Multistate Comparison of Attractants and the Impact of Fruit Development Stage on Trapping Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Raspberry and Blueberry

AbstractSoil drought is a major problem in plant cultivation. This is particularly true for thermophilic plants, such as maize, which grow in areas often affected by precipitation shortage. The problem may be alleviated using plant growth and development stimulators. Therefore, the aim of the study was to analyze the effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), zearalenone (ZEN), triacontanol (TRIA) and silicon (Si) on water management and photosynthetic activity of maize under soil drought. The experiments covered three developmental stages: three leaves, stem elongation and heading. The impact of these substances applied during drought stress depended on the plant development stage. 5-ALA affected chlorophyll levels, gas exchange and photochemical activity of PSII. Similar effects were observed for ZEN, which additionally induced stem elongation and limited dehydration. Beneficial effects of TRIA were visible at the stage of three leaves and involved leaf hydration and plant growth. A silicon preparation applied at the same developmental stage triggered similar effects and additionally induced changes in chlorophyll levels. All the stimulators significantly affected transpiration intensity at the heading stage.

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The use of light spectrum blocking films to reduce populations of Drosophila suzukii Matsumura in fruit crops

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-72074-8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Michelle T. Fountain ◽

Amir Badiee ◽

Sebastian Hemer ◽

Alvaro Delgado ◽

Michael Mangan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Control Strategies ◽

Field Trials ◽

Biological Data ◽

Insect Vision ◽

Invasive Pest ◽

Effective Control ◽

Fruit Crops ◽

Light Spectrum ◽

Drosophila Suzukii ◽

The Impact

Abstract Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, is a serious invasive pest impacting the production of multiple fruit crops, including soft and stone fruits such as strawberries, raspberries and cherries. Effective control is challenging and reliant on integrated pest management which includes the use of an ever decreasing number of approved insecticides. New means to reduce the impact of this pest that can be integrated into control strategies are urgently required. In many production regions, including the UK, soft fruit are typically grown inside tunnels clad with polyethylene based materials. These can be modified to filter specific wavebands of light. We investigated whether targeted spectral modifications to cladding materials that disrupt insect vision could reduce the incidence of D. suzukii. We present a novel approach that starts from a neuroscientific investigation of insect sensory systems and ends with infield testing of new cladding materials inspired by the biological data. We show D. suzukii are predominantly sensitive to wavelengths below 405 nm (ultraviolet) and above 565 nm (orange & red) and that targeted blocking of lower wavebands (up to 430 nm) using light restricting materials reduces pest populations up to 73% in field trials.

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Methodological provisions for assessing scientific and technical risk and financial losses during development works to create complex technical systems

Economic Analysis Theory and Practice ◽

10.24891/ea.20.10.1933 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (10) ◽

pp. 1933-1950

Author(s):

Nikolai V. FIROV ◽

Sergei A. SOROKIN

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Development Stage ◽

Financial Resources ◽

Development Projects ◽

Technical Risk ◽

Complex Technical Systems ◽

Technical Systems ◽

The Impact ◽

Risk Assessment And Management ◽

Financial Losses

Subject. The article addresses scientific and technical risk and financial losses of the customer in the process of research and development works on the creation of complex technical systems. Objectives. The study aims at constructing and analyzing the dependence of scientific and technical risk and financial losses of the customer on the planned volume of development works and the financial resources invested in them. Methods. We apply methods of probability theory and mathematical statistics, system and regression analysis, risk assessment and management. The paper rests on data on completed development projects for complex technical systems creation. Results. We formulated methodological provisions for assessing scientific and technical risk, arising in the process of development works on complex technical systems. The paper presents an algorithm for calculating the expected financial losses from works implementation. The problem of minimizing financial losses associated with scientific and technical risk is formulated and formalized. The feasibility of proposed provisions and recommendations is confirmed by a practical example. Conclusions. To assess risks, it is important to consider the impact of the degree of difference between the main characteristics of developed product and its prototype on the required amount of works at development stage. This enables to build regression dependencies of the volume of works at the development stage on a specified factor, which are later used to assess the scientific and technical risk and associated financial losses.

