Supplementary Nutrition of Eucryptorrhynchus brandti (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cryptorrhychinae): Effect of Ailanthus altissima Host Tissues on Ovary Maturation and Oviposition

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 953-960
Author(s):  
Wenjuan Guo ◽  
Kailang Yang ◽  
Ganyu Zhang ◽  
Junbao Wen
Keyword(s):  
Fat Body ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Ailanthus Altissima ◽  
Ovary Development ◽  
Egg Development ◽  
Single Host ◽  
Supplementary Nutrition ◽  
Ovary Maturation ◽  
Host Tissues

Abstract Eucryptorrhynchus brandti is a trunk-boring pest that causes severe damage to its single host, Ailanthus altissima in China. Eucryptorrhynchus brandti adults require supplementary nutrition to achieve sexual maturity. Adults feed on petioles, shoots, 2- to 3-yr-old branches, and stems of A. altissima, but prefer to feed on stems. The effects of different host plant tissues on ovary development and oviposition in E. brandti are unclear. Thus, we examined the effects of the consumption of A. altissima petioles, shoots, branches, and stems on ovary development of E. brandti. Using ovaries of different ages, we also evaluated the differentiation of ovarioles, presence and appearance of follicular relics, number of eggs, cuticle hardness, and fat body quantity over time. We found the reproductive system was composed of two ovaries, lateral oviducts, a common oviduct, and spermatheca. The physiological age of ovaries was divided into three nulliparous and three parous stages. Females fed on stems had mature ovaries and successfully oviposited; females fed on other tree tissues or water had no functional ovaries and did not lay eggs. We found virgin females must obtain sufficient nutrition, as evidenced by the immature ovaries in females fed the water. We also found that only stems of A. altissima contribute to egg development; however, the other tree tissues do not contribute to egg development. These findings improve our understanding of the feeding preference of E. brandti from the perspective of ovary development as well as optimal host tissues for ovary development.

scholarly journals MicroRNA-277 targetsinsulin-like peptides 7and8to control lipid metabolism and reproduction inAedes aegyptimosquitoes

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (38) ◽  
pp. E8017-E8024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Ling ◽  
Vladimir A. Kokoza ◽  
Changyu Zhang ◽  
Emre Aksoy ◽  
Alexander S. Raikhel
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Target Prediction ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Ovary Development ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Energy Store

Hematophagous female mosquitoes transmit numerous devastating human diseases, including malaria, dengue fever, Zika virus, and others. Because of their obligatory requirement of a vertebrate blood meal for reproduction, these mosquitoes need a lot of energy; therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms linking metabolism and reproduction is of particular importance. Lipids are the major energy store providing the fuel required for host seeking and reproduction. They are essential components of the fat body, a metabolic tissue that is the insect analog of vertebrate liver and adipose tissue. In this study, we found that microRNA-277 (miR-277) plays an important role in regulating mosquito lipid metabolism. The genetic disruption of miR-277 using the CRISPR-Cas9 system led to failures in both lipid storage and ovary development. miR-277 mimic injection partially rescued these phenotypic manifestations. Examination of subcellular localization of FOXO protein via CRISPR-assisted, single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide-mediated homology-directed repair revealed that insulin signaling is up-regulated in response to miR-277 depletion. In silico target prediction identified that insulin-like peptides 7 and 8 (ilp7andilp8) are putative targets of miR-277; RNA immunoprecipitation and a luciferase reporter assay confirmed thatilp7andilp8are direct targets of this miRNA. CRISPR-Cas9 depletion ofilp7andilp8led to metabolic and reproductive defects. These depletions identified differential actions of ILP7 and ILP8 in lipid homeostasis and ovarian development. Thus, miR-277 plays a critical role in mosquito lipid metabolism and reproduction by targetingilp7andilp8, and serves as a monitor to control ILP7 and ILP8 mRNA levels.

Do capital breeders like Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) exhibit sensitive periods of nutritional control on ovary development and fecundity regulation?

