Why Have Sleep Problems in Later-Midlife Grown Following the Great Recession? A Comparative Cohort Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Bierman
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
Cohort Change ◽  
Retirement Study

Abstract Objectives This research compares three cohorts of individuals in their fifth decade of life and examines whether sleep problems are greater in cohorts following the Great Recession. We argue that these differences will occur because postrecession cohorts are exposed to more economic burdens that harm sleep. We also suggest that postrecession exposure to economic burdens will be amplified among women, leading to greater cross-cohort differences in sleep problems. Method Data were derived from the Health and Retirement Study, focusing on cohort surveys starting in 2004, 2010, and 2016 (N = 12,129). Structural equation models compared cohorts in latent levels of sleep problems and also examined whether economic burdens mediated cohort differences. Interactions tested whether cohort differences varied between men and women. Results The 2010 and 2016 cohorts had higher mean levels of sleep problems than the 2004 cohort. Greater postrecession exposure to economic burdens largely explained inter-cohort change in sleep problems, with this pattern stronger among women. Discussion Americans are approaching their senior years increasingly burdened by economic stressors that incur sleep problems. Practitioners and aging researchers should be prepared to address deleterious health consequences created by heightened sleep impairments.

scholarly journals Age and birth cohort differences in the prevalence of common mental disorder in England: National Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys 1993–2007

2011 ◽  
Vol 198 (6) ◽  
pp. 479-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Spiers ◽  
Paul Bebbington ◽  
Sally McManus ◽  
Traolach S. Brugha ◽  
Rachel Jenkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Common Mental Disorder ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Interview Schedule ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
Secondary Outcomes

BackgroundThere are concerns that the prevalence of mental disorder is increasing.AimsTo determine whether the prevalence of common adult mental disorders has increased over time, using age–period–cohort analysis.MethodThe study consisted of a pseudocohort analysis of a sequence of three cross-sectional surveys of the English household population. The main outcome was common mental disorder, indicated by a score of 12 or above on the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R). Secondary outcomes were neurotic symptoms likely to require treatment, indicated by a CIS-R score of 18 or over, and individual subscale scores for fatigue, sleep problems, irritability and worry.ResultsThere were 8670 participants in the 1993 survey, 6977 in the 2000 survey and 6815 in the 2007 survey. In men a significant increase in common mental disorder occurred between the cohort born in 1943–9 and that born in 1950–6 (odds ratio 1.4, 95% CI 1.1–1.9) but prevalence in subsequent cohorts remained largely stable. More extended increases in prevalence of sleep problems and mental disorders were observed in women, but not consistently across cohorts or measures.ConclusionsWe found little evidence that the prevalence of common mental disorder is increasing.

scholarly journals The Gendered Pathways Into Giving and Volunteering: Similar or Different Across Countries?

2022 ◽  
pp. 089976402110574
Author(s):  
Pamala Wiepking ◽  
Christopher J. Einolf ◽  
Yongzheng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Charitable Giving ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Financial Security ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gendered Pathways

There has been a steady increase in research studying the role of gender in prosocial behavior, such as charitable giving and volunteering. We provide an extensive review of the interdisciplinary literature and derive hypotheses about three different pathways that lead men and women to differ in their display of giving and volunteering: pathways through social capital, motivations, and resources. We test these hypotheses across 19 countries by analyzing 28,410 individuals, using generalized structural equation models. Our results support previous research, conducted in single countries, that there are distinct different pathways that lead men and women to engage in giving and volunteering: Women report stronger motivations to help others, but men report more of the financial resources that make giving and volunteering possible. The gendered pathways to giving and volunteering that lead through social capital, educational achievement, and financial security vary by country.

scholarly journals The Great Recession and Drinking Outcomes: Protective Effects of Politically Oriented Coping

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith A. Richman ◽  
Robyn Lewis Brown ◽  
Kathleen M. Rospenda
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
The Political ◽  
Drinking Patterns ◽  
Social Stressors ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Brief Cope ◽  
Drinking Outcomes ◽  
Political Realm

Research derived from the stress paradigm suggests that certain types of coping (e.g., problem-focused coping instead of behavioral disengagement) are protective against problem-related drinking to deal with social stressors. Going beyond the typical focus in the coping literature, we hypothesize that stressors engendered by macrolevel social forces may require coping actions within the political realm in contrast to modes of coping focused outside of the political realm. A United States sample of 663 respondents completed a mail survey in 2010, including measures of stressful consequences of the Great Recession, drinking patterns and problems, modes of coping encompassed in the Brief COPE instrument, and politically oriented coping. Structural equation modeling examined whether modes of coping mediated the links between stressors and drinking outcomes. A substantial portion of the associations between stressors and drinking was explained by modes of coping. Politically oriented coping was protective against problem drinking for both genders. Future studies should further explore politically oriented coping in addition to modes of coping outside of the political realm when studying the relationships between macrolevel social stressors and deleterious drinking outcomes.

scholarly journals Did the Great Recession increase suicides in the USA? Evidence from an Interrupted Time Series analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Harper
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
The United States ◽  
Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
The Usa ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

