Dietary Inflammatory Potential and the Risk of Neurodegenerative Diseases in Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sorayya Kheirouri ◽  
Mohammad Alizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
English Language ◽  
Inflammatory Marker ◽  
Low Literacy ◽  
Unhealthy Lifestyle ◽  
Inflammatory Index ◽  
Nutrition And Diet ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
Searching Method

Abstract Nutrition and diet have been suggested to enhance or inhibit cognitive performance and the risk of several neurodegenerative diseases. We conducted a systematic review to elucidate the relationship between the inflammatory capacity of a person’s diet and the risk of incident neurodegenerative diseases. We searched major medical databases for articles published through June 30, 2018. Original, full-text, English-language articles on studies with human participants which investigated the link between dietary inflammatory potential and risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases were included. Duplicate and irrelevant studies were removed, and data were compiled through critical analysis. Initially, 457 articles were collected via the searching method, of which 196 studies remained after removal of duplicates. Fourteen articles were screened and found to be relevant to the scope of the review. After critical analysis, 10 were included in the final review. In all studies but one, a higher dietary inflammatory index (DII) was related to higher risk of developing neurodegenerative disease symptoms, including memory and cognition decline and multiple sclerosis. Of 3 studies that assessed the association of DII with levels of circulating inflammation markers, 2 indicated that DII was positively correlated with inflammatory marker levels. Low literacy, an unhealthy lifestyle, and individual nutritional status were the factors involved in a diet with inflammatory potential. These findings enhance confidence that DII is an appropriate tool for measurement of dietary inflammatory potential and validate the role of diets with inflammatory potential in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. DII may be correlated with levels of circulating inflammatory markers.

British Council’s English for Academic Purposes (EAP) Students’ Manual: A Critical Analysis of the Coursebook Taught at Pakistani Universities for Academic Purposes (EAP) Students’ Manual: A Critical Analysis of the Coursebook Taught at Pakistani Universities

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
English Language ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
English For Academic Purposes ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Teaching Principles

English for Academic Purposes course focusing on the academic language needs of students is a subfield of English for Specific Purposes (ESP). It is a type of specialized course to integrate specific subject matter, language content, and material based on learners’ needs. The study aims to evaluate the British Council’s English for Academic Purposes (EAP) coursebook in terms of content, sequencing, learners’ autonomy, motivation, feedback and focus on language skills. Furthermore, the study tries to provide a general perception of the usefulness and effectiveness of the coursebook for undergraduate students. The EAP Students’ Manual coursebook is used as a primary source for the data collection. The researcher has chosen Nation & Macalister (2010) model of language teaching principles to analyze and discuss the data. The study found the coursebook a useful, effective and an appropriate source of English language learning in terms of the investigated aspects of the book. The findings report that the coursebook provides practice and practical usage in all domains of the academically required English language skills. It helps the students to build language competency and to be more independent learners. In addition, it provides an opportunity to the learners to think in the target language, use the language more practically and learn it in a natural type of environment. The study concludes and suggests that the content needs to be supplemented with English language audios and videos presenting the students relevant documentaries and helping material in order to make the coursebook and the learning process more useful, effective, interesting and motivating. Furthermore, the study recommends that while choosing /designing a coursebook for a certain course, it needs to be evaluated following the various criteria and language-teaching-principles suggested by different language researchers.

When George met Bill: Orwell, Empson, and the Language of Propaganda

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Stefan Collini
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
English Language ◽  
Second World War ◽  
George Orwell ◽  
Fake News ◽  
World War ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Basic English ◽  
Second World

George Orwell and William Empson worked closely together at the BBC during the Second World War and they remained friends thereafter. In The Structure of Complex Words (1951) Empson paid surprisingly serious attention to the view of language expounded in Nineteen Eighty-Four, seeing in Orwell's presentation of the meaningless slogans of totalitarianism, such as “War Is Peace,” a challenge to his own more rationalistic analysis of how language works. This article first explores the development of Orwell's thinking about language, including his engagement with Basic English (which Empson helped to propagate); a particularly close, and critical, analysis is given of his celebrated essay “Politics and the English Language.” Orwell's views are then contrasted with Empson's unpacking of the interplay of multiple senses within individual words, demonstrating that even the most extreme propaganda statements need to draw upon and respect the mechanics of meaning as embodied in such words if they are to be persuasive. Intellectual historians have much to learn from these exchanges, as do contemporary analysts of “fake news” and authoritarian bombast more generally.