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Kennedy ◽  
Jon Egil Skjæraasen ◽  
Richard D.M. Nash ◽  
Anders Thorsen ◽  
Aril Slotte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Availability ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
Ovary Development ◽  
Atlantic Herring ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Skipped Spawning ◽  
Capital Breeder ◽  
Low K ◽  
Ovary Maturation

A laboratory study was undertaken to investigate whether Northeast Atlantic herring ( Clupea harengus ), i.e., Norwegian spring-spawning herring, exhibit a “sensitive period” during the feeding season in which ovary development is particularly susceptible to food availability and (or) energy reserves. Groups of herring received similar amounts of food over the restricted summer – early autumn feeding season but the food availability was varied temporally between groups. The herring, an extreme capital breeder, did not exhibit a sensitive period, as there was no difference in fecundity or ovary maturation between groups. However, individuals that did not reach a Fulton’s condition factor (K) above 0.70 during the feeding season were less likely to begin ovary maturation. Those below this threshold showing ovary development began later and had a higher intensity of atresia than fish in better condition. To maximize fecundity, females recruited significantly more oocytes than they could support through to spawning, thus the oocytes were subsequently down-regulated. Some would have skipped spawning in the coming spawning season; these fish had a very low K. Taken together, this study demonstrates that this capital breeder has developed a suite of reproductive strategies to synchronize the production of the highest number of eggs energetically possible.

scholarly journals Histone acetylation regulates the expression of genes involved in worker reproduction in the ant Temnothorax rugatulus

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Choppin ◽  
Barbara Feldmeyer ◽  
Susanne Foitzik
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Histone Acetylation ◽  
Social Insects ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Worker Reproduction ◽  
Ovary Development ◽  
Chemical Inhibitors

Abstract Background In insect societies, queens monopolize reproduction while workers perform tasks such as brood care or foraging. Queen loss leads to ovary development and lifespan extension in workers of many ant species. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of this phenotypic plasticity remain unclear. Recent studies highlight the importance of epigenetics in regulating plastic traits in social insects. Thus, we investigated the role of histone acetylation in regulating worker reproduction in the ant Temnothorax rugatulus. We removed queens from their colonies to induce worker fecundity, and either fed workers with chemical inhibitors of histone acetylation (C646), deacetylation (TSA), or the solvent (DMSO) as control. We monitored worker number for six weeks after which we assessed ovary development and sequenced fat body mRNA. Results Workers survived better in queenless colonies. They also developed their ovaries after queen removal in control colonies as expected, but not in colonies treated with the chemical inhibitors. Both inhibitors affected gene expression, although the inhibition of histone acetylation using C646 altered the expression of more genes with immunity, fecundity, and longevity functionalities. Interestingly, these C646-treated workers shared many upregulated genes with infertile workers from queenright colonies. We also identified one gene with antioxidant properties commonly downregulated in infertile workers from queenright colonies and both C646 and TSA-treated workers from queenless colonies. Conclusion Our results suggest that histone acetylation is involved in the molecular regulation of worker reproduction, and thus point to an important role of histone modifications in modulating phenotypic plasticity of life history traits in social insects.

scholarly journals Hormone-dependent activation and repression of microRNAs by the ecdysone receptor in the dengue vector mosquito Aedes aegypti

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (26) ◽  
pp. e2102417118
Author(s):  
Ya-Zhou He ◽  
Emre Aksoy ◽  
Yike Ding ◽  
Alexander S. Raikhel
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Mirna Expression ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Small Rna Sequencing ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Ecdysone Receptor ◽  
Egg Development ◽  
Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase

Female mosquitoes transmit numerous devastating human diseases because they require vertebrate blood meal for egg development. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles across multiple reproductive processes in female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. However, how miRNAs are controlled to coordinate their activity with the demands of mosquito reproduction remains largely unknown. We report that the ecdysone receptor (EcR)–mediated 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) signaling regulates miRNA expression in female mosquitoes. EcR RNA-interference silencing linked to small RNA-sequencing analysis reveals that EcR not only activates but also represses miRNA expression in the female mosquito fat body, a functional analog of the vertebrate liver. EcR directly represses the expression of clustered miR-275 and miR-305 before blood feeding when the 20E titer is low, whereas it activates their expression in response to the increased 20E titer after a blood meal. Furthermore, we find that SMRTER, an insect analog of the vertebrate nuclear receptor corepressors SMRT and N-CoR, interacts with EcR in a 20E-sensitive manner and is required for EcR-mediated repression of miRNA expression in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. In addition, we demonstrate that miR-275 and miR-305 directly target glutamate semialdehyde dehydrogenase and AAEL009899, respectively, to facilitate egg development. This study reveals a mechanism for how miRNAs are controlled by the 20E signaling pathway to coordinate their activity with the demands of mosquito reproduction.

