A Multichannel Continuous-Flow Analyzer

1966 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 120-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph E Thiers ◽  
Jean Bryan ◽  
Katherine Oglesby
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Data Handling ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Sample Handling ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Channel Analyzer

Abstract A 10-channel analyzer is described with which sodium, potassium, chloride, carbon dioxide, calcium, phosphorus, total protein, albumin, albumin blank, and uric acid levels may be determined simultaneously. Operating at the rate of 60 specimens per hour, the instrument uses less than 1 ml. of serum for all 10 determinations. The results appear on 5 two-pen recorders. The report describes the instrument, its operating characteristics, modification of the sampler module to enable sampling from test tubes, a manual system of rapid data-handling, and the system employed for nearly anaerobic sample-handling.

Profile of Admission Chemical Data by Multichannel Automation: An Evaluative Experiment

1966 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Jean Bryan ◽  
Judith L Wearne ◽  
Alberto Viau ◽  
A Wendell Musser ◽  
Fred W Schoonmaker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Chemical Data ◽  
Routine Laboratory ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Clinical Chemical ◽  
Hospital Patients ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus

Abstract In an experiment comparing the clinical chemical data obtained for incoming hospital patients from samples of blood submitted to the routine laboratory and from samples analyzed automatically, a multichannel analyzer was employed. The constituents determined, chosen on the basis of the frequency with which they were ordinarily requested, were glucose, urea, sodium, potassium, chloride, carbon dioxide content, calcium, phosphorus, total protein, albumin, and uric acid. In a significant fraction of the patients admitted at three different hospitals the profile of admission chemical determinations indicated abnormal values which had not been sought by the physician and which often were of direct help to him and benefit to the patient.

Applicability of the Ektachem 400 analyzer for assaying analytes in miscellaneous body fluids.

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 2534-2539 ◽  
Author(s):  
D A Georgewill ◽  
G A Graham ◽  
I Schoen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Pericardial Fluid ◽  
Vitreous Fluid ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus

Abstract The Ektachem analyzer, a slide-film chemistry technology, demonstrated applicability to non-serum, non-urine stimulated and actual clinical specimens having a wide range of protein concentration and pH. The simulated specimens studied had pH and protein that ranged from 2 to 9 and 0 to 88 g/L, respectively. Actual patients' specimens studied, which had protein concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 60 g/L, included peritoneal fluid, vitreous fluid, synovial fluid, pericardial fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid. The analytes studied included glucose, urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride, and carbon dioxide.

Chemical and Clinical Evaluation of the Continuous-flow Analyzer "SMAC"

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1062-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morton K Schwartz ◽  
Victor G Bethune ◽  
Martin Fleisher ◽  
Gina Pennacchia ◽  
Celia J Menendez-Botet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Total Bilirubin ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Protein Matrix ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Matrix Reference Material ◽  
Computer Controlled ◽  
Speed Computer

Abstract "SMAC" (Sequential Multiple Analyzer plus Computer) is a high-speed computer-controlled multitest analyzer. A 20-channel prototype SMAC (glucose, urea nitrogen, creatinine, carbon dioxide content, total bilirubin, calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol, iron, uric acid, chloride, sodium, potassium, total protein, albumin, creatine kinase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate and alanine aminotransferases) has been evaluated for: (a) method precision during within-day runs and on a day-to-day basis over a period of time; (b) method linearity over a range established on a chemical basis and related to clinical requirements, with use of both aqueous standards and protein matrix reference material; and (c) correlation of SMAC values with those obtained by the methods routinely in use in our department.

Multilayer film analysis: evaluation of ion-selective electrolyte slides.

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Costello ◽  
N P Kubasik ◽  
B B Brody ◽  
H E Sine ◽  
J A Bertsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Multilayer Film ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Film Analysis ◽  
Control Material ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Analytical Recovery

Abstract We evaluated the Kodak Ektachem multilayer ion-selective electrolyte slides. For various types and concentrations of control material the precision (CV) within- and between-day ranged from 0.5 to 1.3% (1.7-2.1%) for sodium, 1.2 to 2.2% (2.7-2.9%) for potassium, 2.9 to 4.6% (5.9-6.7%) for carbon dioxide, and 0.7 to 1.6% (1.3-1.4%) for chloride. For all these analytes, analytical recovery was about 100%, except in the supra-physiological ranges, for which carbon dioxide recovery was about 110-120%. Either serum or heparin-treated plasma can be used, interchangeably, for analysis; use of serum treated with lithium iodoacetate is unacceptable. Comparisons with results by continuous-flow procedures demonstrated good correlation for sodium, potassium, and chloride; carbon dioxide comparisons indicate an Ektachem calibrator change may be required. Abnormally low protein concentrations or lipemia had no observed effects on results for electrolytes. Abnormally high protein concentrations affect sodium results slightly (approximately 5 mmol/L).

