scholarly journals Examining the Evidence on the Impact of Nutrition Policies on Child Health and Undernutrition Globally: A Scoping Review (P22-017-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nandita Perumal ◽  
Beverly Bradley ◽  
Aviva Rappaport ◽  
Vanessa Pike ◽  
Stanley Zlotkin
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
High Income ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Food Fortification ◽  
Nutrition Policies ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives To summarize the evidence on the impact of nutrition policies on improving health among children in low-, middle- and high-income countries (LMHICs). Methods A scoping review was conducted to map and describe peer-reviewed studies evaluating the impact of population-level nutrition policies on child health and undernutrition (using primary data) in LMHICs. We systematically searched Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and PAIS Index for public policy, to identify eligible studies. Data on key study characteristics, including research design, type of nutrition policy, time span of policy, child's age at outcome assessment, and types of outcomes assessed, were abstracted. Abstract screening and data abstraction were conducted in duplicate and reconciled. Results Of the 5646 abstracts screened, 83 studies were included. The majority of studies were conducted in upper-middle or high-income settings (66%, 54/83 studies) (Figure 1). Most studies were observational study design (49%, 41/83 studies), evaluated regional/sub-national policies (68%, 56/83 studies), reported on mandatory policies (71%, 59/83 studies), were related to micronutrient food fortification and/or supplementation (70%, 58/83 studies), and assessed outcomes among children <5 years of age (55%, 46/83 studies). Iodine deficiency disorders (40%, 33 studies) and neural tube defects (18%, 15 studies) were the most commonly assessed child health outcomes. The impact of policy intervention on outcomes, such as low birth weight, breastfeeding rates, vitamin A deficiencies, and child growth, were assessed less frequently. Policies were largely implemented between 1990–2000 (36%, 30/83 studies) and studies mostly evaluated effects within a year (28%, 23/83) or within 2–5 years since policy implementation (13%, 11/83 studies). Conclusions Among the studies reviewed, nutrition policies were commonly associated with improved child nutrition and health. However, current evidence is primarily based on regional studies from high-income settings evaluating the effect of micronutrient food fortification and/or supplementation policies on a narrow set of outcomes. Further research is needed to assess the impact of a broader range of nutrition policies on child health, particularly in LMICs. Funding Sources Funding for this research was provided by the 2017 SickKids Centre for Global Child Health Catalyst Grant Competition. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

Effectiveness of various methods of home fortification in under-5 children: where they work, where they do not. A systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahareh Nikooyeh ◽  
Tirang R Neyestani
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Serum Zinc ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Home Fortification

Abstract Context The common approaches of home fortification (HF) for prevention and/or treatment of micronutrient deficiencies are micronutrient powders (MNPs), foodlets, and lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNSs). There are mixed results for the impact of HF on growth and nutritional status of young children. Objective This systematic review was prepared in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to evaluate current evidence from randomized controlled trials including children younger than 5 years to assess the effect of strategies of HF on growth and micronutrient status. Methods The MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases were searched to July 2018. A total of 1301 studies were found in a preliminary search. After screening of titles and abstracts, 30 studies were selected. Results Treatment with MNPs, foodlets, and LNSs effectively increased hemoglobin concentrations by at least 2.52 g/L, 4.59 g/L, and 4.4 g/dL, respectively, as compared with a control. There was a significant decrease in risk of anemia development after foodlet intervention compared with a control or iron drops (odds ratio, 0.27; 95%CI, 0.10–0.74; P = 0.01). However, these interventions did not result in any significant improvement in z-scores for changes of height for age, weight for age, and weight for height. The results indicated that MNP (7.16; 95%CI, 0.31–14.01; P = 0.04) and foodlet treatment (4.92; 95%CI, 0.28–9.57; P = 0.04) could increase serum zinc levels. However, none of the home fortification methods improved vitamin A status in the target group. Conclusion Home fortification can be used as an effective method to improve hemoglobin, iron, and zinc status, although in this study it had no effect on vitamin A or anthropometric indicators of the target population. More investigations are warranted for newer approaches of HF to improve a broader range of micronutrients as well as child growth indices and for evaluation of the coverage, compliance, and consistency of such interventions at the population level. PROSPERO Registration No.: CRD42018109279

A scoping review of research on policies to address child undernutrition in the Millennium Development Goals era

