scholarly journals Association between Anterior Cingulate Neurochemical Concentration and Individual Differences in Hypnotizability

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 3644-3654
Author(s):  
Danielle D DeSouza ◽  
Katy H Stimpson ◽  
Laima Baltusis ◽  
Matthew D Sacchet ◽  
Meng Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Gaba Concentration ◽  
Hypnotic Induction ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Western Psychotherapy

Abstract Hypnosis is the oldest form of Western psychotherapy and a powerful evidence-based treatment for numerous disorders. Hypnotizability is variable between individuals; however, it is a stable trait throughout adulthood, suggesting that neurophysiological factors may underlie hypnotic responsiveness. One brain region of particular interest in functional neuroimaging studies of hypnotizability is the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Here, we examined the relationships between the neurochemicals, GABA, and glutamate, in the ACC and hypnotizability in healthy individuals. Participants underwent a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) session, whereby T1-weighted anatomical and MEGA-PRESS spectroscopy scans were acquired. Voxel placement over the ACC was guided by a quantitative meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of hypnosis. Hypnotizability was assessed using the Hypnotic Induction Profile (HIP), and self-report questionnaires to assess absorption (TAS), dissociation (DES), and negative affect were completed. ACC GABA concentration was positively associated with HIP scores such that the higher the GABA concentration, the more hypnotizable an individual. An exploratory analysis of questionnaire subscales revealed a negative relationship between glutamate and the absorption and imaginative involvement subscale of the DES. These results provide a putative neurobiological basis for individual differences in hypnotizability and can inform our understanding of treatment response to this growing psychotherapeutic tool.

The Association Between School Discipline and Self-Control From Preschoolers to High School Students: A Three-Level Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 003465432097916
Author(s):  
Jian-Bin Li ◽  
Shan-Shan Bi ◽  
Yayouk E. Willems ◽  
Catrin Finkenauer
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
School Environment ◽  
School Discipline ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
School Students

Self-control plays a significant role in child and adolescent development. The school environment is suggested as an important factor associated with individual differences in self-control. Among the many facets of school environment, school discipline is thought of as a critical factor that effectively develops students’ capacities for self-control. However, existing findings are mixed. To take stock of the literature, this meta-analysis summarizes the overall association between three school discipline components (i.e., structure, support, and teacher-student relationship) and self-control from preschoolers to high school students. Based on 68 studies reporting 278 effect sizes (N = 57,798), the results revealed that the overall effect size for the association between school discipline and self-control was small to medium (r = .190, p < .001, 95% confidence interval [.151, .229]). Moderator analyses showed that effect sizes were similar in magnitude across school discipline components, gender and age of students, region, report informant of school discipline measures, reliability of school discipline and self-control measures, and research design. The effect sizes were stronger for the studies using self-report measures to assess self-control (compared to studies using observation/tasks or other-informant measures) and for studies that examined general self-control (compared to cognitive self-control). Moreover, the effect sizes for the association between school discipline and social-emotional self-control were stronger for older students. These findings point to the importance of school discipline associated with individual differences in self-control in students from preschool to high school.

Individuele verschillen in communicatiestijlen

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janneke K. Oostrom ◽  
Lisanne M. de Rijke ◽  
Alec W. Serlie ◽  
Brigitte Heldeweg
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Important Predictor ◽  
Communication Styles ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Style ◽  
Report Measure

Individual differences in communication styles. Does personality explain our way of communicating? Individual differences in communication styles. Does personality explain our way of communicating? The aim of this study was to empirically support the structure of the communication styles within the Social Style model by relating these to personality. The communication styles in the Social Style model consist of assertiveness, responsiveness, and an indicator that represents versatility or flexibility in the use of communication styles. Prior to communication styles training, 153 participants invited a number of co-workers and supervisors to rate their communication styles. We examined the extent to which the communication styles as rated by co-workers and supervisors could be explained by a self-report measure of personality. The regression analyses showed that extraversion is the most important predictor of responsiveness. Assertiveness was predicted by extraversion, self-presentation, and agreeableness (negative relationship). Versatility was predicted by agreeableness, neuroticism (negative relationship), and openness to experience (negative relationship). Given these relationships, it seems that communication styles are partly determined by personality. Organizations should take this into account when their employees participate in communication styles training.

