in compliance with the Norma Brasileira de Comercialização de Alimentos para Lactentes e Crianças de Primeira Infância e de Produtos de Puericultura Correlatos (NBCAL – Brazilian Code of Marketing of Infant and Toddlers Food and Childcare-related products). The commercial promotion of these products is prohibited by the Law 11,265. METHOD: Cross-sectional study conducted in 2017 through a census of all pharmacies, supermarkets and department stores that sold products covered by NBCAL in the South Zone of Rio de Janeiro. Health professionals trained at NBCAL used structured electronic form for direct observation of establishments and for interviews with their managers. We created indicators to evaluate commercial practices and performed descriptive analyses. RESULTS: A total of 352 commercial establishments were evaluated: 240 pharmacies, 88 supermarkets and 24 department stores, of which 88% sold products whose promotion is prohibited by NBCAL. Illegal commercial promotions were found in 20.3% of the establishments that sold the products we investigated: 52 pharmacies (21.9%), four supermarkets (7.5%) and seven department stores (33.3%). The most frequent commercial promotion strategies were discounts (13.2%) and special exposures (9.3%). The products with the highest prevalence of infractions of NBCAL were infant formulas (16.0%). We interviewed 309 managers of commercial establishments; 50.8% reported unfamiliarity with the law. More than three-quarters of the managers reported having been visited at the establishments by commercial representatives of companies that produce infant formulas. CONCLUSION: More than a fifth of commercial establishments promoted infant formulas, baby bottles and nipples, although this practice has been banned in Brazil for thirty years. We think it is necessary to train those managers. Government agencies must monitor commercial establishments in order to inhibit strategies of persuasion and induction to sales of these products, ensuring mothers’ autonomy in the decision on the feeding of their children.

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Compliance of infant formula promotion on websites of Brazilian manufacturers and drugstores

Revista de Saúde Pública ◽

10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054001327 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 12

Author(s):

Isabella Scatamacchia Cordeiro Ferraz Prado ◽

Ana Elisa Madalena Rinaldi

Keyword(s):

Infant Formula ◽

Food Products ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Infant Formulas ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Infant Foods ◽

Online Sales ◽

Promotion Strategies ◽

The Law ◽

Almost All

OBJECTIVE: To verify the compliance with Law No. 11,265/2006 in the promotion strategies for infant formula in Brazilian websites of manufacturers and drugstore networks. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2017. We analyzed the compliance to attributes of the Law No.11,265/2006 (Law for Marketing of Foods for Infants and Toddlers, Feeding Bottles, Teats and Pacifiers) in five websites of infant formula manufacturers and nine websites of drugstore networks. The main attributes assessed were: the presence of drawings or representations of children, the presence of warning statements displayed in conspicuous and prominent spaces informing if products are intended for infants aged under or over 6 months, the adequate display of infant formulas/similar products, and the presence of pop-ups with other infant formulas or links to websites for children’s products. All compliances and non compliances verified were described in absolute and relative frequencies. RESULTS: We verified that 80% of the websites of infant formula manufacturers displayed advertisements for other children’s food products. The main non compliance in infant formula manufacturer’s websites was the absence of warning statements about products intended for infants over 6 months of age. Only 33% of the drugstores’ websites complied with Law No. 11,265/2006. The main non compliances in these websites were the absence of warning statements on products intended for infants over 6 months of age (100%), the presence of pop-up advertisements for other infant foods (77%) and the presence of advertisements for other children’s food products (92%). CONCLUSION: We identified non compliances with the Law No. 11,256/2006 in almost all websites of infant formula manufacturers and in all the websites of drugstore networks. Most promotion strategies were found at drugstore websites, which are the main channels for online sales.

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Breastfeeding in Infants from 0 to 3 Years of Age Who Attend Nurseries in Alt Urgell Region, Catalonia (Spain): An Observational Study

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa054_167 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 1095-1095

Author(s):

Laia Vilarrubla Gaja

Keyword(s):

Infant Formula ◽

Complementary Feeding ◽

Dietary Supplementation ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

First Year ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Funding Sources ◽