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Vanessa Pike ◽  
Beverly Bradley ◽  
Aviva Rappaport ◽  
Stanley Zlotkin ◽  
Nandita Perumal
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
High Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Child Undernutrition ◽  
Nutrition Policies ◽  
Study Characteristics ◽  
Design Type ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objective: The breadth of research on the impact of nutrition-specific policies to address child undernutrition is not well documented. This review maps the evidence base and identifies evidence gaps on such policies. Design: We systematically searched Medline, Embase, PAIS Index for public policy, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for public policy to identify eligible studies. Key study characteristics, including research design, type of policy, time span of policy before impact assessment, child age at outcome assessment, and types of outcomes assessed, were abstracted in duplicate. Setting: Low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Participants: Studies were eligible for inclusion if they aimed to assess the impact of population-level nutrition-specific policies on undernutrition among children <10 years of age. Results: Of the 5646 abstracts screened, 83 studies were included. A range of policies to address child undernutrition were evaluated; the majority were related to micronutrient fortification. Most studies were observational, reported on mandatory regional or sub-national polices, were conducted in high-income countries, and evaluated policies within one year of implementation. A narrow set of health outcomes were evaluated, most commonly iodine deficiency disorders and neural tube defects. Conclusions: Nutrition policies were commonly associated with improved child nutritional status and health. However, this evidence is primarily based on limited settings and a limited number of outcomes. Further research is needed to assess the longer-term impact of a broader range of nutrition policies on child health, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.

Mindfulness and Executive Functioning in Preadolescents and Adolescents: A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 7512515329p1-7512515329p1
Author(s):  
Rebecca Mariel Rutta ◽  
Shamta Kumar ◽  
Varada Pisharody ◽  
Kaitlyn Cecilia Irwin ◽  
Nancy Baker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Mindfulness Interventions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Primary Author

Abstract Date Presented Accepted for AOTA INSPIRE 2021 but unable to be presented due to online event limitations. Executive functions, including attention and regulation, are relevant to successful participation in complex occupations. A scoping review was conducted to summarize and evaluate current evidence for the impact of mindfulness on the attention and regulation skills of preadolescents and adolescents. Findings suggest early promise of mindfulness interventions in improving these skills in the target population. However, firm conclusions cannot be drawn due to low trustworthiness of the evidence. Primary Author and Speaker: Rebecca Mariel Rutta Additional Authors and Speakers: Shamta Kumar, Varada Pisharody, and Kaitlyn Cecilia Irwin Contributing Authors: Nancy Baker, Elizabeth Marfeo, and Margaret Morris

scholarly journals Economics of abortion: a scoping review protocol

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e029939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernestina Coast ◽  
Samantha R Lattof ◽  
Yana van der Meulen Rodgers ◽  
Brittany Moore
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Economic Outcomes ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Safe Abortion ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Abortion Care ◽  
Scoping Reviews ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Analytical Approaches

IntroductionAbortion is a common feature of people’s reproductive lives. However, the economic implications of abortion and policies affecting abortion provision are poorly understood. This scoping review aims to systematically review social science literature for studies that have investigated the impact of abortion care (ie, un/safe abortion, post-abortion care) or abortion policies on economic outcomes at the micro-levels (ie, abortion seekers and their households), meso-levels (ie, communities and health systems) and macro-levels (ie, societies and nation states). Informed by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline for protocols, this protocol details the scoping review’s methodological and analytical approaches.Methods and analysisThis scoping review will utilise the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) tool. Studies reporting on qualitative and/or quantitative data from any world region will be considered. For inclusion, studies must examine one of the following economic outcomes at the micro-levels, meso-levels and/or macro-levels: costs, benefits, impacts and/or value of abortion care or abortion policies. Searches will be conducted in eight electronic databases. We will conduct the searches and application of inclusion/exclusion criteria according to the PRISMA-ScR flow approach. No assessments of items’ quality will be made, as the purpose of this scoping review is to synthesise and describe the coverage of the evidence. After extracting all data, we will inductively develop an economic framework around the economics of abortion. The analysis will synthesise the evidence base and identify knowledge gaps on the costs and benefits of abortion to stakeholders at various levels.Ethics and disseminationFormal ethical approval is not required, as primary data will not be collected in this study. The findings of this study will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations, and condensed summaries for key stakeholders and partners in the field.

scholarly journals Young people’s advisory groups in health research: scoping review and mapping of practices

