scholarly journals Twin Similarity for Neighborhood, Geographic Mobility, and Health Outcomes in Late Adulthood

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 247-247
Author(s):  
Deborah Finkel ◽  
Ida Karlsson ◽  
Malin Ericsson ◽  
Tom Russ ◽  
Anna Dahl Aslan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Twin Studies ◽  
Geographic Mobility ◽  
Identical Twin ◽  
Location Information ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Discordant Twins ◽  
Genetic Contributions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Neighborhood Level ◽  
Aging Factor

Abstract Socioeconomic status (SES) is one of the most robust predictors of health. The source of SES-health associations is heavily debated; one approach is investigating neighborhood-level environmental characteristics. Challenges include selection effects and the possibility of reverse causation: people choose their neighborhoods. Longitudinal twin research can overcome these issues by assessing location choice over time as well as twin similarity; however, few existing twin studies have incorporated neighborhood-level data, and none of those focus on aging. Using longitudinal data from the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging, the current study examined the impact of location at various points in life. Location at birth and in 1993 were available for 972 participants. Birth years ranged from 1926 to 1948; mean age in 1993 was 54.55 (range = 35-67). Thirty-nine percent of the sample had moved to a different county between birth and midlife: individuals who moved had significantly higher parental SES and had achieved significantly higher education. Moreover, identical twin concordance for geographic mobility (77%) was significantly higher than fraternal twin concordance (65%), indicating a modest but significant genetic contribution. Geographic mobility did not impact identical twin similarity on a functional aging factor (corrected for age and education), but fraternal twins concordant for mobility were more similar than discordant twins, suggesting genetic contributions to mobility may also impact health. Ongoing retrieval of location information for twins born 1900-1925 and geocoding of location information available at 9 waves of data collection will allow for expanded investigation of the SES-health relationship at the neighborhood level.

scholarly journals Race Differentials in Obesity: The Impact of Place

2005 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason D. Boardman ◽  
Jarron M. Saint Onge ◽  
Richard G. Rogers ◽  
Justin T. Denney
Keyword(s):  
Neighborhood Effects ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Black Residents ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Interview Survey ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Neighborhood Level

This article reveals race differentials in obesity as both an individual- and neighborhood-level phenomena. Using neighborhood-level data from the 1990–1994 National Health Interview Survey, we find that neighborhoods characterized by high proportions of black residents have a greater prevalence of obesity than areas in which the majority of the residents are white. Using individual-level data, we also find that residents of neighborhoods in which at least one-quarter of the residents are black face a 13 percent increase in the odds of being obese compared to residents of other communities. The association between neighborhood racial composition and obesity is completely attenuated after including statistical controls for the poverty rate and obesity prevalence of respondents' neighborhoods. These findings support the underlying assumptions of both institutional and social models of neighborhood effects.

Racial Sorting and the Emergence of Segregation in American Cities

2019 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Shertzer ◽  
Randall P. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Flight Behavior ◽  
Racial Composition ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Northern Cities ◽  
The Impact ◽  
American Cities ◽  
Neighborhood Level

Residential segregation by race grew sharply during the early twentieth century as black migrants from the South arrived in northern cities. Using newly assembled neighborhood-level data, we provide the first systematic evidence on the impact of prewar population dynamics within cities on the emergence of the American ghetto. Leveraging exogenous changes in neighborhood racial composition, we show that white flight in response to black arrivals was quantitatively large and accelerated between 1900 and 1930. A key implication of our findings is that segregation could have arisen solely from the flight behavior of whites.

Twin Studies and Politics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Levente Littvay
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Behavioral Genetics ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Genetic Transmission ◽  
The Social ◽  
Direction Of Causation ◽  
Social Part ◽  
The Impact

As recently as 2005, John Alford and colleagues surprised political science with their twin study that found empirical evidence of the genetic transmission of political attitudes and behaviors. Reactions in the field were mixed, but one thing is for sure: it is not time to mourn the social part of the social sciences. Genetics is not the deterministic mechanism that social scientists often assume it to be. No specific part of DNA is responsible for anything but minute, indirect effects on political orientations. Genes express themselves differently in different contexts, suggesting that the political phenomenon behavioral political scientists take for granted may be quite volatile; hence, the impact of genetics is also much less stable in its foundations than initially assumed. Twin studies can offer a unique and powerful avenue to study these behavioral processes as they are more powerful than cross-sectional (or even longitudinal) studies not only for understanding heritability but also for asserting the direction of causation, the social (and, of course, genetic) pathways that explain how political phenomena are related to each other. This chapter aims to take the reader through this journey that political science has gone through over the past decade and a half and point to the synergies behavioral political science and behavioral genetics offer to the advancement of the discipline.

scholarly journals Anthropogenic drought dominates groundwater depletion in Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samaneh Ashraf ◽  
Ali Nazemi ◽  
Amir AghaKouchak
Keyword(s):  
Economic Security ◽  
Groundwater Depletion ◽  
Groundwater Storage ◽  
Rates Of Change ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
Storage Basin ◽  
Groundwater Reserves ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hydrological Droughts

AbstractUsing publicly-available average monthly groundwater level data in 478 sub-basins and 30 basins in Iran, we quantify country-wide groundwater depletion in Iran. Natural and anthropogenic elements affecting the dynamics of groundwater storage are taken into account and quantified during the period of 2002–2015. We estimate that the total groundwater depletion in Iran to be ~ 74 km3 during this period with highly localized and variable rates of change at basin and sub-basin scales. The impact of depletion in Iran’s groundwater reserves is already manifested by extreme overdrafts in ~ 77% of Iran’s land area, a growing soil salinity across the entire country, and increasing frequency and extent of land subsidence in Iran’s planes. While meteorological/hydrological droughts act as triggers and intensify the rate of depletion in country-wide groundwater storage, basin-scale groundwater depletions in Iran are mainly caused by extensive human water withdrawals. We warn that continuation of unsustainable groundwater management in Iran can lead to potentially irreversible impacts on land and environment, threatening country’s water, food, socio-economic security.

