A community study of prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in urban and rural areas of Delhi, India

AbstractRabies is an acute encephalitis caused by a lyssavirus. It is primarily transmitted through bites of infected dogs which results in the worldwide death of an estimated 59000 humans every year. The disease is preventable through the application of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and its elimination has been demonstrated in many countries by applying multiple interventions simultaneously. Nonetheless, rabies is still widespread in many developing countries, primarily due to the poor implementation of intervention strategies that include inadequate dog-bite wound management practices, unavailability/unaffordability of PEP by the communities, failure to control the disease in free-roaming dogs and wildlife, improper dog population management, weak surveillance and diagnostic facilities and a lack of a One Health approach to the disease. In this review, strategies to control dog-mediated rabies through a One Health approach were discussed. We recommend applying multiple interventions against the disease by involving all the concerned stakeholders in selected urban and rural areas of the countries where rabies is endemic. An empirical demonstration of disease freedom in the selected areas through a One Health approach is needed to convince policymakers to invest in rabies prevention and control on the national level. This multifaceted One Health control model will enhance the likelihood of achieving the goal of global rabies eradication by 2030.

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Outbreak investigation and control measures following dengue fever cases in Vadodara, July-August 2017

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20195495 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (12) ◽

pp. 5224

Author(s):

Raman D. Damor ◽

Jyotsna F. Maliwad ◽

Kalpita S. Shringarpure ◽

Bansari L. Chawda ◽

Neelam N. Pandya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dengue Fever ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Control Measures ◽

Outbreak Investigation ◽

Community Members ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Fever Case ◽

Tropical Regions ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

And Control

Background: Dengue fever is one of the major public health problems among all the vector born diseases. It is an emerging disease of tropical and sub-tropical regions, affecting urban, peri-urban and rural areas. Twenty five cases of dengue fever were reported in our hospital and other private hospitals from Undera village, which is in the peri urban area of Vadodara, so an investigation was carried out. The objective of this study is to find out the incidence and demographic details of people affected by fever during the outbreak and to find the environmental factors responsible for the outbreak.Methods: Community based, cross-sectional, direct interviewing of community members of Undera village in Vadodara district was carried out on 21st August 2017 and 23rd August 2017.Results: In this outbreak investigation, 219 fever cases were reported from 2930 population residing in 645 houses. There were 25 confirmed cases of dengue fever, out of which three deaths were reported. This included one pregnant woman during this outbreak. Seventy percent of fever cases were in the age group 0-30 years. Daily wagers were affected more than other occupations. At least one fever case was reported from 109 houses. Breeding places for mosquitoes were observed surrounding the houses from were fever cases reported.Conclusions: The dengue fever outbreak was confirmed through laboratory as well as clinico-epidemiological correlation with confirmed clinical picture and presence of breading places of Aedes mosquitoes. The fatality rate was 12% and there were three complicated deaths.

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Urban–rural differences in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus among 25–74 year-old adults of the Yangon Region, Myanmar: two cross-sectional studies

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020406 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. e020406 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Wai Phyo Aung ◽

Aung Soe Htet ◽

Espen Bjertness ◽

Hein Stigum ◽

Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Undiagnosed Diabetes ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Who Steps Methodology ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Educational Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Studies ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

ObjectivesTo investigate the association between urban–rural location and the occurrence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the Yangon Region, and to estimate the proportion of urban and rural participants already diagnosed with DM, and of those, the proportion under treatment and under control.DesignTwo cross-sectional studies, using the WHO STEPs methodology.SettingThe Yangon Region of Myanmar, urban and rural areas.ParticipantsMen and women, aged 25–74 years, included during the study period from September–November 2013 (urban) and 2014 (rural areas) (n=1372). Institutionalised people, physically and mentally ill person, monks and nuns were excluded.ResultsThe age-standardised prevalence of DM was 12.1% in urban and 7.1% in rural areas (p=0.039). In urban areas, the prevalence of DM was lowest in the highest educational groups (p<0.001). There were no differences in DM prevalence between gender or income levels. In rural areas, those who were physically inactive had a low intake of fruit and vegetable and were overweight/obese had a higher DM prevalence than others. In a logistic regression, the OR for DM in rural compared with urban areas was 0.38 (0.22, 0.65), adjusted for sociodemographic variables and behavioural risk factors. In urban areas, 43.1% of participants had the experience of receiving blood glucose measurements by a doctor or health worker, and 61.5% of all cases of DM were already diagnosed, 78.7% were under treatment and 45.8% were under control. The corresponding proportions in rural areas were 26.4%, 52.4%, 78.1% and 32.0%, respectively.ConclusionThe prevalence of DM in the Yangon Region was high, and significantly higher in urban than in rural areas. More health services are needed to serve this population with a large proportion of undiagnosed diabetes. Preventive measures to halt and reduce the prevalence of DM are urgently needed.