Ultrastructural changes in tissues of larval Elateridae (Coleoptera) infected with the fungus Metarrhizium anisopliae

1971 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Y. Zacharuk
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
The Other ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Host Death ◽  
Host Tissues

The ultrastructural changes that occur in the cells of the hypodermis, fat body, Malpighian tubule, midgut, ventral abdominal ganglion, and muscle during mycoses in three species of elaterid larvae infected with Metarrhizium anisopliae are described. The fungus penetrated all the above tissues before host death in most of the larvae examined. In some infected larvae, however, particularly in the smaller individuals or species, only the hypodermal and fat tissues were penetrated before death. Changes in fine structure appear in all the tissues soon after the fungus enters the hemocoel, even when no fungal growths are present near the host cells. In general, there is initially an increase in the number of lysosomes and of endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes, followed by a vesiculation of the endoplasmic reticulum and of the cristae of the mitochondria and a progressive vacuolation of the cytoplasm. In some tissues the mitochondria increase in number before vesiculation. Glycogen granules and lipid and oil inclusions disappear rapidly during mycosis. Clear, membrane-limited vacuoles become particularly abundant in the Malpighian tubules and the midgut, suggesting increased secretion of fluids into their lumens. At or soon after death, the lysosomes disappear and all the membranous structures of the cells are disrupted, and laminated or whorled bodies of thickened membranes become numerous. Disintegration of all tissues, including muscle and nerve, was extensive in some larvae that were still capable of some sluggish movement before fixation for the study. It is suggested that the fungus incites lysosome production by the host tissues along with the other initial changes observed, and that final disintegration of the host tissues is by a process of autohistolysis.

Avoidance of encapsulation in the absence of VLP by a braconid parasitoid of Drosophila larvae: an ultrastructural study

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 2193-2198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrice Eslin ◽  
Philippe Giordanengo ◽  
Yvelise Fourdrain ◽  
Geneviève Prévost
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Adhesive Properties ◽  
Digestive Tube ◽  
Virus Like Particles ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Asobara Tabida ◽  
Larval Host ◽  
Drosophila Larvae ◽  
Host Tissues

The hymenopteran Asobara tabida Nees (Braconidae: Alysiinae) parasitizes the larval stages of Drosophila species. In D. melanogaster, 90% of A. tabida eggs avoid encapsulation and are found embedded within the tissues (digestive tube, fat body, tracheae, etc.) of their larval host. Electron microscopy was used to investigate if the embedment of the parasitic egg within the tissues of its host may prevent encapsulation. Study revealed that the outer layer of the A. tabida egg consists of a fibrous exochorion that exhibits adhesive properties within the tissues of D. melanogaster. Three hours after oviposition, any basement membrane surrounding the host tissues that is in contact with the parasitic egg is stuck to the exochorion. Attachment rapidly increases. Nine hours post oviposition, the A. tabida egg is almost totally surrounded by a sheath of host tissue, with only limited areas of the surface remaining uncovered and exposed to attack by the host hemocytes. It is therefore concluded that the adhesion of A. tabida eggs to the host tissues is likely to contribute to their protection from encapsulation during embryogenesis. Also, electron microscopy reveals that no virus-like particles occur in A. tabida, unlike any other braconid parasitoid studied. The absence of virus-like particles is discussed with regard to the importance of host regulation of the particles in other braconid species.

scholarly journals Combined exposure to sublethal concentrations of an insecticide and a fungicide affect feeding, ovary development and longevity in a solitary bee

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1885) ◽  
pp. 20180887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Sgolastra ◽  
Xavier Arnan ◽  
Riccardo Cabbri ◽  
Gloria Isani ◽  
Piotr Medrzycki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Condition ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Ovary Development ◽  
Solitary Bee ◽  
Pesticide Mixture ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Chemical Residues ◽  
Neonicotinoid Insecticide ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Ovary Maturation

