Individuele verschillen in communicatiestijlen

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janneke K. Oostrom ◽  
Lisanne M. de Rijke ◽  
Alec W. Serlie ◽  
Brigitte Heldeweg
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Important Predictor ◽  
Communication Styles ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Style ◽  
Report Measure

Individual differences in communication styles. Does personality explain our way of communicating? Individual differences in communication styles. Does personality explain our way of communicating? The aim of this study was to empirically support the structure of the communication styles within the Social Style model by relating these to personality. The communication styles in the Social Style model consist of assertiveness, responsiveness, and an indicator that represents versatility or flexibility in the use of communication styles. Prior to communication styles training, 153 participants invited a number of co-workers and supervisors to rate their communication styles. We examined the extent to which the communication styles as rated by co-workers and supervisors could be explained by a self-report measure of personality. The regression analyses showed that extraversion is the most important predictor of responsiveness. Assertiveness was predicted by extraversion, self-presentation, and agreeableness (negative relationship). Versatility was predicted by agreeableness, neuroticism (negative relationship), and openness to experience (negative relationship). Given these relationships, it seems that communication styles are partly determined by personality. Organizations should take this into account when their employees participate in communication styles training.

Relationship Between Spirituality and Distress in Ascetics

2021 ◽  
pp. 003329412110434
Author(s):  
Rudra B. Bhandari ◽  
Nidhi Chaudhry ◽  
Sarita Devi
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Spiritual Intelligence ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Psychosomatic Health ◽  
Spirituality And Health ◽  
Medical Index ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Health Questionnaires

The relation between spirituality and health has been argued for decades. The study aimed to ascertain the extent and nature of the relationship between spirituality quantified in terms of Spiritual Intelligence (SI) and distress in ascetics. Sixty-three Hindu ascetics aged 31.3 ± 6.6 years were sampled from Patanjali Yogpeeth, India. Participants’ distress and spiritual levels were measured by using the Cornell Medical Index Health Questionnaires (CMHIQs) and Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory-24 (SISRI-24), respectively. Multiple regression analyses showed an insignificant negative relationship between SI and distress implying SI as a predictor of psychosomatic health.

Assessing Individual Differences in Working Models of Caregiving

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 227-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abira Reizer ◽  
Mario Mikulincer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Parenting Attitudes ◽  
Working Models ◽  
Current Series ◽  
Self Construal ◽  
Communal Orientation ◽  
Attachment Dimensions ◽  
Report Measure

Abstract. In the current series of studies, we developed a self-report measure of mental representations of caregiving (MRC). Study 1 (N = 841) describes the development and factor structure of the MRC scale. Studies 2-4 provided convergent, discriminant, and construct validity of the MRC scale, by examining its associations with attachment dimensions, empathy, emotional control, relational interdependent self-construal, communal orientation, and value priorities. Study 5 revealed significant associations between caregiving representations and parenting attitudes (desire to have a child, feelings toward parenthood, and expectations of self-efficacy as a parent). Overall, the results provide highly consistent evidence for the reliability and validity of the new MRC scale. The implications of individual differences in mental representation of caregiving for prosocial behavior and helping are discussed.

scholarly journals Feature Specific Attention and Return of Fear after Extinction

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom J. Barry ◽  
Bram Vervliet ◽  
Dirk Hermans
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Attentional Control ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Common Condition ◽  
Similar Stimulus ◽  
Return Of Fear ◽  
The Common ◽  
Fear Potentiated Startle ◽  
Report Measure ◽  
Unique Condition