Breast Milk Production ◽

Period Data ◽

Vitamin D Supplement

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to know the type of lactation received by children from 0 to 3 years old who attend nurseries in Alt Urgell region (Catalonia, Spain), and furthermore, check if it follows the actual scientific recommendations. Methods This observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study involves all the current nurseries of the Alt Urgell region. A questionnaire of breastfeeding has been used with 34 questions to collect breastfeeding period data, and it has been answered by the infants’ families. The statistical analysis of the results was completed using the IBM SPSS Statistics v.24 program. Results A total of 154 infants (85 boys and 69 girls) participated in the study and the average age was 1 year old. About 90% of newborns received breastfeeding at birth and just 46% were exclusively breastfed until six months of age with 40% continuing until the first year of age. The main reasons for abandoning breastfeeding were the occupational reinsertion of the mother (39%), low breast milk production (28%) and the starting of complementary feeding (25%). At an average of four months of age, 71% of children were fed with infant formula. Following the institutional recommendations, 72% of the infants started complementary feeding at six months of age. In terms of infant dietary supplementation, 37% received vitamin D supplement and 8% vitamin K, while 55% didn't receive any supplement. Less than half of the mothers (45%) received dietary supplementation within the breastfeeding period and only 22% included an iodine supplement. Conclusions Most families choose breastfeeding as their first option; however, they don't always follow the recommendations for the longevity of feeding, similarly, with the feeding of infant formula and dietary supplementation. Funding Sources N/A.

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Comparison of Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Two Groups of US Adults Using Multiple Dietary Supplements: A Cross-Sectional Study (P18-116-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz039.p18-116-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Sonhee Park ◽

Hong Wang ◽

Bruce Daggy ◽

Jamie McManus ◽

Paul Jacques

Keyword(s):

Dietary Supplements ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Funding Sources ◽

Informed Consent Form ◽

Significant Difference ◽

History Of ◽

Blood Pressures

Abstract Objectives The aim of the present study is to compare cardiometabolic biomarker levels (MARKERS) from a cohort using multiple (2+) dietary supplements (MDS) manufactured by Shaklee Corporation for 3–5 yr (SHAKLEE) to those from the age-matched MDS users from NHANES 2007–10 (NHANES). Methods Each subject from SHAKLEE [n = 58; mean age: 48 yr (22–79 yr)], using MDS manufactured by Shaklee Corp for 3–5 yr, voluntarily signed the IRB approved informed consent form before the study participation. Body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DSP) were measured, and approximately 30 mL of 12-h fasting blood sample was collected. Pregnant women and people with a history of cancer were excluded. MARKERS from SHAKLEE were compared to those from NHANES [n = 1952; mean age: 51 yr (22–79 yr)]. MARKERS included total cholesterol (TC), HDL-c, TC/HDL-c ratio, LDL-c, triglycerides (TG), high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (CRP), glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and Insulin levels in the blood as well as BMI, SBP, and DBP. Statistical analyses were performed using independent samples t-tests, and P < 0.05 was considered significantly different between groups. Results SHAKLEE had significantly lower TC (189 vs. 201 mg/dL), TC/HDL-c ratio (3.1 vs. 4.0), LDL-c (103 vs. 118 mg/dL), TG (81 vs. 131 mg/dL), glucose (93 vs. 107 mg/dL), HbA1c (5.1 vs. 5.7%), insulin (8.3 vs. 13.4 mIU/L), BMI (26.7 vs. 29.0), and SBP (110 vs. 122 mmHg), and higher HDL-c (69 vs. 55 mg/dL) but had higher DBP (76 vs. 71 mmHg) than NHANES. There was no significant difference in CRP although CRP was slightly lower in SHAKLEE than NHANES (2.9 vs. 3.8 mg/L). Conclusions The present study showed that 3–5 yr MDS users from the Shaklee cohort had healthier pattern in cardiometabolic biomarkers than the age-matched MDS users from NHANES 2007–2010. Funding Sources Shaklee Corporation, 4747 Willow Road, Pleasanton, CA 94,588, USA.

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Assessing Dietary Phosphorus Intake and Serum Phosphorus in Adults with Liver Conditions: NHANES 2015–2016

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa044_040 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 341-341

Author(s):

Sowmiya Muthuraju ◽

Derek Miketinas

Keyword(s):

Liver Cancer ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Serum Phosphorus ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Funding Sources ◽

