scholarly journals Brain, Eye, and Skull Growth in Embryonic Geese

The Condor ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 676-679
Author(s):  
Uwe Gille ◽  
Frank Zachen ◽  
Franz-Viktor Salomon
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Brain Weight ◽  
Brain Growth ◽  
Anser Anser ◽  
Length Measurements ◽  
Skull Growth ◽  
Eye Diameter ◽  
Similar Growth

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that bill proportions at hatching are a byproduct of overall skull proportions which are a result of constraints of brain growth. We measured brain and eye weights, eye diameter, and some skull dimensions in domestic geese (Anser anser f. domestica) varying in age between embryonic day 7.5 and 29.5 (hatching), and in five adult geese. With respect to age, weights show divergent growth patterns resulting in complex allometry for eye but simple allometry for brain weight. This differs from the situation in Galliforms and probably reflects the high cerebralization of Anseriforms. Length measurements show similar growth patterns. Cranial length realizes a larger part of overall growth during incubation when compared to facial length. Cranial width is similar to eye diameter and brain weight. Bill width exhibits a unique growth pattern. Bill proportions are similar to the whole head but differ from those of the bony brain capsule. Therefore, although all craniometric measurements strongly correlate to brain size, brain growth probably influences growth of the cranial but not of the facial part of the skull.

scholarly journals Minimal variation in eutherian brain growth rates during fetal neurogenesis

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1854) ◽  
pp. 20170219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Halley
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Early Ontogeny ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Body Growth ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Brain Growth ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Eye Opening

A central question in the evolution of brain development is whether species differ in rates of brain growth during fetal neurogenesis. Studies of neonatal data have found allometric evidence for brain growth rate differences according to physiological variables such as relative metabolism and placental invasiveness, but these findings have not been tested against fetal data directly. Here, we measure rates of exponential brain growth acceleration in 10 eutherian mammals, two marsupials, and two birds. Eutherian brain acceleration exhibits minimal variation relative to body and visceral organ growth, varies independently of correlated growth patterns in other organs, and is unrelated to proposed physiological constraints such as metabolic rate or placental invasiveness. Brain growth rates in two birds overlap with eutherian variation, while marsupial brain growth is exceptionally slow. Peak brain growth velocity is linked in time with forebrain myelination and eye opening, reliably separates altricial species born before it from precocial species born afterwards, and is an excellent predictor of adult brain size ( r 2 = 0.98). Species with faster body growth exhibit larger relative brain size in early ontogeny, while brain growth is unrelated to allometric measures. These findings indicate a surprising conservation of brain growth rates during fetal neurogenesis in eutherian mammals, clarify sources of variation in neonatal brain size, and suggest that slow body growth rates cause species to be more encephalized at birth.

scholarly journals Production performance of cows raised with different post-weaning growth patterns

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey C Freetly ◽  
Robert A Cushman ◽  
Gary L Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Genetic Population ◽  
Breed Type ◽  
Genetic Types ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Step Growth

Abstract The period of heifer development is a relatively small fraction of a cow’s life; however, her pattern of growth may have permanent effects on her productivity as a cow. We hypothesized that altering the growth pattern during the peri-pubertal period would increase life-time productivity across genetic types of Bos taurus cows. The objective was to determine the stayability, calf production, and weight of calf weaned across six calf crops. Heifers (n = 685) were placed on one of two developmental programs at 256 ± 1 d of age. Control heifers received a diet that provided 228 kcal ME·(BW, kg) -0.75 daily, and Stair-Step heifers were allocated 157 kcal ME·(BW, kg) -0.75 daily for 84 or 85 d, and then the daily allocation was increased to 277 kcal ME·(BW, kg) -0.75. Stair-Step heifers (0.33 ± 0.02 kg/d) had a lower ADG than Control heifers (0.78 ± 0.02 kg/d; P < 0.001) during Period 1, and Stair-Step heifers (0.93 ± 0.03 kg/d) had a greater ADG than Controls (0.70 ± 0.03 kg/d; P < 0.001) during Period 2. There were no treatment (P = 0.28) or breed type differences (P = 0.42) for the proportion of cows weaning a calf; however, the proportion of cows weaning a calf decreased with cow age (P < 0.001). Calves from Stair-Step dams had heavier weaning weights (193 ± 1 kg) compared to Control calves (191 ± 1 kg; P = 0.007). There was not a treatment (P = 0.25) or breed type differences in cumulative BW weaned (P = 0.59). A diverse genetic population of cattle within Bos taurus was tested and responses in calf production did not differ between Stair-Step growth pattern and a more constant non-obese growth pattern.

scholarly journals Allometric growth patterns in hatchery-reared larvae of the catfish Lophiosilurus alexandri (Pisces: Pseudopimelodidae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 284-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Guimarães-Cruz ◽  
V.C. Veloso-Júnior ◽  
N.G. Sales ◽  
D.A.A. Oliveira ◽  
J.E. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Standard Length ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Head Length ◽  
Allometric Growth ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Eye Diameter ◽  
Head Height

The aim of the present study was to characterize the relationships that occur between morphometric variables of larvae of Lophiosilurus alexandri Steindachner, 1876 through their allometric growth analysis. Total length, head length and body height were correlated with standard length, head height and body height, as well as eye diameter and head height with head length. The results revealed allometric positive relation during the initial development, where the b coefficient varied between 1.10 and 2.81. The variable pre-anal distance in relation to the standard length and the snout length in relation to the head length revealed an allometric negative relation, where the b coefficient was 0.85 and 0.94, respectively.