2020 ◽  
pp. archdischild-2020-320452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise Sellars ◽  
Gabriela Pavarini ◽  
Daniel Michelson ◽  
Cathy Creswell ◽  
Mina Fazel
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Level Of Involvement ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Advisory Groups ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundYoung people’s advisory groups (YPAGs) for research are comprised of children or adolescents who work with researchers to shape different stages of the research process. Their involvement is expected to ensure studies better reflect the preferences and needs of targeted youth populations. However, despite their increasing use in health research, there is little systematic evidence on the methods and impacts associated with YPAGs.MethodTo address this gap, we conducted a scoping review of YPAGs in youth-focused health studies. We systematically searched MEDLINE for empirical studies in populations between 12 years and 18 years of age published in 2019. If a potential YPAG was identified, authors were contacted for additional information about the activities and level of involvement of the YPAG.FindingsOf all studies that collected primary data from persons aged 12–18 years, only 21 studies reported using youth advice during their research. This represents less than 1% of all published empirical child and adolescent studies. There was variation in the type of research activity undertaken by YPAGs and their level of involvement. Most studies involved YPAGs in co-production of research design and/or in dissemination activities. The majority of authors that responded were positive about the impact of YPAGs.InterpretationRecommendations for consistent reporting of YPAG involvement in empirical studies include reporting on the match between YPAG and study populations, frequency/format of meetings, and the nature and level of involvement.

scholarly journals Modelling the household-level impact of a maternal respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine in a high-income setting

BMC Medicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia T. Campbell ◽  
Nicholas Geard ◽  
Alexandra B. Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Vaccine Trial ◽  
Population Level ◽  
High Income ◽  
Demographic Model ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Rsv Infection ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infects almost all children by the age of 2 years, with the risk of hospitalisation highest in the first 6 months of life. Development and licensure of a vaccine to prevent severe RSV illness in infants is a public health priority. A recent phase 3 clinical trial estimated the efficacy of maternal vaccination at 39% over the first 90 days of life. Households play a key role in RSV transmission; however, few estimates of population-level RSV vaccine impact account for household structure. Methods We simulated RSV transmission within a stochastic, individual-based model framework, using an existing demographic model, structured by age and household and parameterised with Australian data, as an exemplar of a high-income country. We modelled vaccination by immunising pregnant women and explicitly linked the immune status of each mother-infant pair. We quantified the impact on children for a range of vaccine properties and uptake levels. Results We found that a maternal immunisation strategy would have the most substantial impact in infants younger than 3 months, reducing RSV infection incidence in this age group by 16.6% at 70% vaccination coverage. In children aged 3–6 months, RSV infection was reduced by 5.3%. Over the first 6 months of life, the incidence rate for infants born to unvaccinated mothers was 1.26 times that of infants born to vaccinated mothers. The impact in older age groups was more modest, with evidence of infections being delayed to the second year of life. Conclusions Our findings show that while individual benefit from maternal RSV vaccination could be substantial, population-level reductions may be more modest. Vaccination impact was sensitive to the extent that vaccination prevented infection, highlighting the need for more vaccine trial data.

scholarly journals Health system and law enforcement synergies for injury surveillance, control and prevention: a scoping review

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara F Jacoby ◽  
Laura M Mercer Kollar ◽  
Greg Ridgeway ◽  
Steven A Sumner
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Health System ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Injury Surveillance ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Prevention Programmes ◽  
Injury Control ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundHealthcare providers and law enforcement (LE) officers are among the most common first responders to injuring events. Despite frequent interface between the health system (HS) and LE sectors, the published evidence that supports their collaboration in injury surveillance, control and prevention has not been comprehensively reviewed.MethodsWe conducted a scoping review of literature published from 1990 to 2016 that focused on local and regional HS and LE collaborations in injury surveillance, control and prevention. Our aim was to describe what is known and what remains unexplored about these cross-sector efforts.Results128 articles were included in the final review. These were categorised by their focus on either surveillance activities or partnerships in injury control and prevention programmes. The majority of surveillance articles focused on road traffic injuries. Conversely, articles describing partnerships and programme evaluations primarily targeted the prevention of interpersonal violence.DiscussionThis review yielded two major findings: overall, the combination of HS and LE injury data added value to surveillance systems, especially as HS data augmented LE data; and HS and LE partnerships have been developed to improve injury control and prevention. However, there are few studies that have evaluated the impact and sustainability of these partnerships.ConclusionsThe current evidence to support HS and LE collaboration in injury surveillance and control and prevention programmes is heterogeneous. Notable gaps suggest ample opportunity for further research and programme evaluation across all types of injury.

