scholarly journals Asymptomatic Transmission and the Infection Fatality Risk for COVID-19: Implications for School Reopening

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sten H Vermund ◽  
Virginia E Pitzer
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Fatality Risk ◽  
University Settings

Abstract Asymptomatic infection occurs for numerous respiratory viral diseases, including influenza and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We seek to clarify confusion in 3 areas: age-specific risks of transmission and/or disease; various definitions for the COVID-19 “mortality rate,” each useful for specific purposes; and implications for student return strategies from preschool through university settings.

scholarly journals Mortality in Escherichia coli bloodstream infections: a multinational population-based cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa C. MacKinnon ◽  
Scott A. McEwen ◽  
David L. Pearl ◽  
Outi Lyytikäinen ◽  
Gunnar Jacobsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Day Case ◽  
Fatality Risk ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Case Fatality Risk ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract Background Escherichia coli is the most common cause of bloodstream infections (BSIs) and mortality is an important aspect of burden of disease. Using a multinational population-based cohort of E. coli BSIs, our objectives were to evaluate 30-day case fatality risk and mortality rate, and determine factors associated with each. Methods During 2014–2018, we identified 30-day deaths from all incident E. coli BSIs from surveillance nationally in Finland, and regionally in Sweden (Skaraborg) and Canada (Calgary, Sherbrooke, western interior). We used a multivariable logistic regression model to estimate factors associated with 30-day case fatality risk. The explanatory variables considered for inclusion were year (2014–2018), region (five areas), age (< 70-years-old, ≥70-years-old), sex (female, male), third-generation cephalosporin (3GC) resistance (susceptible, resistant), and location of onset (community-onset, hospital-onset). The European Union 28-country 2018 population was used to directly age and sex standardize mortality rates. We used a multivariable Poisson model to estimate factors associated with mortality rate, and year, region, age and sex were considered for inclusion. Results From 38.7 million person-years of surveillance, we identified 2961 30-day deaths in 30,923 incident E. coli BSIs. The overall 30-day case fatality risk was 9.6% (2961/30923). Calgary, Skaraborg, and western interior had significantly increased odds of 30-day mortality compared to Finland. Hospital-onset and 3GC-resistant E. coli BSIs had significantly increased odds of mortality compared to community-onset and 3GC-susceptible. The significant association between age and odds of mortality varied with sex, and contrasts were used to interpret this interaction relationship. The overall standardized 30-day mortality rate was 8.5 deaths/100,000 person-years. Sherbrooke had a significantly lower 30-day mortality rate compared to Finland. Patients that were either ≥70-years-old or male both experienced significantly higher mortality rates than those < 70-years-old or female. Conclusions In our study populations, region, age, and sex were significantly associated with both 30-day case fatality risk and mortality rate. Additionally, 3GC resistance and location of onset were significantly associated with 30-day case fatality risk. Escherichia coli BSIs caused a considerable burden of disease from 30-day mortality. When analyzing population-based mortality data, it is important to explore mortality through two lenses, mortality rate and case fatality risk.

INFLUENCE OF ASYMPTOMATIC PEOPLE ON MALARIA TRANSMISSION: A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR A LOW-TRANSMISSION AREA CASE

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (01) ◽  
pp. 167-182
Author(s):  
IULIA MARTINA BULAI ◽  
STÉPHANIE DEPICKÈRE ◽  
VITOR HIRATA SANCHES
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Equilibrium Points ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Low Transmission ◽  
Transmission Area ◽  
Using Data

Malaria remains a primary parasitic disease in the tropical world, generating high morbidity and mortality in human populations. Recently, community surveys showed a high proportion of asymptomatic cases, which are characterized by a low parasitemia and a lack of malaria symptoms. Until now, the asymptomatic population is not treated for malaria and thus remains infective for a long time. In this paper, we introduce a four-dimensional mathematical model to study the influence of asymptomatic people on malaria transmission in low-transmission areas, specifically using data from Brazil. The equilibrium points of the system are calculated, and their stability is analyzed. Via numerical simulations, more in-depth analyzes of the space of some crucial parameters on the asymptomatic population are done, such as the per capita recovery rates of symptomatic and asymptomatic people, the ratio of the density of mosquitoes to that of humans, the mortality rate of mosquitoes and the probability of undergoing asymptomatic infection upon an infectious mosquito bite. Our results indicate that the disease-free equilibrium is inside the stability region if asymptomatic people are treated and/or the ratio of the density of mosquitoes to that of humans is decreased and/or the mortality rate of mosquitoes is increased.