Anxiety disorders are often treated by repeatedly presenting stimuli that are perceptually similar to original stimuli to which fear was originally acquired. Fear can return after it is extinguished because of the differences between these stimuli. It may possible to attenuate return of fear by manipulating attention to the commonalities between feared stimuli and extinction stimuli. After acquiring fear for an animal-like stimulus by pairing with an electro-cutaneous shock, fear was extinguished by repeatedly presenting a similar stimulus. During extinction participants were asked questions that instructed them to attend towards the features in common between the acquisition and extinction stimulus or towards the unique features of the extinction stimulus. Return of fear was assessed by presenting a second perceptually similar stimulus after extinction. Participants showed a return in skin conductance responding after extinction in the unique condition, and not in the common condition. Both groups showed a return in self-report ratings of US expectancy. Neither group showed a return in fear potentiated startle, but there was evidence that this may have been due to individual differences in emotional attentional control. Our conclusions are limited by the use of a self-report measure of emotional attentional control and the absence of limits on the length of time participants could take to answer the extinction questions. It may be possible to enhance extinction and prevent a return of the physiological aspects of fear by manipulating attention during extinction. However, this does not appear to influence explicit expectancy of aversive outcomes. Individual differences in attentional control may influence this process.

scholarly journals Characterizing the social diversity of bilingualism using language entropy

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason W. Gullifer ◽  
Debra Titone
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Social Diversity ◽  
Language Experience ◽  
Language History ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Control

AbstractBilingual and multilingual individuals exhibit variation in everyday language experience. Studies on bilingualism account for individual differences with measures such as L2 age of acquisition, exposure, or language proficiency, but recent theoretical perspectives posit that the relative balance between the two or more languages throughout daily life (i.e., interactional context) is a crucial determinant for language representation, access, and control. We propose an innovative measure to characterize this construct by using entropy to estimate the social diversity of language use. Language entropy is computed from commonly-collected language history data and generalizes to multilingual communicative contexts. We show how language entropy relates to other indices of bilingual experience and that it predicts self-report L2 outcome measures over and above classic measures of language experience. Thus, we proffer language entropy as a means to characterize individual differences in bilingual (and multilingual) language experience related to the social diversity of language use.

Mujeres (In)Activas: An Exploratory Study of Physical Activity among Adolescent Latinas

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine M. Jamieson ◽  
Kaori Araki ◽  
Yong Chul Chung ◽  
Sun Yong Kwon ◽  
Lisa Riggioni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Immigrant Communities ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Work Related ◽  
The Social ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
Report Measure

Recently, a significant growth in immigrant populations has influenced the social, cultural, and political landscape of many local communities. Understanding such changes in U.S. and local demography are central to effective efforts toward reducing physical inactivity, and associated health risks and diseases. In part to document the ways that physical activity currently fits into particular women’s lives, and as critique of the essentialized notions of immigrant communities as deficient in their health standards, we set out to investigate just how physically active Latinas in local communities were. The research was guided by the following two questions: 1) What are the social conditions under which adolescent Latinas make choices about physical activity? 2) To what extent are adolescent Latinas involved in physical activity? Centering on these two questions we administered questionnaires that measured current physical activity involvement, and individual and family background factors. Survey data indicate that Latina physical activity scores increase when home and work related physical activity is included in a self-report measure.

Validity of the Positive Behavior Subscale of the Social Performance Survey Schedule in a Psychiatric Population

1982 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Social Skill ◽  
Social Performance ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Positive Part ◽  
Negative Part ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Report Measure

Previous research has provided support for the validity of the Social Performance Survey Schedule, a 100-item self-report measure of social skill. However, the scale has separate positive (Part A) and negative (Part B) behavior subscales, the validity of which has not been adequately assessed. The present study examined the validity of the Part A subscale with psychiatric inpatients by comparing scores with an objective measure of social activity, judges' ratings of social skill, and several self-report measures. The results generally supported Part A's validity. The influence of social desirability on Part A scores was discussed and future directions for research were suggested.