Dietary Phosphorus ◽

Usual Intake ◽

Low Phosphorus ◽

Phosphorus Intake ◽

Phosphorus Levels

Abstract Objectives Patients with liver conditions may have increased phosphorus turnover which can increase the risk of severe hypophosphatemia and other complications. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to quantify the usual intake of phosphorus, assess serum phosphorus (SP) levels across levels of liver conditions, and to estimate and assess the odds for having critically low phosphorus levels across adults with and without liver conditions. Methods Data were obtained from the NHANES 2015–2016 cycle. Adults were divided into four groups based on self-reported responses from the NHANES medical history questionnaire: liver cancer (LC), unspecified current liver condition (CLC), unspecified resolved liver condition (RLC), and no liver condition. Usual intake was estimated using the NCI method and all analyses were adjusted to account for the complex, multistage, probability sampling design. Results Usual phosphorus intake was highest in participants with RLC (1399 ± 26.5 mg) and lowest in participants with LC (1267 ± 140.7 mg). Although the percentage of those meeting the EAR for phosphorus was high (>95%), SP levels are lowest in participants with LC. SP levels differed slightly across liver conditions: participants with LC had a SP level of 1.0 ± 0.07 mmol/L, while participants with CLC, RLC, or no liver conditions had SP levels of 1.2 ± 0.01 mmol/L, 1.2 ± 0.01 mmol/L, and 1.2 ± 0.02 mmol/L, respectively. Participants with CLC had a usual phosphorus intake of 1350 ± 49.6 mg, and those who had no liver conditions had a usual phosphorus intake of 1387 ± 18.5 mg. The odds for normal phosphorus levels in participants with LC was low (Odds = 0.06; 95% CI: 0.01–0.45); the odds for CLC participants having normal SP levels was 1.6 (95% CI: 1.2–2.15); the odds for normal SP levels in participants with RLC were 2.2 (95% CI: 1.3–3.75), and the odds for normal SP in participants with no liver conditions odds for low were 1.9, (95% CI: 1.71–2.14). Conclusions These results indicate that patients with liver cancer are at higher risk of hypophosphatemia, and that phosphorus recommendations for patients with liver cancer may need to be adjusted. However, the variability in this subpopulation with liver cancer is high and warrants further investigation. Funding Sources None.

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Concerning Impact of Decreasing Infant Cereal Consumption on Essential Nutrient Intakes of Breastfed Babies: Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2016 (P11-064-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz048.p11-064-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Kristen Finn ◽

Brian Kineman ◽

Ryan Carvalho

Keyword(s):

Infant Formula ◽

Nutrient Intakes ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Breastfed Infants ◽

Funding Sources ◽

Calcium Phosphorus ◽

Dietary Nutrient ◽

Essential Nutrient

Abstract Objectives Infant cereal consumption among 6–11.9 month old infants has declined from 72% in 2002 to 52% in 2016. This is especially concerning for breastfed infants since infant cereal is a top source of iron and other key nutrients. The purpose of this study is to determine how infant cereal consumption impacts nutrient intakes of breastfed infants. Methods FITS 2016 is a cross sectional survey of caregivers across the U.S. assessing food and nutrient intakes. A 24 hour dietary recall was administered to caregivers of children aged 0–47.9 months (n = 3235). For this analysis, only infants aged 6–11.9 months who were either breastfed (no infant formula provided, n = 296) or mixed fed (breastmilk and infant formula provided, n = 102) were included. If any amount of infant cereal was consumed, the infant was considered a cereal user. Dietary supplements were excluded to determine usual nutrient intakes from diet only. Infants were categorized as a breastfed cereal user, breastfed non-user, mixed fed cereal user, or mixed fed non-user. The percentage of infants with dietary nutrient intakes below the adequate intake (AI) or estimated average requirement (EAR) were analyzed for significant differences between cereal users and non-users among breastfed and mixed fed infants using paired T-tests. Results Among breastfed infants, a significantly higher percentage of cereal users had intakes above the EAR or AI level for iron, vitamin C, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin A, zinc, potassium, and choline compared to non-users (See Figure 1). Among mixed fed infants, a significantly higher percentage of cereal users had intakes above the EAR or AI level for iron, magnesium, and choline (See Figure 2). Most infants had inadequate intakes of vitamin D. Conclusions Breastfed and mixed fed infants who consume infant cereal are more likely to have adequate intakes of iron, choline, and magnesium than their non-infant cereal consuming counterparts. Among breastfed infants, infant cereal consumers are also more likely to consume adequate amounts of 12 other nutrients compared to non-users. Infant cereal is a source of many key nutrients and is an important complementary food, especially for breastfed infants. Funding Sources Nestlé Research Center, Switzerland. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