scholarly journals Antioxidant Activity with Increased Endogenous Levels of Vitamin C, E and A Following Dietary Supplementation with a Combination of Glutathione and Resveratrol Precursors

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla Biswas ◽  
Cinzia Dellanoce ◽  
Alessandra Vezzoli ◽  
Simona Mrakic-Sposta ◽  
Mauro Malnati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Inflammatory Marker ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
Endogenous Synthesis

The effects of two different dietary supplements on the redox status of healthy human participants were evaluated. The first supplement (GluS, Glutathione Synthesis) contains the precursors for the endogenous synthesis of glutathione and the second (GluReS, Glutathione and Resveratrol Synthesis) contains in addition polydatin, a precursor of resveratrol. To assess the influence of GluS and GluReS on the redox status, ten thiol species and three vitamins were measured before (t0) and after 8 weeks (t1) of dietary supplementation. An inflammatory marker, neopterin, was also assessed at the same time points. Both supplements were highly effective in improving the redox status by significantly increasing the reduced-glutathione (GSH) content and other reduced thiol species while significantly decreasing the oxidized species. The positive outcome of the redox status was most significant in the GluRes treatment group which also experienced a significant reduction in neopterin levels. Of note, the endogenous levels of vitamins C, E and A were significantly increased in both treatment groups, with best results in the GluReS group. While both dietary supplements significantly contributed to recognized antioxidant and anti-inflammatory outcomes, the effects of GluReS, the combination of glutathione and resveratrol precursors, were more pronounced. Thus, dietary supplementation with GluReS may represent a valuable strategy for maintaining a competent immune status and a healthy lifespan.

scholarly journals Evaluation and revision of questionnaires for use among low-literacy immigrant Latinos

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1255-1264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen T. D'Alonzo
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Hispanic Americans ◽  
Hispanic Women ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Low Literacy ◽  
Stress Inventory ◽  
Extreme Responses ◽  
Latina Values Scale ◽  
College Educated ◽  
Research Tools

As more Spanish speaking immigrants participate in and become the focus of research studies, questions arise about the appropriateness of existing research tools. Questionnaires have often been adapted from English language instruments and tested among college-educated Hispanic-Americans. Little has been written regarding the testing and evaluation of research tools among less educated Latino immigrants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and revise a battery of Spanish-language questionnaires for an intervention among immigrant Hispanic women. A three-step process was used to evaluate, adapt and test Spanish versions of the Self-Efficacy and Exercise Habits Survey, an abbreviated version of the Hispanic Stress Inventory-Immigrant version and the Latina Values Scale. The revised tools demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability. The adaptations improved the readability of the tools, resulting in a higher response rate, less missing data and fewer extreme responses. Psychometric limitations to the adaptation of Likert scales are discussed.

scholarly journals Teaching Strategies that Motivate English Language Adult Literacy Learners to Invest in their Education: A Literature Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-42
Author(s):  
Deborah Severinsen ◽  
Lori Kennedy ◽  
Salwa Mohamud
Keyword(s):  
English Language Learners ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Teaching Strategies ◽  
Adult Literacy ◽  
English Language ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Language Learner ◽  
Literacy Teachers ◽  
Low Literacy ◽  
Literacy Learners

Canadian English language programs have seen a recent increase in enrolment by English as a Second Language adult literacy learners. To date, minimal research has been conducted with these learners, leaving literacy teachers with little guidance. In our literature review we found that, because learners often lose motivation due to their lack of or limited education, building motivation and investment must be at the heart of lesson design when teaching adult literacy learners. Thus, we adopted a transformative and post-structuralist framework to extend proven sociocultural theories to the adult literacy learner population. Our article reviewed past literature, incorporated the autobiographical narratives of experienced literacy teachers and provided six teaching strategies for increasing investment and motivation in adult literacy learners: providing relevance, addressing settlement needs, incorporating life experiences, encouraging learner autonomy, promoting collaborative learning, and building self-efficacy. Our article will demonstrate that further research is required in the arena of adult low literacy English language learners. Keywordsmotivation, investment, post-structuralist and transformative framework, teaching strategies, ESL adult literacy learners, limited formal education, English language learner, literature review.