scholarly journals Effects of Chronic Pain Treatment on Altered Functional and Metabolic Activities in the Brain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Functional Neuroimaging Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongwon Kim ◽  
Younbyoung Chae ◽  
Hi-Joon Park ◽  
In-Seon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Pain Treatment ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Chronic Pain Treatment ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
Brain Reorganization

Previous studies have identified altered brain changes in chronic pain patients, however, it remains unclear whether these changes are reversible. We summarized the neural and molecular changes in patients with chronic pain and employed a meta-analysis approach to quantify the changes. We included 75 studies and 11 of these 75 studies were included in the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) analysis. In the 62 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, the primary somatosensory and motor cortex (SI and MI), thalamus, insula, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) showed significantly decreased activity after the treatments compared to baseline. In the 13 positron emission tomography (PET) studies, the SI, MI, thalamus, and insula showed significantly increased glucose uptake, blood flow, and opioid-receptor binding potentials after the treatments compared to baseline. A meta-analysis of fMRI studies in patients with chronic pain, during pain-related tasks, showed a significant deactivation likelihood cluster in the left medial posterior thalamus. Further studies are warranted to understand brain reorganization in patients with chronic pain compared to the normal state, in terms of its relationship with symptom reduction and baseline conditions.

scholarly journals Shared and distinct functional networks for empathy and pain processing: a systematic review and meta-analysis of fMRI studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 709-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Fallon ◽  
Carl Roberts ◽  
Andrej Stancak
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Pain Processing ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Midcingulate Cortex ◽  
Nociceptive Processing

Abstract Background Empathy for pain is a complex phenomenon incorporating sensory, cognitive and affective processes. Functional neuroimaging studies indicate a rich network of brain activations for empathic processing. However, previous research focused on core activations in bilateral anterior insula (AI) and anterior cingulate/anterior midcingulate cortex (ACC/aMCC) which are also typically present during nociceptive (pain) processing. Theoretical understanding of empathy would benefit from empirical investigation of shared and contrasting brain activations for empathic and nociceptive processing. Method Thirty-nine empathy for observed pain studies (1112 participants; 527 foci) were selected by systematic review. Coordinate based meta-analysis (activation likelihood estimation) was performed and novel contrast analyses compared neurobiological processing of empathy with a comprehensive meta-analysis of 180 studies of nociceptive processing (Tanasescu et al., 2016). Results Conjunction analysis indicated overlapping activations for empathy and nociception in AI, aMCC, somatosensory and inferior frontal regions. Contrast analysis revealed increased likelihood of activation for empathy, relative to nociception, in bilateral supramarginal, inferior frontal and occipitotemporal regions. Nociception preferentially activated bilateral posterior insula, somatosensory cortex and aMCC. Conclusion Our findings support the likelihood of shared and distinct neural networks for empathic, relative to nociceptive, processing. This offers succinct empirical support for recent tiered or modular theoretical accounts of empathy.

Representing attachment through meta-analyses: A move to the level of collaboration

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Schuengel ◽  
Marije Verhage ◽  
Robbie Duschinsky
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Attachment Theory ◽  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Attachment Anxiety ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Individual Participant Data ◽  
Attachment Research ◽  
Individual Participant ◽  
Meta Analyses

Generations of researchers have tested and used attachment theory to understand children’s development. To bring coherence in the expansive set of findings, the field early on adopted meta-analysis, with 75 published since 1987. These meta-analyses are increasingly applied in research on disorder and intervention, and in self-report research on attachment anxiety and avoidance in adolescents. However, conventional approaches to meta-analysis have left thorny issues unresolved regarding the intergenerational transmission of individual differences in attachment. We discuss how attachment research has been addressing these challenges by collaborating to pooling data and resources in individual participant data meta-analyses, leading to novel insights and greater theoretical precision.