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Reduction of Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) Natural Re-Sowing with Herbicides and Plant Growth Regulators

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10121960 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1960

Author(s):

Afonso Henrique Schaeffer ◽

Otávio Augusto Schaeffer ◽

Diógenes Cecchin Silveira ◽

João Arthur Guareschi Bertol ◽

Debora Kelli Rocha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Plant Growth Regulators ◽

Seed Production ◽

Growth Regulators ◽

Fruit Development ◽

Lolium Multiflorum ◽

Development Stage ◽

Ammonium Glufosinate ◽

Physiological Quality

Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is the main winter weed of crops in Southern Brazil. High competitiveness, adaptability, widespread resistance to herbicides and seed dormancy make the plant a permanent problem. Herbicides, as well as plant growth regulators, can be used as a management option for ryegrass seed production, however there is no consensus among authors at which stage of the plant the application is most effective. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the production and physiological quality of ryegrass seeds in response to the application of herbicides and plant growth regulators in three stages of plant development (inflorescence emergence, flowering and fruit development). Each treatment consisted of applying two different doses of each of the active ingredients: ammonium glufosinate, clethodim, glyphosate, iodosulfuron-methyl, paraquat and 2,4-D (herbicides); ethephon and trinexapac-ethyl (plant growth regulators), still an untreated control, totaling 17 treatments for each stage of development. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, with three replications. The variables evaluated were: seed production (kg ha−1), thousand seed weight (g), viability (%), germination (%), first germination count (%), dormant seeds (%) and dead seeds (%). The ryegrass seed production reduced 100% with clethodim, glyphosate, ammonium glufosinate or paraquat applied in the inflorescence emergence or flowering stages. In the fruit development stage, all treatments (herbicides and plant growth regulators) caused deleterious effects on seed production, the greatest effect occurred with paraquat (95%). Paraquat, ammonium glufosinate and clethodim affected the physiological quality of the seeds when applied in fruit development stage. This research demonstrated that the application of herbicides in the ryegrass reproductive stage decreases its seedbank replenishment (natural re-sowing), with the potential to harm its progeny.

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Stable Capsaicinoid Biosynthesis during the Fruit Development Stage of Capsicum baccatum

CYTOLOGIA ◽

10.1508/cytologia.84.309 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 84 (4) ◽

pp. 309-312 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ryuji Sugiyama

Keyword(s):

Fruit Development ◽

Development Stage ◽

Capsicum Baccatum ◽

Capsaicinoid Biosynthesis

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EXPLORING CHINESE DESIGN BUSINESS OWNERS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

International Journal of Innovation Management ◽

10.1142/s1363919619500592 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (06) ◽

pp. 1950059

Author(s):

QINGFENG WANG ◽

XU SUN

Keyword(s):

Intellectual Property ◽

Property Rights ◽

Intellectual Property Rights ◽

Economic Loss ◽

Development Stage ◽

Business Owners ◽

Potential Factors ◽

New Research ◽

The Impact ◽

Ipr Protection

As Intellectual Property (IP) protection can nurture innovation, and since innovation is one of the critical sources of economic growth, it has become especially important since China surpassed a certain economic development stage, because China now has a growing number of its own innovations which need to be protected. This paper describes the construction of a new research model with which to explore and examine the impact of potential factors on attitudes towards Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) in China in the context of the creative design industry. The findings of a quantitative study of Chinese design business owners reveal the significant roles of Confucianism, perceived economic loss and perceived effectiveness of IPR law enforcement in shaping their attitudes towards IPR. Our findings support the idea that promoting Confucianism can help to develop an internalised respect for IPR, while sizable penalties for IPR infringement can enhance the effectiveness of IPR protection.

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Effects of Research Priorities the Northeast Marketing and Competition Research Planning Steering Committee

Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council ◽

10.1017/s0163548400002107 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 33-34

Author(s):

Olan D. Forker

Keyword(s):

Research Program ◽

Research Priorities ◽

Steering Committee ◽

Development Stage ◽

Future Research ◽

Allocation Of Resources ◽

Master Program ◽

Research Programs ◽

Research Areas ◽

The Impact

The Research Program Steering Committee on Marketing and Competition was created in 1977 by the Northeast Experiment Station Directors. It was one of ten such committees asked to develop a master research program to identify research areas of high priority, coordinate and consolidate current research programs, implement new approaches, and coordinate future research plans. This particular committee was asked to cover research programs in “Marketing and Competition” (RP 6.03). The Master Program, still in the development stage, is an indicative plan. It is designed to indicate needed areas of research and priorities and suggests a mechanism for encouraging the allocation of resources in the indicated directions. The effect on research priorities will depend on how well we did our job, on how seriously the limited number of involved researchers take our suggestions, and on the impact we all have on the allocation of funds and human resources.