scholarly journals Tatalaksana demam berdarah dengue dalam kehamilan: A case series

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cut Meurah Yeni ◽  
Dara Meutia Ayu
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
In Pregnancy

Abstrack. Demam berdarah dengue (DBD) adalah infeksi virus ditemukan pada negara-negara tropistermasuk Indonesia. Indonesia termasuk dalam katagori A dalam perkembangan penyakit virus tersebut yang mengindikasikan tingginya angka kematian. Angka insiden terus meningkat pada anak maupun dewasa dengan tingginya angka mortalitas. Tidak ada pencatatan lengkap untuk angka insidensi pada kehamilan, meskipun mortalitas cukup tinggi. Kami melaporkan empat kasus kehamilan dengan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh vektor Aedes aegypti. Pada keempat kasus tersebut kami telah diagnosis berdasarkan kriteria demam yang khas, trombositopenia, hemokonsentrasi dan pemeriksaan serologi. Terdapat penatalaksanaan yang berbeda dari berbagai kasus tersebut termasuk indikasi terminasi. Satu pasien kami rawat konservatif dan tiga pasien dilakukan terminasi berdasarkan indikasi obstetri. Pertimbangan cara terminasi sangat bergantung pula dengan indikasi obstetri. Seksio sesarea tidak secara mutlak dilakukan pada kehamilan dengan demam berdarah dengue. Kata kunci: Demam berdarah dengue, kehamilan, penatalaksanaan Abstract. Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a viral infection found in tropical countries including Indonesia. Indonesia is included in category A in the development of viral diseases that's the high mortality rate. The numbers keep increasing on both adult children with high mortality rates. No complete logging for the incidence rate in pregnancy, although mortality is quite high. We reported four cases pregnancy with diseases caused by the Aedes aegypti vector. In four cases We had diagnosed based on criteria that met the specific criteria, thrombocytopenia, hemoconcentration and serology. There are different treatments for these cases includes the term indication. One patient was treated conservatively and three patients were admitted termination based on obstetric indications. The consideration on how to terminate is also very dependent with obstetric indications. Caesarean section is not absolutely necessary in pregnancy with dengue hemorrhagic fever. Keywords: Dengue hemorrhagic fever, pregnancy, management

scholarly journals Study Of Chick Embryo Vaccination Against Newcastle And Newcastle With Gumboro

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-92
Author(s):  
Abdel Ameer H. Zahid
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Group Control ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Group Control Group ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline

This study is considered the first trail study in our country to apply In ovo-vaccination to immunize chicks against avian viral diseases. This method was conducted by using 150 chick embryos classified into three equal groups (50 embryo each group). The first group was inoculated with Newcastle disease virus-NDV (B1-strain). Second group was vaccineted with NDV. and GV( Gambaro virus). All vaccinated groups were inoculated in the amniotic sac, thethird group (control group) was inoculated with sterile phosphate buffered saline. Result should the both vaccine did not reveal any negative effect on the percentage of hatchability and liaviability of the vaccinated chicks.Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) , ELISA and challenge test were used to evaluate the level of immunity in chicks vaccinated with (NDV.) alone and (GV.) & (NDV.) double vaccine beside the control group chicks. The result revealed in spite of lower level of mean antibody titer of HI and ELISA in age of 28 days the two vaccinated group were resistant to challenge with virulent NDV. with 60% mortality rate in the control group.

scholarly journals A perspective review of deadly viral diseases: An era of viruses

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1038
Author(s):  
Abhishek Sharma ◽  
Sarita J. Bhyan ◽  
Abdul Malik
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Scarcity Of Resources

This review article overviewed briefly about the era of deadly viruses. Humans have been combating viruses since before our species had even evolved into its recent form. In some cases of viral infections, vaccines and antiviral drugs have allowed us to treat infections from spreading broadly, and have facilitated to patient recover. But it is far from over to fight the viruses. In recent decades, a number of viruses have sprung from animals to humans and have caused massive outbreaks, claiming thousands of lives such as the virus that led to the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa kills up to 90% of the population, making it the deadliest member of the Ebola family. But there are some viruses that are equally deadly, and some are even more deadly. Some viruses, including the novel coronavirus currently undergoing global outbreaks, have a low mortality rate but still pose a serious health risk as we have no means of access to the health facilities and scarcity of resources and infrastructure. Here we are reporting such type of ten deadly viruses. those have infected humans within last 50 years.