scholarly journals Mindfulness related changes in grey matter: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyril R. Pernet ◽  
Nikolai Belov ◽  
Arnaud Delorme ◽  
Alison Zammit
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Mindfulness Meditation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Right ◽  
Meta Analyses

AbstractKnowing target regions undergoing strfuncti changes caused by behavioural interventions is paramount in evaluating the effectiveness of such practices. Here, using a systematic review approach, we identified 25 peer-reviewed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies demonstrating grey matter changes related to mindfulness meditation. An activation likelihood estimation (ALE) analysis (n = 16) revealed the right anterior ventral insula as the only significant region with consistent effect across studies, whilst an additional functional connectivity analysis indicates that both left and right insulae, and the anterior cingulate gyrus with adjacent paracingulate gyri should also be considered in future studies. Statistical meta-analyses suggest medium to strong effect sizes from Cohen’s d ~ 0.8 in the right insula to ~ 1 using maxima across the whole brain. The systematic review revealed design issues with selection, information, attrition and confirmation biases, in addition to weak statistical power. In conclusion, our analyses show that mindfulness meditation practice does induce grey matter changes but also that improvements in methodology are needed to establish mindfulness as a therapeutic intervention.

Task- and age-effects in functional neuroimaging studies of working memory – a quantitative meta-analysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Rottschy ◽  
S Eickhoff ◽  
I Dogan ◽  
A Laird ◽  
P Fox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Age Effects

Individual differences related to present and future mental orientation predict the sense of time

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Wittmann ◽  
Henrike Fiedler ◽  
Wilhelm Gros ◽  
Julia Mossbridge ◽  
Cintia Retz Lucci
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Reproduction Task ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Waiting Period ◽  
Frequency Scale ◽  
Temporal Intervals ◽  
Sense Of Time

With this cross-sectional study we investigated how individual differences regarding present- and future-oriented mental processes are related to the experience of time in the seconds and minutes range. A sample of students (N = 100) filled out self-report measures of time perspective (ZTPI), mindfulness (FMI), impulsiveness (BIS), and the daydreaming frequency scale (DDFS). Furthermore they were asked to (a) retrospectively judge the duration of a waiting period of five minutes, and (b) to prospectively perform an visual duration reproduction task with intervals of 3, 6, and 9 seconds. Regression models show that (a) being more present fatalistic (ZTPI) and more impulsive are related to longer duration estimates of the waiting period, and (b) having a stronger propensity to daydream leads to a stronger under-reproduction of temporal intervals. These findings show how personality traits related to present orientation are associated with the state-like perception of duration.

Individual differences in white and grey matter structure associated with verbal habits of thought

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin C. Hayes ◽  
Katherine L Alfred ◽  
Rachel Pizzie ◽  
Joshua S. Cetron ◽  
David J. M. Kraemer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Self Report ◽  
White Matter Tracts

Modality specific encoding habits account for a significant portion of individual differences reflected in functional activation during cognitive processing. Yet, little is known about how these habits of thought influence long-term structural changes in the brain. Traditionally, habits of thought have been assessed using self-report questionnaires such as the visualizer-verbalizer questionnaire. Here, rather than relying on subjective reports, we measured habits of thought using a novel behavioral task assessing attentional biases toward picture and word stimuli. Hypothesizing that verbal habits of thought are reflected in the structural integrity of white matter tracts and cortical regions of interest, we used diffusion tensor imaging and volumetric analyses to assess this prediction. Using a whole-brain approach, we show that word bias is associated with increased volume in several bilateral language regions, in both white and grey matter parcels. Additionally, connectivity within white matter tracts within an a priori speech production network increased as a function of word bias. These results demonstrate long-term structural and morphological differences associated with verbal habits of thought.

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