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Economic Impact and Current Results of Urbanization

E-Planning and Collaboration ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-5646-6.ch047 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 996-1013

Author(s):

Raeni Dwi Santy ◽

Refi Mayasari Buhari

Keyword(s):

Internal Migration ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Population ◽

Migration Policy ◽

International Experience ◽

Regional Level ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Urbanization Development ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

And Control

The growth of the urban population in Indonesia is commonly fast due to permanently inclinig urbanization flows. This chapter considers the most important factors of Indonesian urbanization and its positive and negative effects in current conditions to discover directions for modernization of the governmental role in regulation and control of urbanization processes. Special issues of this chapter are concentrated around the problem of urbanization's role in development of Indonesia (national and regional level), national labor and internal migration policy, and niveling disbalance between urban and rural areas. Finally, this chapter includes special conclusions and reccommendations for modernization of national and regonal programs oriented to optimise internal conditions of urbanization development in Indonesia that are based on the best achievements of international experience and use local Indonesian features of urbanization.

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Seroepidemiology ofToxoplasma gondiiinfection in Bai and Han ethnic groups in southwestern China

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268814001551 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 143 (4) ◽

pp. 881-886 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

H.-L. LI ◽

L. DONG ◽

Q. LI ◽

L. ZHANG ◽

J. CHEN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Group ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Southwestern China ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Unique Region ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Positive Rate ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

And Control

SUMMARYEating raw pork and/or liver is a custom of the Bai ethnic group in China. Most people living in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, southwestern China are of Bai ethnicity. Little is known of the seroprevalence ofToxoplasma gondiiin Bai and Han ethnic populations in this region. In the present survey, a total of 555 and 595 blood samples were obtained from Bai and Han ethnic groups in Dali urban and rural areas, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to examineT. gondiiIgG antibodies. Total positive rate of anti-T. gondiiIgG in Bai and Han groups in this region was 21·6% (248/1150). The total seroprevalence ofT. gondiiwas significantly higher in the Bai ethnic group (32·3%, 179/555) than in the Han ethnic group (11·6%, 69/595) (P < 0·01). The results of statistical analysis indicated that there was no significant difference between cat feeding/non-cat feeding groups in the Bai ethnic group, the most important risk factor was consumption of raw pork and/or liver for the Bai group, but feeding a cat may be the main route ofT. gondiiinfection for the Han group. Therefore, it is essential to implement integrated strategies to prevent and controlT. gondiiinfection in this unique region of the world.

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Temporal variation in prevalence, awareness and control of hypertension in urban and rural areas in Northeast Brazil between 2006 and 2016

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/0102-311x00027819 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Nathália Paula de Souza ◽

Eduarda Ângela Pessoa Cesse ◽

Wayner Vieira de Souza ◽

Annick Fontbonne ◽

Maria Nelly Sobreira de Carvalho Barreto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Adult Population ◽

Disease Rate ◽

Northeast Brazil ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

And Control

Abstract: To assess the evolution in prevalence, awareness and control of hypertension for over 10 years in Pernambuco State, Northeast Brazil, two cross-sectional studies were conducted based on random samples of households in urban and rural areas, in 2006 and 2015/2016, involving adults aged 20 years or older. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure of at least 140mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of at least 90mmHg as well as the reported use of antihypertensive medication. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate the influence of the social, behavioral and anthropometric determinants on hypertension. Although social and behavioral factors improved in this 10-year period, overweight and abdominal obesity increased. Approximately one third of the adult population of Pernambuco had hypertension in 2006 and this prevalence was maintained in 2015/2016. In rural areas, awareness concerning hypertension rose from 44.8% in 2006 to 67.3% in 2015/2016, and control from 5.3% to 27.1%, so that awareness and control were similar in urban and rural areas in 2015/2016. After an adjustment for potential confounding factors, the likelihood of having hypertension more than doubled among men (OR = 2.03; p < 0.001), middle (OR = 4.41; p < 0.001) and old-age subjects (OR = 14.44; p < 0.001), and those who had abdominal obesity (OR = 2.04; p < 0.001) in urban areas and among middle-aged (OR = 2.56; p < 0.001), less educated individuals (OR = 2.21; p = 0.006) and those who were overweight (OR = 2.23; p < 0.001) in rural areas. Despite the favorable evolution in the management of hypertension in Pernambuco, public health measures focused in vulnerable populations are still required, mainly in rural areas, to improve primary prevention and decrease the disease rate.