CHEMICAL MICROANALYSIS: ANALYSIS OF CAPILLARY AND VENOUS BLOOD

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-274
Author(s):  
S. A. Kaplan ◽  
A. M. Yuceoglu ◽  
J. Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus

The concentrations of cholesterol, chloride, sodium, potassium, urea, calcium, phosphorus, total protein, albumin and glucose were measured in plasma obtained from capillary and venous blood collected nearly simultaneously from the same subject. With the exception of glucose, there was no difference in the concentrations of any of these substances between capillary and venous blood.

The Stability of a Reconstituted Serum for the Assay of Fifteen Chemical Constituents

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Hanok ◽  
Jeremiah Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Glutamic Oxalacetic Transaminase ◽  
Subsequent Effect ◽  
The Stability

Abstract A study was made of serums stored at refrigerator (10°) and freezer (-15°) temperatures in relation to the subsequent effect on the following assays: sodium, potassium, chloride, carbon dioxide, protein, albumin, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, bilirubin, urea nitrogen, glucose, uric acid, creatinine, and phosphorus. Data showing the period for which a reconstituted serum may be stored under these conditions are presented.

Development of Normal Values for Use in Multitest Biochemical Screening of Sera

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard T O’Kell ◽  
Joseph R Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Lactic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Uric Acid Concentration ◽  
Total Protein Concentration ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus

Abstract Age- and sex-related "normal" values were calculated for data obtained by screening 8015 patients’ sera with the Technicon SMA 12/60 at the time of hospital admission. Calcium, phosphorus, total protein, and albumin concentrations decrease with age; glucose, urea nitrogen, cholesterol, and lactic dehydrogenase concentrations increase. Uric acid concentration increases with age in women. Mean values for calcium, glucose, urea nitrogen, and uric acid concentrations are greater in men. Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic acid transaminase activity is most frequently abnormal, total protein concentration least frequently. Alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin results were unremarkable.

Premature Infants: Analysis of Serum During the First Seven Weeks

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack L Thomas ◽  
Thomas E Reichelderfer
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Feeding Schedule ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Urea Nitrogen

Abstract Serum values were determined on 60 premature infants whose birth weights ranged from 1500 to 1750 gm. At 1 week of age each infant was placed into one of six categories and given a feeding schedule according to a predetermined formula sequence and arrangement. Three formulas varying in mineral, caloric, and protein concentrations were used. Analyses for sodium, potassium, chloride, carbon dioxide, phosphorus, total protein, albumin, calcium, and urea nitrogen were carried out on blood drawn at 1, 3, 5, and 7 weeks of age. A comparison of levels during the same age period among the experimental groups was made.

Metabolic effects of somatotropin in rats acclimated to adverse environments

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry B. Hale ◽  
Roy B. Mefferd
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Mineral Metabolism ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Barometric Pressure ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Cold Environments ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus

Effects of somatotropin (STH, growth hormone) in low dosage on metabolic functions were determined in adult male rats acclimated to hot, neutral or cold environments or to low barometric pressure. Urinary determinations (24-hour, fasting) provided the means for evaluating nitrogen and mineral metabolism. The interplay between STH and environmental factors thus received some clarification. STH had certain effects in normal rats which were clearly heat- or altitude-mimetic. In combination, STH and heat had synergistic effects on urea, phosphate and the calcium/phosphorus ratio; and STH and altitude acted synergistically on phosphate and the sodium/potassium and calcium/phosphorus ratios. STH and cold had antagonistic effects on urea, uric acid and the uric acid/creatinine ratio, but synergism was evident in the sodium/potassium ratio. The effects of STH during the initial stage of recovery from heat, altitude or cold were also studied. While some of the recovery reactions were augmented by STH, others were blocked or at least diminished, and there were instances where STH had normalizing effects. Submitted on October 6, 1960

Multiple Automatic Sequential Analysis

1964 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 918-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard T Skeggs ◽  
Harry Hochstrasser
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Sequential Analysis ◽  
Entire System ◽  
Individual Sample ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Laboratory Report ◽  
Single Sheet ◽  
Standard Solution

Abstract A multiple automatic analyzer has been constructed which determines albumin, total protein, chloride, carbon dioxide, sodium, potassium, glucose, and urea nitrogen. The results for each of these 8 determinations are obtained in sequence for an individual sample and are recorded on a single sheet of paper. The entire system is calibrated by means of a standard solution containing all 8 of the components under test. Results appear on the record in a directly readable and immediately usable form. The actual record is used as the laboratory report sent to the requesting physician.

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