Pollinators in agroecosystems are often exposed to pesticide mixtures. Even at low concentrations, the effects of these mixtures on bee populations are difficult to predict due to potential synergistic interactions. In this paper, we orally exposed newly emerged females of the solitary bee Osmia bicornis to environmentally realistic levels of clothianidin (neonicotinoid insecticide) and propiconazole (fungicide), singly and in combination. The amount of feeding solution consumed was highest in bees exposed to the neonicotinoid, and lowest in bees exposed to the pesticide mixture. Ovary maturation and longevity of bees of the neonicotinoid and the fungicide treatments did not differ from those of control bees. By contrast, bees exposed to the pesticide mixture showed slow ovary maturation and decreased longevity. We found a synergistic interaction between the neonicotinoid and the fungicide on survival probability. We also found an interaction between treatment and emergence time (an indicator of physiological condition) on longevity. Longevity was negatively correlated to physiological condition only in the fungicide and the mixture treatments. Delayed ovary maturation and premature death imply a shortened nesting period (highly correlated to fecundity in Osmia ). Our findings provide a mechanism to explain the observed dynamics of solitary bee populations exposed to multiple chemical residues in agricultural environments.

Hormonal Control of Ovary Development in Mosquitoes

1956 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. CLEMENTS
Keyword(s):  
Small Proportion ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Ovary Development ◽  
Form Molestus

A study was made of ovary development in Culex pipiens form molestus Forskål, an autogenous mosquito not needing food in the adult stage to develop its eggs, and in C. pipiens pipiens L. and other anautogenous mosquitoes which require blood for ovary development. Comparison of the reserves of fully grown larvae of the autogenous and anautogenous forms of C. pipiens showed that the autogenous form had a rather larger fat body, but that the anautogenous form contained sufficient protein reserves to develop a number of eggs. It was considered that autogeny did not depend solely upon the ability to amass extensive reserves but also upon some other physiological mechanism. Decapitation and ligation at the base of the abdomen prevented ovary development in C. pipiens form molestus when performed within a few hours of emergence, but when performed 7 or more hours after emergence it often failed to prevent ovary development. It is suggested that a gonadotrophic hormone is secreted during this time. Ligation of the abdomen within an hour of feeding on blood appeared to prevent ovary development in Anopheles stephensi Liston. Ovary development occurred in a small proportion of females ligated 2 or more hours after feeding, and this proportion increased with time. Ligation of the abdomen immediately after blood feeding failed to prevent ovary development in Culex pipiens form berbericus Roubaud, Aëdes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles labranchiae atroparvus van Thiel, even in some cases where the ligature was tied within 2-3 min. of the start of feeding.

scholarly journals Development of eggs and the planktonic stages of salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) at low temperatures

2000 ◽  
Vol 69 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Boxaspen ◽  
Tore Næss
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Polynomial Function ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Lepeophtheirus Salmonis ◽  
Egg Development ◽  
Salmon Lice ◽  
Copepodid Stage ◽  
Infectious Stage ◽  
Winter Population

To verify if and to what extent egg and nauplii development of the salmon lice take place during winter, the development from egg to the copepodid stage at 2,3,4,5 and 10°C was examined. Newly extruded egg strings from a winter population of salmon lice were individually placed in 6 ml stagnant hatching systems. Initially, no significant differences in egg development time were found between these and larger aerated systems, though a tendency for less synchronised hatching of the total egg string was detected in the stagnant systems (difference< 12 h). In light versus dark conditions the time to hatching was significantly prolonged by darkness (10-15%). The use of small stagnant experimental units was a pronounced simplification of hatching methods used earlier. At low temperature all but one pair of e gg strings hatched. Time to first hatching was found to be 45.1±0.5 days at 2°C, 35.2±0.4 days at 3°C, 27.6±0.2 days at 4°C, 21.6±0.1 days at 5°C and 8.7±0.1 days at 10°C. The developmental time to hatching correlated to temperature fitted the polynomial function: Days to first hatching=0.6638T2 - 12.492T +67.116 (R2=0.99). A high proportion of the nauplii developed to the copepodid (infectious stage) stage at 4°C and higher but only a small proportion at 2 and 3°C. Total developmental time to copepodid ranged from 12.7 days at 10°C to 68.5 days at 2°C or to the polynomial function Days to first copepodid = 1.0236 T-2 - 19.129 T + 101.5 (R2=0.995). The «physiological age» at hatching, i.e. the product of days and the respective temperature, showed not to be linearly correlated to temperature, but showed a maximum at 4°C. Average age at hatching was 90°days at 2°C and 110° days at 4°C. Thus the egg strings of the winter population appeared to be adapted to very low temperature by reducing the time for egg development. The present results show that eggs of salmon lice can develop to the infectious stage during winter along the Norwegian west coast.

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