Who is Gelotophobic? Assessment Criteria for the Fear of Being Laughed at

2008 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willibald Ruch ◽  
René T. Proyer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Assessment Criteria ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Report Measure ◽  
Normal Controls

Ruch and Proyer (2008) provided preliminary evidence for the validity of gelotophobia (the fear of being laughed at) by showing that a group of individuals diagnosed as gelotophobic could be discriminated from groups of shame-based neurotics, non shame-based neurotics, and normal controls by means of a self-report measure. The present study reanalyzes data aimed at identifying the set of items best suited for measuring gelotophobia and estimates the prevalence of gelotophobia in the four groups (N = 863). The application of several criteria led to a final list of 15 statements. Cut-off points for a slight, pronounced, and extreme expression of gelotophobia were defined. In the group of those clinically assessed as having gelotophobia, the cut-off points were exceeded by approximately 31%, 39%, and 22%, respectively. Only 7.1% did not exceed the cut-off point, suggesting that the self-report measure validly determines the presence of and measures the intensity of gelotophobia. Close to 12% of the normal controls exceeded the cut-off points, suggesting that gelotophobia can be studied as an individual differences variable among normal individuals.

Intentional and Unintentional Nonadherence to Antihypertensive Medication

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 1198-1203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn P Lowry ◽  
Tara K Dudley ◽  
Eugene Z Oddone ◽  
Hayden B Bosworth
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Antihypertensive Medication ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
The Us ◽  
Rapid Pulse ◽  
Report Measure

BACKGROUND Hypertension is poorly controlled in the US due to medication nonadherence. Recent evidence suggests that nonadherence can be classified as intentional or unintentional and different patient characteristics, such as the experience of adverse effects, may be associated with each. OBJECTIVE To examine associations between patient characteristics, including reported adverse effects, and both intentional and unintentional nonadherence among 588 hypertensive patients. METHODS Baseline data from a clinical trial, the Veterans' Study To Improve the Control of Hypertension, were examined. Intentional and unintentional nonadherence were assessed using a self-report measure. Participants were presented with a list of adverse effects commonly associated with antihypertensive medication and asked to indicate which symptoms they had experienced. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine adjusted associations between patient characteristics and type of nonadherence. RESULTS Approximately 31% of patients reported unintentional nonadherence and 9% reported intentional nonadherence. Non-white participants, individuals without diabetes mellitus, and individuals reporting ≥5 adverse effects were more likely to report intentional nonadherence than their counterparts. Individuals with less than a 10th-grade education and non-white participants were more likely to report unintentional nonadherence than their counterparts. When symptoms of increased urination and wheezing/shortness of breath were reported, patients were more likely to report intentional and unintentional nonadherence compared with those who were adherent. Unintentional nonadherence was also associated with reports of dizziness and rapid pulse. CONCLUSIONS Both intentional and unintentional nonadherence are common and related to perceived adverse effects. Furthermore, different interventions may be necessary to improve adherence in unintentionally and intentionally nonadherent patients.

scholarly journals Anxiety Sensitivity and Panic Symptomatology: The Mediator Role of Hypochondriacal Concerns

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Berrocal ◽  
Francisca Ruiz Moreno ◽  
Josefina Cano
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Sensitivity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
The Social ◽  
Mediator Role ◽  
Panic Symptoms ◽  
Clinically Significant

The present study tests the mediating role of hypochondriasis to explain the relation between anxiety sensitivity and panic symptomatology. Fifty-seven outpatients with clinically significant levels of panic symptomatology were selected to participate in the study. Measures of anxiety sensitivity, hypochondriasis, and panic symptomatology were obtained from standardized, self-administered questionnaires: the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI; Reiss, Peterson, Gursky, & McNally, 1986), the Whiteley Index of Hypochondriasis (WI; Pilowsky, 1967), and the Panic-Agoraphobic Spectrum Self-Report (PAS-SR; Cassano et al., 1997; Shear et al., 2001). Regression analyses were performed to test for the mediation models. The results show that the effect of anxiety sensitivity on panic symptomatology is not significant when controlling the hypochondriacal concerns, whereas the latter predicted panic symptoms. This result holds for the overall ASI as well as for the Physical Concerns and the Mental Incapacitation Concerns dimensions of the ASI scale. No evidence of a direct relation between the Social Concerns dimension and panic symptoms was found. The findings suggest that hypochondriacal concerns might represent the mechanism through which anxiety sensitivity is able to influence panic symptoms.

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