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Effect of Flavor Enhancement on the Appreciation of Food in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa044_019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 320-320

Author(s):

Kenza Drareni ◽

Moustafa Bensafi ◽

Helene Lusson ◽

Damien Vansteene ◽

Agnès Giboreau ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Hierarchical Cluster ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Control Group ◽

Breast Cancer Patients ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Funding Sources ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Impact

Abstract Objectives Given the influence of sensory signals on food intake regulation and the subsequent nutritional status, it is important to reduce the impact of commonly observed smell and taste alterations on the pleasure of eating during chemotherapy. This study aimed to examine the effect of various types of flavor enhancement on the appreciation of an appetizer by a group of patients undergoing chemotherapy. Methods Five eggplant appetizers with no seasoning (REF) or enhanced with either salt, lemon, garlic or cumin were developed. In this cross-sectional study, 36 healthy female subjects (age 58 ± 7 y) (control group) and 84 breast cancer patients (age 56 ± 11 y) treated with chemotherapy were recruited. A hierarchical cluster analysis based on patients' self-reported smell and taste abilities classified the patients in two groups: the ‘unaltered, (high sensory abilities) n = 49’ and the ‘altered, (poor sensory abilities), n = 35’ group. Participants tasted and assessed the appreciation of the reference appetizer on a visual analog scale and performed a randomized comparative liking task, by rating the appreciation for each flavor-enhanced appetizer relative to the REF (one-sample t-test). Results There was no significant difference in the appreciation of the REF appetizer between the three groups (P > 0.05). In the comparative liking task, the control group rated similarly the appreciation between the flavor-enhanced and the REF appetizers except for the cumin-enhanced appetizer, which was appreciated significantly more than the REF (P < 0.001). Patients in both ‘altered’ and ‘unaltered’ groups appreciated similarly the cumin appetizer (P > 0.05), more the salt and garlic-enhanced appetizers (P ≤ 0.001, P = 0.005, respectively) and significantly less the lemon-enhanced appetizer relative to the REF (P = 0.029), confirming a tendency for patients to reject acid-flavored foods. Conclusions The salt and garlic enhancements were appreciated by the patients independent of the stage of chemotherapy or the severity of smell and taste alterations. Flavor enhancement seems a good strategy to maintain the pleasure of eating in patients undergoing chemotherapy. Further research is still needed on the appreciation and intake of a complete meal (starter, main course, dessert). Funding Sources APICIL and ELIOR groups.

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Accuracy of a 24-Hour Recall of a Measured Snack (P13-005-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz036.p13-005-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Allison Childress ◽

Nik Dhurandhar ◽

John Dawson ◽

Jordan Lichthardt

Keyword(s):

Food Addiction ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Potato Chips ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Recall Accuracy ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Funding Sources ◽

Before And After ◽

Food Recall ◽

Texas Tech University

Abstract Objectives To assess food recall accuracy in the general population and determine recall differences in persons with and without food addiction (FA) as identified by the Yale Food Addiction Scale. We hypothesized that food recall is inaccurate for individuals regardless of FA status. Furthermore, subjects with FA will have a more accurate food recall compared to those without FA. Methods Twenty-two individuals pair-matched based on gender, race, age, and BMI, participated in this cross-sectional study (11 FA and 11 control). In the outpatient clinic setting, subjects were offered ad libitum a highly palatable snack (Lays™ potato chips and plain M&M's™) approximately 3 hours after drinking a meal replacement shake. The snacks were covertly weighed before and after consumption to note the true intake. A link to an ASA-24 hour dietary recall was emailed to the participant the following day and the information collected was compared with the true measured intake of the snack. Results All participants under-reported an average of 3 g of M&M'sTM and 6 g of Lay'sTM potato chips, corresponding to 15 kcal and 34 kcal (total of 49 kcal). Overall, subjects under-reported M&M'sTM intake by 14.3% and Lay'sTM intake by 25.5%. Persons with FA under-reported M&M'sTM intake by 6.8% and Lay'sTM intake by 24.8%; the controls under-reported M&M'sTM intake by 21.9% and Lay'sTM intake by 26.3%. Differences in reporting accuracy were not significantly different in the paired sample. Conclusions Reporting of 49 fewer calories of a 169 calorie snack can be considered substantial underreporting. Individuals appear unable to recall food intake accurately even when recalled within 24 h of consumption. FA does not seem to influence overall food recall accuracy differently. Moreover, the % variations in underreporting between the two varieties of snacks, and between FA or non FA groups suggests correcting underreporting by a single correction factor is not a viable option. A larger sample size would assist in the accuracy of conclusions. Funding Sources Texas Tech University.