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Assessment of the Effect of the Mineral Fertilization System on the Nutritional Status of Maize Plants and Grain Yield Prediction

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture10090404 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 404

Author(s):

Renata Gaj ◽

Piotr Szulc ◽

Idzi Siatkowski ◽

Hubert Waligóra

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Calcium Content ◽

Development Stage ◽

Mineral Fertilization ◽

Stay Green ◽

Maize Varieties ◽

The Impact

A strict field experiment with maize was carried out in the years 2009–2011 at the Experimental Station of the Poznań University of Life Sciences. The impact of mineral fertilization levels on the nutritional status of plants at an early development stage 5–6 leaves (BBCH 15/16) was assessed, as well as the possibility of using biomass and the current state of nutrient supply to predict grain yield. The adopted assumptions were verified on the basis of field experiments with nine variants of mineral fertilization and two maize varieties (EURALIS Semences, Lescar, France) (ES Palazzo and ES Paroli SG—“stay-green” (SG)). Regardless of the variety tested, the plants were under-nutritioned with calcium and magnesium. Plant nutritional status and the accumulation of minerals at the BBCH 15/16 stage were the main factors determining the variability of maize grain yields. In addition, it was shown that maize biomass in the BBCH 15/16 stage, calcium content and the N:K ratio significantly determined grain yield of traditional variety. The yield of the “stay-green” hybrid was largely shaped by plant biomass in the BBCH 15/16 stage, potassium, calcium, magnesium contents and N:Mg ratio. Regression analysis showed that grain yield of the tested maize varieties was determined by plant biomass and its content from 59% to 69%.

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Effects of Variety and Grape Berry Condition of Vitis vinifera on Preference Behavior and Performance of Drosophila suzukii

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects10120432 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 432 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lisa Weißinger ◽

Niklas Samuel ◽

Michael Breuer ◽

Caroline Müller

Keyword(s):

Management Strategies ◽

Grape Berry ◽

Pinot Noir ◽

Drosophila Suzukii ◽

Offspring Performance ◽

Economic Threat ◽

Berry Crops ◽

And Performance ◽

Grape Varieties ◽

The Impact

Drosophila suzukii is an invasive fruit pest and represents a potential economic threat to viticulture. After first observations of D. suzukii in Europe in 2008, research mainly focused on the evaluation of the host range and infestation risk for fruit and berry crops. However, the risk assessment of D. suzukii in viticulture has only recently started. Understanding the factors influencing preferences of D. suzukii for host species and varieties as well as offspring performance is essential to improve management strategies. We investigated the field infestation of different grape varieties across Baden-Wuerttemberg, southwestern Germany, between 2015 and 2018. Moreover, we performed dual-choice assays in the laboratory to investigate whether adults show preferences for certain varieties and whether offspring performance differs between varieties. Furthermore, we studied the impact of grape damage on choice behavior. Field monitoring revealed that D. suzukii show preferences for red varieties, whereas almost no oviposition occurred in white varieties. The results of dual-choice assays confirmed that D. suzukii preference and performance are influenced by grape variety and that flies preferred damaged over intact “Pinot Noir”, “Pinot Blanc”, and “Müller-Thurgau” berries. Overall, these findings may have important implications for winegrowers regarding cultivated varieties, grape health, and insecticide reduction.

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Mother-offspring conflict for water and its mitigation in the oviparous form of the reproductively bimodal lizard, Zootoca vivipara

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society ◽

10.1093/biolinnean/blaa012 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 129 (4) ◽

pp. 888-900

Author(s):

Andréaz Dupoué ◽

Mahaut Sorlin ◽

Murielle Richard ◽

Jean François Le Galliard ◽

Olivier Lourdais ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reproductive Mode ◽

Development Stage ◽

Water Restriction ◽

Treatment Timing ◽

Common Lizard ◽

Zootoca Vivipara ◽

Gravid Females ◽

The Impact

Abstract Parent-offspring conflicts are widespread given that resources are often limited. Recent evidence has shown that availability of water can trigger such conflict during pregnancy in viviparous squamate species (lizards and snakes) and thus questions the role of water in the evolution of reproductive modes. Here, we examined the impact of water restriction during gravidity in the oviparous form of the bimodal common lizard (Zootoca vivipara), using a protocol previously used on the viviparous form. Females were captured in early gravidity from six populations along a 600 m altitudinal gradient to investigate whether environmental conditions (altitude, water access and temperature) exacerbate responses to water restriction. Females were significantly dehydrated after water restriction, irrespective of their reproductive status (gravid vs. non-reproductive), relative reproductive effort (relative clutch mass), and treatment timing (embryonic development stage). Female dehydration, together with reproductive performance, varied with altitude, probably due to long term acclimation or local adaptation. This moderate water-based intergenerational conflict in gravid females contrasts sharply with previous findings for the viviparous form, with implications to the evolutionary reversion from viviparity to oviparity. It is likely that oviparity constitutes a water-saving reproductive mode which might help mitigate intensive temperature-driven population extinctions at low altitudes.

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