PurposeResearch suggests that the Great Recession of 2007–2009 led to nearly 5000 excess suicides in the United States. However, prior work has not accounted for seasonal patterning and unique suicide trends by age and gender.MethodsWe calculated monthly suicide rates from 1999 to 2013 for men and women aged 15 and above. Suicide rates before the Great Recession were used to predict the rate during and after the Great Recession. Death rates for each age-gender group were modeled using Poisson regression with robust variance, accounting for seasonal and nonlinear suicide trajectories.ResultsThere were 56,658 suicide deaths during the Great Recession. Age- and gender-specific suicide trends before the recession demonstrated clear seasonal and nonlinear trajectories. Our models predicted 57,140 expected suicide deaths, leading to 482 fewer observed than expected suicides (95% confidence interval −2079, 943).ConclusionsWe found little evidence to suggest that the Great Recession interrupted existing trajectories of suicide rates. Suicide rates were already increasing before the Great Recession for middle-aged men and women. Future studies estimating the impact of recessions on suicide should account for the diverse and unique suicide trajectories of different social groups.

scholarly journals Associations of self-repression with disordered eating and symptoms of other psychopathologies for men and women

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Bachner-Melman ◽  
Yonatan Watermann ◽  
Lilac Lev-Ari ◽  
Ada H. Zohar
Keyword(s):  
Social Comparison ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
General Psychopathology ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression

Abstract Background: Disordered eating has been found to be associated with self-repression, specifically with selflessness, the tendency to relinquish one’s needs for others’, and concern for appropriateness, an alertness to information about social comparison and tendency to vary one’s behavior in different social situations. This study aimed to examine associations between these self-repression variables and symptoms of general psychopathology for women and men in a community sample. Methods: Two hundred and thirty-six participants (92 men) aged 18-76 (M=29.11+10.10) volunteered to complete measures of ED symptoms (EDE-Q), concern for appropriateness (CFA-CSV and CFA-ATSCI), selflessness (SS), and symptoms of depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (BSI-18 anx) and somatization (BSI-18 som) online. Structural equation models were built to assess pathways between the study variables for men and women separately. Results: A MANOVA 2*7 design showed that women scored significantly higher than men on the SS, EDE-Q and PHQ-9. For men, SS scores were positively and significantly associated only with PHQ-9 scores. CAS-CSV scores were positively associated with PHQ-9, BSI-18 som and BSI-18 anx scores. For women, SS scores were positively and significantly associated with PHQ-9, EDE-Q, BSI-18 som and BSI-18 anx scores. CAS-CSV scores were positively and significantly associated with PHQ-9, BSI-18 anx and BSI-18 som scores but not EDE-Q scores. CAS-ASCI scores were positively and significantly associated only with EDE-Q scores.Conclusions: Self-repression is a much more central path to psychopathology in women than in men. For men, self-suppression seems to play an important role in the development and maintenance of symptoms of internalizing disorders, but not disordered eating. Even for women, it appears that self-repression is not connected specifically with disordered eating, but with symptoms of psychopathology in general. Future research should explore why self-suppression plays such a central role in women’s psychopathology.

scholarly journals What Explains Changes in Retirement Plans during the Great Recession?

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopi Shah Goda ◽  
John B Shoven ◽  
Sita Nataraj Slavov
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Housing Markets ◽  
Individual Heterogeneity ◽  
Subjective Probabilities ◽  
Retirement Plans ◽  
Labor Market Conditions ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Retirement Study

We examine changes in subjective probabilities regarding retirement between the 2006 and 2008 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. Using a first-difference approach to eliminate individual heterogeneity, we find that the steep drop in asset prices in 2008 increased the reported probability of working at age 62 during the Great Recession. Increasing unemployment at least partly attenuated this effect, but subjective probabilities of working did not respond to changes in housing markets. Older workers' probabilities of working were more sensitive to fluctuations in the stock market, but less responsive to changes in labor market conditions.

The Great Recession and Health

2013 ◽  
Vol 650 (1) ◽  
pp. 194-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Burgard ◽  
Jennifer A. Ailshire ◽  
Lucie Kalousova
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Material Hardship ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Recovery Study ◽  
Two Bodies ◽  
Retirement Study

Two research traditions have evolved to assess links between recessions and health, with seemingly divergent findings. Aggregate-level studies generally find that mortality rates decline during recessionary periods. By contrast, individual-level studies generally find that events that frequently occur during recessions, like job loss, unemployment, and material hardship, carry negative health consequences. We comprehensively review evidence from these two bodies of research, illustrate key findings, and show how the different mechanisms can operate in parallel. We also outline some of the limitations of the extant evidence, discuss studies emerging to address these limits and directions for future research, and provide brief empirical examples to illustrate some of these limits and directions using the Health and Retirement Study and the Michigan Recession and Recovery Study. Our review emphasizes the importance of considering both the aggregate- and individual-level associations when evaluating the likely short- and longer-term consequences of the Great Recession for health and health disparities.

scholarly journals Age Cohort Variation in Drinking Among People With Physical Impairments: Politically Oriented Coping in the Wake of the Great Recession

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-478
Author(s):  
Judith A. Richman ◽  
Robyn Lewis Brown ◽  
Kathleen M. Rospenda
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Generation X ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Mail Survey ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Physical Impairments ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
Age Cohort

People with physical impairments are at greater risk of economic hardship and more alcohol-related problems compared with the general population. We address age cohort differences in modes of coping with economic adversity and the extent to which modes of coping explain the relationships between age cohort membership and drinking outcomes among people with physical impairments. One hundred seventy six respondents with physical impairments derived from a national sample completed a mail survey. Using structural equation model (SEM), we demonstrate that members of the Generation X age cohort manifest higher levels of alcohol consumption and problem-related drinking compared with baby boomers due to their lesser tendency to engage in politically oriented coping to deal with economic adversity. Within the context of social movements contesting the disadvantaged social status of people with disabilities, the Generation X age cohort manifests both more limited political engagement and higher levels of alcohol consumption and problem-related drinking among people with physical impairments.

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