On the anatomic relation of choroid plexus to brain: a comparative study

1980 ◽  
Vol 238 (1) ◽  
pp. R76-R81 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. Cserr ◽  
M. Bundgaard ◽  
J. K. Ashby ◽  
M. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Ventricular Volume ◽  
Brain Weight ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Original Proposal ◽  
Adaptive Value ◽  
Choroid Plexuses ◽  
The Brain

The size of choroid plexuses and cerebral ventricles relative to brain varies widely among vertebrates. The functional significance of this variability has attracted little attention since Herrick's original proposal that large choroid plexuses might enhance oxygen delivery to the brain and therefore be of adaptive value in the transition of vertebrates from water to air breathing. We compared choroid plexus and brain weight or ventricular and brain volume in 40 species from nine vertebrate groups. Both choroid plexus weight and ventricular volume were unrelated to brain size. Plexus weight ranged from 0 to 5.2% of brain weight and ventricular volume from 0.9 to 132% of brain volume. Amid this diversity the dipnoans, chondrosteans, holosteans, amphibians, and crossopterygian examined in this study are exceptional in uniformly having large plexuses. The adaptive significance of large choroid plexuses may lie in the presence of specific homeostatic mechanisms and their role in the response to the increases in PCO2 that accompany the transition to air breathing.

Some Behavioral Differences in Mice Genetically Selected for High and Low Brain Weight

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Wimer ◽  
Lee Prater
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Brain Weight ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Total Brain ◽  
High Selection

Learning ability, exploratory behavior, and emotionality were measured in mice genetically selected for high and low total brain weight. The high selection lines scored significantly higher than the low lines in locomotor activity in the open field and discrimination learning performance in a water maze, and these findings were supported by correlations between brain weight and behavioral scores within unselected control lines. There is some evidence that these behavioral differences are associated with general changes in brain size produced by genetic selection.

scholarly journals Influence of Vertical Facial Growth Pattern on Herbst Appliance Effects in Prepubertal Patients: A Retrospective Controlled Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Maria Rita Giuca ◽  
Marco Pasini ◽  
Sara Drago ◽  
Leonardo Del Corso ◽  
Arianna Vanni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Class Ii Malocclusion ◽  
Facial Growth ◽  
Herbst Appliance ◽  
Lateral Cephalograms ◽  
Vertical Growth Pattern

Introduction. The Herbst device is widely used for correction of class II malocclusions; however, most of the researches carried out on the Herbst appliance in literature do not take into account patients with a different mandibular divergence. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Herbst on dental and skeletal structures and to evaluate possible influence of vertical facial growth patterns. Methods. A retrospective study was conducted on lateral cephalograms of 75 growing patients (mean age: 9.9 ± 1.9 years) with class II malocclusion treated with Herbst. Subjects were divided into 3 groups using the mandibular divergence index (SN and GoMe angle). Cephalometric parameters were evaluated using the modified SO (sagittal occlusion) Pancherz’s analysis. A statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate differences among groups using ANOVA. Results. Our study showed differences in response to treatment depending on patient’s facial vertical growth pattern. Cranial base angle and mandibular rotation were significantly different (p<0.05) between hypodivergent patients and normodivergent patients and between hypodivergent and hyperdivergent subjects. Conclusion. Hypodivergent patients increased their mandibular divergence during treatment to a greater extent than normodivergents; moreover, hyperdivergent patients exhibited a decreased mandibular divergence at the end of the treatment.

scholarly journals Left planum temporale growth predicts language development in newborns with congenital heart disease

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andras Jakab ◽  
Eliane Meuwly ◽  
Maria Feldmann ◽  
Michael von Rhein ◽  
Raimund Kottke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Developmental Delay ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Fast Spin Echo ◽  
Planum Temporale ◽  
Brain Growth ◽  
Cerebral Mri