scholarly journals Modeling for COVID-19 college reopening decisions: Cornell, a case study

2021 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. e2112532119
Author(s):  
Peter I. Frazier ◽  
J. Massey Cashore ◽  
Ning Duan ◽  
Shane G. Henderson ◽  
Alyf Janmohamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Parameter Uncertainty ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Epidemiological Modeling ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Targeted Testing ◽  
High Fraction ◽  
University Settings

We consider epidemiological modeling for the design of COVID-19 interventions in university populations, which have seen significant outbreaks during the pandemic. A central challenge is sensitivity of predictions to input parameters coupled with uncertainty about these parameters. Nearly 2 y into the pandemic, parameter uncertainty remains because of changes in vaccination efficacy, viral variants, and mask mandates, and because universities’ unique characteristics hinder translation from the general population: a high fraction of young people, who have higher rates of asymptomatic infection and social contact, as well as an enhanced ability to implement behavioral and testing interventions. We describe an epidemiological model that formed the basis for Cornell University’s decision to reopen for in-person instruction in fall 2020 and supported the design of an asymptomatic screening program instituted concurrently to prevent viral spread. We demonstrate how the structure of these decisions allowed risk to be minimized despite parameter uncertainty leading to an inability to make accurate point estimates and how this generalizes to other university settings. We find that once-per-week asymptomatic screening of vaccinated undergraduate students provides substantial value against the Delta variant, even if all students are vaccinated, and that more targeted testing of the most social vaccinated students provides further value.

Thriving in Academia: Understanding and Managing the Complexities of Faculty Work

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ketevan Mamiseishvili
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Education Research ◽  
Community Engagement ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Work Setting ◽  
Higher Education Research ◽  
Faculty Work ◽  
College And University ◽  
Teaching Research ◽  
University Settings

In this paper, I will illustrate the changing nature and complexity of faculty employment in college and university settings. I will use existing higher education research to describe changes in faculty demographics, the escalating demands placed on faculty in the work setting, and challenges that confront professors seeking tenure or administrative advancement. Boyer’s (1990) framework for bringing traditionally marginalized and neglected functions of teaching, service, and community engagement into scholarship is examined as a model for balancing not only teaching, research, and service, but also work with everyday life.

Communication Recovery Groups for Persons with Aphasia: A Replicable Program for Medical and University Settings

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 106-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candace Vickers ◽  
Darla Hagge
Keyword(s):  
Medical Setting ◽  
Group Program ◽  
Intake Process ◽  
Student Volunteers ◽  
Group Members ◽  
University Settings ◽  
University Setting ◽  
Recovery Groups

This article describes Communication Recovery Groups (CRG), an aphasia group program that is sponsored by a medical setting and more recently a university setting. CRG's history and approach and its model of service in light of current healthcare challenges are summarized. The article also provides a detailed discussion regarding the logistics of offering conversation groups to persons with aphasia which are sponsored by medical and/or university settings, the intake process for new group members, and the training of student volunteers to help lead conversation groups.

Multiple Perspectives on the Barriers to Identification and Management of Pediatric Voice Disorders

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Jana Childes ◽  
Alissa Acker ◽  
Dana Collins
Keyword(s):  
Academic Success ◽  
Voice Disorders ◽  
School Personnel ◽  
Voice Disorder ◽  
Multiple Perspectives ◽  
Vocal Qualities ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Pediatric Populations ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
University Settings

Pediatric voice disorders are typically a low-incidence population in the average caseload of clinicians working within school and general clinic settings. This occurs despite evidence of a fairly high prevalence of childhood voice disorders and the multiple impacts the voice disorder may have on a child's social development, the perception of the child by others, and the child's academic success. There are multiple barriers that affect the identification of children with abnormal vocal qualities and their access to services. These include: the reliance on school personnel, the ability of parents and caretakers to identify abnormal vocal qualities and signs of misuse, the access to specialized medical services for appropriate diagnosis, and treatment planning and issues related to the Speech-Language Pathologists' perception of their skills and competence regarding voice management for pediatric populations. These barriers and possible solutions to them are discussed with perspectives from the school, clinic and university settings.

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