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Nutrition gap in children, urban-rural

Revista de Saúde Pública ◽

10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054001925 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 111

Author(s):

Jhael N. Bermúdez ◽

Daniel Ayala ◽

Oscar F. Herrán

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Geographic Area ◽

Acute Malnutrition ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Stunted Growth ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Economic Developement ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Access To Food ◽

And Control

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the nutritional situation of children under five years old from both urban and rural areas of Colombia. METHOD: Analytical study, based on cross-sectional data, collected from ENSIN-2015. The sample consisted of 12,256 children aged between 0 and 4 years old. We calculated the prevalence ratios (PR) with their respective 95% confidence interval (95%CI). PR were assessed by binomial regression models with malnutrition or overweight as the dependent variable and geographic area as the explanatory variable. We used context variables to adjust the estimated PR and control the confounder within. RESULTS: Acute malnutrition (weight-for-height) had a prevalence of 1.6%, while overweight had a 5.6% rate. No differences per geographic zone in the weight-for-height indicator were found. Stunted growth – chronic malnutrition – was higher in the rural area (PR = 1.2; 95%CI 1–1.53; p = 0.050). Prevalences adjusted by variables related to structural, social and economic developement showed that both the household chief’s educational level and the food insecurity of the area account for malnutrition. CONCLUSION: The height-for-age indicator works better to establish development level. Measures against coverage, relevance and quality of education and access to food can harm the nutritional status of the children.

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The Assessment of General Health Status in Patients with Odonto-Periodontal Pathology and Diabetes Mellitus

Acta Medica Transilvanica ◽

10.2478/amtsb-2021-0043 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 24-26

Author(s):

Andreea Dinu ◽

George Maniu

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Health Status ◽

Research Group ◽

Rural Areas ◽

General Health ◽

Health Condition ◽

General Health Status ◽

General Health Condition ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Questionnaire Method

Abstract The present research attempts to assess the general health status of the studied group of patients by applying the questionnaire method. The research group has been composed of 210 subjects, from both urban and rural areas, having periodontal pathologies and disorders of the glucidic metabolism. In order to obtain information about the general health condition as well as the orodental hygiene, we have applied the questionnaire method, this being well individualized and adapted to be relevant to the present study. It was highlighted that patients with odonto-periodontal pathology and diabetes gave a more affected general health compared to those without diabetes.

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ANALYZING THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN E-GOVERNANCE ERA OF BANGLADESH: CHALLENGES AND POTENTIALS

Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research ◽

10.46281/bjmsr.v3i2.1169 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Tasnuva Habib Zisan

Keyword(s):

Information And Communication Technology ◽

Communication Technology ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Jel Classification ◽

The Status ◽

Information And Communication ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

And Control ◽

Status Of Women

This study examines the present status of women in the context of Electronic governance initiatives in Bangladesh. As a developing country, Bangladesh is stepping toward achieving E-governance where there is always a debate of the digital divide. Hence, this study tries to explore the challenges faced by women for access to and control over resources specifically the Information and Communication Technology tools or devices. It also aims to unveil the potentials of women's access and usage of such resources. This study employs survey data collected from study areas. Both urban and rural areas are chosen to get an overall scenario of women's status. This study is conducted in an inductive approach and findings are analyzed in a qualitative approach. The result shows that the status of women in access and usage of ICT varies in urban and rural areas due to some common constraints. The major findings of the study suggest that Information and Communication Technology has some potential for women empowerment which is explained as a case study. In this era of E-governance, most women are still facing gendered challenges such as lack of control over resources, awareness, education, and cybersecurity. JEL Classification Codes: H41, J70, O33, O38.

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Toxocara(Nematoda: Ascaridida) and Other Soil-Transmitted Helminth Eggs Contaminating Soils in Selected Urban and Rural Areas in the Philippines

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2014/386232 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Vachel Gay V. Paller ◽

Emmanuel Ryan C. de Chavez

Keyword(s):

Public Schools ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Public Awareness ◽

The Philippines ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Local Health ◽

Effective Prevention ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

And Control

The extent of contamination of soils with soil transmitted helminthes (STH) eggs, particularlyToxocara, was determined in selected urban and rural towns of Laguna, Philippines. Soil samples were collected from public schools, house yards, and empty lots. Results revealed that, of the 1480 soil samples collected, 460 (31%) were positive for STH eggs.Toxocarasp. was the most prevalent (77%), followed byAscarissp. (11%), hookworms/strongyles/free-living nematodes (7%), andTrichurissp. (5%). Some soil physicochemical parameters were also determined and associated withToxocaraeggs prevalence and density in soil. Results revealed thatToxocarasp. eggs were most prevalent in less acidic, relatively high temperature and high moisture soil conditions. They were also prevalent in sandy, silty, and loamy soil textures but less prevalent in clayey. No significant differences were found between depth 1 (0–5 cm) and depth 2 (6–10 cm). This study revealed thatToxocarasp. eggs are ubiquitous and the extent of contamination in soils from the selected towns of Laguna is relatively high. Hence, the data generated in this study can be used in promoting public awareness, particularly for pet owners and local health officials, for effective prevention and control of this parasitosis.

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