scholarly journals CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON THE CONTRIBUTION MADE BY QUALITATIVE RESEARCH TO ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-103
Author(s):  
Dewi Satria Elmiana
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
English Language ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Reading Programs ◽  
English Language Teaching ◽  
Extensive Reading ◽  
Data Collection And Analysis

The primary objective of this paper is to assert the contribution of qualitative research in ELT. This paper has presented qualitative theories and features advantages and limitations, the criteria of good qualitative research, and analysis of two articles based on Tracy’s model. The analysis result showed that both articles have some limitations such as the uncovering of potential resources and perspectives on how effective extensive reading programs should be implemented in tertiary education in Indonesia. However, most of the criteria that Tracy established were found in these articles, such as relevance of the area of study, timeliness and significance; sufficient, abundant, appropriate and complex use of theoretical constructs, as well as data collection and analysis processes. Keywords: Qualitative Research, English Language Teaching, Tracy’s model.

scholarly journals English Myanmar Dictionary System by Using Linear and Binary Search Techniques

2020 ◽  
pp. 209-217
Author(s):  
Myo Ma Ma ◽  
Yin Myo KKhine Thaw ◽  
Lai Lai Yee
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Binary Search ◽  
Linear Search ◽  
Search Methods ◽  
Unknown Word ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
System Output ◽  
Language User ◽  
Searching Method ◽  
Cross Reference

This paper is aimed to develop a searching method based on binary search and linear search as well as to understand the finding of search methods. The system searches the desired word for English to English and English to Myanmar. The system may help the English may help the English Language user enable to know the desired word of English and Myanmar meaning. The system output is searching word of English meaning, Myanmar meaning, part of speech, searching time and step. And also, the system finds cross reference and user's unknown word by using binary search and linear search of searching algorithm. This system is implemented by using ASP.NET platform.

scholarly journals The association between an energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index and inflammation in rural and urban Black South Africans

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Maylene Ferreira ◽  
H. Toinét Cronjé ◽  
Tertia van Zyl ◽  
Nicola P. Bondonno ◽  
Marlien Pieters
Keyword(s):  
Disease Risk ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Dietary Inflammatory Index ◽  
Unhealthy Lifestyle ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
North West ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Inflammatory Index ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Black South Africans

Abstract Objective: To quantify the inflammatory potential of the diet of rural and urban Black South Africans using an adapted energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (AE-DII) and to investigate its relationship with inflammatory and cardio-metabolic disease risk markers. Dietary inflammatory potential has not been investigated in African populations. Design: Cross-sectional investigation. Setting: Rural and urban sites in the North West province of South Africa. Participants: 1,885 randomly selected, apparently healthy Black South Africans older than 30 years. Results: AE-DII scores ranged from –3.71 to +5.08 with a mean of +0.37. AE-DII scores were significantly higher in men (0.47±1.19) than in women (0.32±1.29), and in rural (0.55±1.29) than urban participants (0.21±1.19). Apart from its dietary constituents, AE-DII scores primarily associated with age, rural-urban status and education. Contrary to the literature, alcohol consumption was positively associated with AE-DII scores. Of the four tested inflammatory and 13 cardio-metabolic biomarkers, the AE-DII was only significantly negatively associated with albumin and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and positively with waist circumference and fasting glucose, upon full adjustment. Conclusion: Rural men consumed the most pro-inflammatory diet, and urban women the least pro-inflammatory diet. The diet of the participants was not overtly pro- or anti-inflammatory and was not associated with measured inflammatory markers. The inflammatory potential of alcohol at different levels of intake requires further research. Understanding dietary inflammatory potential in the context of food insecurity, unhealthy lifestyle practices and lack of dietary variety remains limited.

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