scholarly journals The impact of voluntary food fortification on micronutrient intakes and status in European countries: a review

2013 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Áine Hennessy ◽  
Janette Walton ◽  
Albert Flynn
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Food Fortification ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Fortified Foods ◽  
National Surveys ◽  
The Impact

This review aims to assess the efficacy and safety of voluntary fortification as an option to address the occurrence of inadequate micronutrient intakes in population subgroups in Europe. Although legislation is harmonised across the European Union, fortification practices and patterns of consumption of fortified foods vary considerably between countries. While the proportion of children consuming fortified foods is greater than adults, the proportion of dietary energy obtained from fortified foods is generally low (<10% in Ireland, where fortified foods are widely consumed). There are a few systematic studies on the overall nutritional impact of voluntary fortification, but there are several studies on the impact of fortified ready-to-eat breakfast cereals. The available evidence indicates that voluntary fortification can reduce the risk of sub-optimal intakes of a range of micronutrients at a population level and can also improve status for selected micronutrients (e.g. folate, vitamin D and riboflavin) in children and adults. Although concerns have been raised regarding the potential of food fortification to lead to unacceptably high micronutrient intakes, particularly for those consuming higher amounts of fortified foods, data from national surveys on total micronutrient intakes (including fortified foods) in Europe show that small proportions of the population, particularly children, may exceed the upper intake level (UL) for some micronutrients. The risk of adverse effects occurring in these individuals exceeding the UL by modest amounts is low. In conclusion, voluntary fortification practices have been shown to improve intake and status of key micronutrients in European Union population groups and do not contribute appreciably to risk of adverse effects.

scholarly journals Compliance Determinant Of Paying Zakat Maal

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
Tamimah Tamimah
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Public Understanding ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Method Approach

Purpose: Madura is an island located in East Java which has a community with a high level of religiosity. Sumenep is one of the districts in Madura which has the largest population level among other districts in Madura. However, this is not in line with public compliance in paying zakat maal. Therefore, this study aims to find out whether religiosity, literacy, income, and tax obligation have an effect on community compliance to pay zakat maal.Design/Method/Approach: The data obtained in this study uses primary data obtained from people who pay taxes, using purposive sampling technique by determining people who have reached nisab, and for the analysis, it uses multiple regression.Findings: it shows that only religiosity and tax payment obligations which have an influence, while literacy and income do not have an effect on compliance to pay zakat maal. The implication of this research is as an evaluation for the local government to socialize the important role of the impact of zakat maal on the community, and to increase public understanding of the obligation to pay zakat maal.Originality/Novelty: Lots ofresearchesexamine the obligation to pay zakat fitrah but it is very rare to find research on zakat maal which is an obligation that must also be paid by someone who has assets that have reached Nisab (the minimum amount that a Muslim must have before being obliged to zakat).

scholarly journals ‘What about the dads?’ Linking fathers and children in administrative data: A systematic scoping review

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 205395172110692
Author(s):  
Irina Lut ◽  
Katie Harron ◽  
Pia Hardelid ◽  
Margaret O’Brien ◽  
Jenny Woodman
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Administrative Data ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Paternal Involvement ◽  
Personal Identification ◽  
Health Claims ◽  
Address Data ◽  
Health Claims Data ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
The Impact

Research has shown that paternal involvement positively impacts on child health and development. We aimed to develop a conceptual model of dimensions of fatherhood, identify and categorise methods used for linking fathers with their children in administrative data, and map these methods onto the dimensions of fatherhood. We carried out a systematic scoping review to create a conceptual framework of paternal involvement and identify studies exploring the impact of paternal exposures on child health and development outcomes using administrative data. We identified four methods that have been used globally to link fathers and children in administrative data based on family or household identifiers using address data, identifiable information about the father on the child's birth registration, health claims data, and Personal Identification Numbers. We did not identify direct measures of paternal involvement but mapping linkage methods to the framework highlighted possible proxies. The addition of paternal National Health Service numbers to birth notifications presents a way forward in the advancement of fatherhood research using administrative data sources.

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