Congenital heart diseases (CHD) are the most common congenital anomalies, accounting for a third of all congenital anomaly cases. While surgical correction dramatically improved survival rates, the lag behind normal neurodevelopment appears to persist. Deficits of higher cognitive functions are particularly common, including developmental delay in communication and oral-motor apraxia. It remains unclear whether the varying degree of cognitive developmental delay is reflected in variability in brain growth patterns. To answer this question, we aimed to investigate whether the rate of regional brain growth is correlated with later life neurodevelopment. 44 newborns were included in our study, out of whom 33 were diagnosed with dextro-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA) and 11 with other forms of severe CHD. During the first month of life, neonates underwent corrective or palliative cardiovascular bypass surgery, pre- and postoperative cerebral MRI were performed 18.7 ± 7.03 days apart. MRI was performed in natural sleep on a 3.0T scanner using an 8-channel head coil, fast spin-echo T2-weighted anatomical sequences were acquired in three planes. Based on the principles of deformation based morphometry, we calculated brain growth rate maps that reflected the rate of non-linear deformation that occurs between pre- and post-operative brain images. An explorative, whole-brain, threshold-free cluster enhancement analysis revealed strong correlation between the growth rate of the left planum temporale and the posterior operculum of the left frontal lobe and language score at 12 months of age, corrected for demographic variables (p=0.018, t=5.656). No significant correlation was found between brain growth rates and motor or cognitive scores. Post hoc analysis showed that the length of hospitalization interacts with this correlation with longer hospitalization stay results in faster enlargement of the internal cerebro-spinal fluid spaces. Our study provides evidence to the early importance of left-dominant perisylvian regions in language development even before the direct postnatatal exposure to native language. In CHD patients, the perioperative period results in a critical variability of brain growth rate in this region, which is a reliable neural correlate of language development at one year of age.

scholarly journals Urban Growth: From pixel to reality

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Shyamantha Subasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Zone Model ◽  
Spatial Pattern Analysis ◽  
Ancillary Data

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Urban growth is a complex process created through the interaction of human and environmental conditions. The spatial configuration and dynamic process of urban growth is an important topic in contemporary geographical studies (Thapa and Murayama, 2010). However, urban growth pattern recognition is a challengeable task and it has become one of the major fields in Cartography. Since classical era of cartography, several methods have been employed in modelling and urban growth pattern recognition. It shows that there is no agreement among cartographer or any other spatial scientists on how to map the diverse patterns of urban growth.</p><p>Typical urban theories such as von Thünen’s (1826) bid-rent theory, Burgess’s (1925) concentric zone model, Christaller’s (1933) central place theory, and Hoyt’s (1939) sector model explain the urban structure in different manner. Most of them do not contribute to visualize the urban growth pattern spatiotemporally. Recently, by addressing this limitations, several sophisticated methods are used in urban growth visualization. Among them, morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA) is one of emerging raster data analysis methods which allows us to integrate neighbourhood interaction rules in urban growth pattern recognition and visualization. Angel et al. (2010) developed urban land classification (urban, suburban, rural, fringe open space, exterior open space, and rural open space) based on built and non-built land categories and detected three major types of urban growth (infill, extension, and leapfrog). However, developing urban land classifications using binary land use type and recognising only three types of urban growth pattern may be insufficient due to the existence of a higher complexity of urban growth. In such context, the present study introduce a geovisualization approach to map spatial patterns of urban growth using multiple land categories and develops three sub-levels of urban growth pattern for each major urban growth pattern.</p><p>The entire process of urban growth pattern recognition developed in this study can be summarized into three steps (Figure 1): (1) urban land mapping &amp;ndash; Landsat imageries representing two time points (2001 and 2017) were classified into two land categories (built and non-built) and developed into multiple classes using ancillary data, (2) recognizing three major patterns of urban growth (infill, extension, and leapfrog) &amp;ndash; the raster overlay method based on neighbourhood interaction rules, (3) development of sublevels of urban growth &amp;ndash; major three patterns were further developed and visualized nine urban growth patterns, namely low infill (LI), moderate infill (MI), high infill (HI), low extension (LE), moderate extension (ME), high extension (HE), low leapfrog (LL), moderate leapfrog (ML), and high leapfrog (HL). The developed procedure of this study in urban growth pattern recognition was tested using a case study of Colombo metropolitan area, Sri Lanka.</p>

scholarly journals Brain Size of the African Grasscutter (Thryonomys Swinderianus, Temminck, 1827) at Defined Postnatal Periods

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Ibe ◽  
S. O. Salami ◽  
N. Wanmi
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Brain Weight ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Thryonomys Swinderianus ◽  
Physiological Studies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Brain

Abstract As a sequel to the current advancement in ethology, this study was designed to provide information on the brain size of the African grasscutter at specific postnatal periods and to extrapolate these findings to the behaviour of the rodent in its natural habitat. Brain samples were extracted from African grasscutter neonates on postnatal day 6, juveniles on postnatal day 72 and adults on postnatal day 450 by basic neuro-anatomical techniques. The weight, volume and dimensions of the brain samples were determined in absolute and relative terms. Their encephalisation quotient was also computed. There was a very strong positive correlation between nose-rump length and brain length in the neonates. The relative brain weight of neonates, juveniles and adults were 3.84 ± 0.12 %, 2.49 ± 0.07 % and 0.44 ± 0.03 %, respectively. The differences were significant (P < 0.05). The encephalisation quotient of juveniles was 1.62 ± 0.03 while that of the adult was 0.49 ± 0.02. The difference was significant (P < 0.05). The results were extrapolated to the animal’s cognitive ability, and compared with other rodents. It was concluded that the juvenile African grasscutter may have higher cognitive ability than the adult rodent, thus, juveniles should be preferred in physiological studies of memory and cognition.

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