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Development and Psychometric Relationship between Occupational Prestige and Social Health of Nursing Staff: A Cross-Sectional Study

Global Journal of Health Science ◽

10.5539/gjhs.v9n3p251 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 251

Author(s):

Shahin Tohidi ◽

Maryam Shoorvasi ◽

Arezoo Shayan ◽

Hassan Ahmadinia ◽

Sedigheh Furohari

Keyword(s):

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Staff Nurses ◽

Social Health ◽

Occupational Prestige ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Study Population ◽

Convenience Sampling ◽

Promotion Strategies ◽

The Relationship

BACKGROUND: One of the features that any profession possesses is that it occupies a social status relative to other professions. The present paper contributes to the discussion on the relationship between nursing occupational prestige and social health.METHOD: This study was a cross-sectional research that was conducted in 2015. The study population consisted of 200 staff nurses working in all hospitals located in Hamedan, Iran. A convenience sampling was employed to select 200 nurses who were asked respond to the 25item Keyes’s Social Health Questionnaire and the16-item Nursing Occupational Prestige Questionnaire. Higher score reflected better social health and occupational prestige. The quantitative analysis of this study was carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS).RESULTS: The results showed that the nurses’ mean score of social health and nursing occupational prestige were respectively 43.88±9.18 and occupational prestige44.83±25.14. Social health was significantly related to occupational prestige in the nurses (r=0.15, P=0.04). 66.5% of the nurses were reported to have average occupational prestige and 75.5% of them were believed to have average social health. There was a statistically significant difference in scores of the occupational prestige among the nursing post (P=0.01), job satisfaction (P<0.001) and job interest (P=0.007).CONCLUSION: Nurses’ social health deserves special attention. Effective social health promotion strategies should be considered for promoting their social health particularly in occupational prestige.

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Prevalence of Postpartum Depression Among Lactating Mothers of Infant Twins and Singletons in Igboora, Oyo State, Nigeria

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab046_071 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 774-774

Author(s):

Oluwatosin Leshi ◽

Christianna Rotimi-Williams ◽

Olajumoke Leshi

Keyword(s):

Postpartum Depression ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Funding Sources ◽

Breastfeeding Practices ◽

Lactating Mothers ◽

The Mean ◽

Source Of Information

Abstract Objectives The objective to assess the prevalence of postpartum depression among lactating mothers of infant twins and singletons in Igboora, Oyo state, Nigeria. Methods The cross-sectional study was carried out in Igboora, a twinning community in south western Nigeria. Snowballing technique was used to reach 85 and 90 mothers of twins and singletons respectively. Interview based questionnaires were administered to the mothers to assess their breastfeeding practices and Edingburgh Postpartum Depression Scale was used to assess depression. Analysis was done using IBM-SPSS version 21.0. Student T-test was be used to compare the mean score of postpartum depression for single mothers and twin mothers at p < 0.05. Results About 6 out of every ten respondents (55.6% for singleton; 64.7% for twins) had received previous education on breastfeeding and the main major source of information was hospital settings (55.6% for mothers of singletons and 61.2% for twin mothers). Twenty-seven and 36.5% of mothers of singletons and twins respectively indicated to have received adequate support from their spouses and mothers-in-law. Less than half (44.8% singletons; 44.7% twins) of the mothers-initiated breastfeeding within one hour of birth while majority of the mothers (94.4% for singletons and 83.5% for twins) introduced colostrum to their babies, just about half; 51.1% and 55.3% of the mothers of singletons and twins respectively introduced prelacteal feed to their children. Overall, breastfeeding was found to be better practiced among mothers of singletons than mothers of twins with less than half (48.2%) of the mothers reporting good breastfeeding practices while about two-thirds (64.4%) of the mothers of singletons had good breastfeeding practices. Mothers of singletons were more depressed than the mothers of twins (21.1% and 11.8% respectively). However, no significant association was observed between postpartum depression and breastfeeding practices among both the mothers of singletons and twins in this study. Conclusions Increased prevalence of postpartum depression was recorded among the respondents, mothers of singletons are more likely to have postpartum depression than mothers of twins. Funding Sources There was no funding for this study.

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