Housing Prices and Government Approval: The Impact of Housing Booms on Left- and Right-Wing Governments in 16 Advanced Industrialized Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-185
Author(s):  
Sung Min Han ◽  
Mi Jeong Shin
Keyword(s):  
Housing Prices ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Approval Ratings ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn this article, we argue that rising housing prices increase voter approval of incumbent governments because such a rise increases personal wealth, which leads to greater voter satisfaction. This effect is strongest under right-wing governments because those who benefit from rising prices—homeowners—are more likely to be right-leaning. Non-homeowners, who are more likely to vote for left-leaning parties, will view rising housing prices as a disadvantage and therefore feel the government does not serve them well, which will mitigate the advantage to left-wing governments. We find support for our arguments using both macro-level data (housing prices and government approval ratings in 16 industrialized countries between 1960 and 2017) and micro-level data (housing prices and individuals’ vote choices in the United Kingdom using the British Household Panel Survey). The findings imply that housing booms benefit incumbent governments generally and right-wing ones in particular.

Financial Access of Latin America and Caribbean Firms: What Are the Roles of Institutional, Financial, and Economic Development?

2021 ◽  
pp. 097265272110153
Author(s):  
Lan Khanh Chu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Latin America And Caribbean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Moderating Role

This article examines the impact of institutional, financial, and economic development on firms’ access to finance in Latin America and Caribbean region. Based on firm- and country-level data from the World Bank databases, we employ an ordered logit model to understand the direct and moderating role of institutional, financial, and economic development in determining firms’ financial obstacles. The results show that older, larger, facing less competition and regulation burden, foreign owned, and affiliated firms report lower obstacles to finance. Second, better macro-fundamentals help to lessen the level of obstacles substantially. Third, the role of institutions in promoting firms’ inclusive finance is quite different to the role of financial development and economic growth. JEL classification: E02; G10; O16; P48

scholarly journals How does area-level deprivation depress an individual’s self-rated health and life satisfaction? Evidence from a nationwide population-based survey in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Oshio ◽  
Hiromi Kimura ◽  
Toshimi Nishizaki ◽  
Takashi Omori
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Health Behavior ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Internet Survey ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Area-level deprivation is well known to have an adverse impact on mortality, morbidity, or other specific health outcomes. This study examined how area-level deprivation may affect self-rated health (SRH) and life satisfaction (LS), an issue that is largely understudied. Methods We used individual-level data obtained from a nationwide population-based internet survey conducted between 2019 and 2020, as well as municipality-level data obtained from a Japanese government database (N = 12,461 living in 366 municipalities). We developed multilevel regression models to explain an individual’s SRH and LS scores using four alternative measures of municipality-level deprivation, controlling for individual-level deprivation and covariates. We also examined how health behavior and interactions with others mediated the impact of area-level deprivation on SRH and LS. Results Participants in highly deprived municipalities tended to report poorer SRH and lower LS. For example, when living in municipalities falling in the highest tertile of municipality-level deprivation as measured by the z-scoring method, SRH and LS scores worsened by a standard deviation of 0.05 (p < 0.05) when compared with those living in municipalities falling in the lowest tertile of deprivation. In addition, health behavior mediated between 17.6 and 33.1% of the impact of municipality-level deprivation on SRH and LS, depending on model specifications. Conclusion Results showed that area-level deprivation modestly decreased an individual’s general health conditions and subjective well-being, underscoring the need for public health policies to improve area-level socioeconomic conditions.

The Impact of the Credit Channel on Macroeconomic Variables and Bank Characteristics in the Brazilian Economy from 2009 to 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Farajnezhad
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Fixed Effect Model ◽  
Credit Channel ◽  
Macroeconomic Variables ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanism ◽  
The Interest Rate ◽  
The Impact

This article uses commercial bank-level data to examine a credit channel of the monetary policy transmission mechanism in the Brazilian economy from BRICS countries.  Static panel data with a fixed-effect model are used for data analysis. Using a sample of 212 commercial banks from 2009 to 2018. According to the findings of this study, there is a significant and positive relationship between macroeconomic variables that affect the interest rate and GDP with the loan amount, but not with the inflation rate. Also, it is reasonable to conclude that banks in Brazil react to monetary policy in a variety of ways.

Abstract P283: Healthy Food Marketing Can Potentially Increase Consumption of Fruit and Vegetables in New York City Neighborhoods

Circulation ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 133 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Li ◽  
David S Siscovick ◽  
Donglan Zhang ◽  
José A Pagán
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Healthy Food ◽  
Fruit And Vegetables ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Dietary Behaviors ◽  
Food Marketing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Neighborhood Level

Introduction: Consumption of fruit and vegetables is associated with a lower risk of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease . While five or more servings of fruits and vegetables are recommended, only 50% of residents of New York City (NYC) consume two or more servings a day. While food marketing can change individual dietary behaviors, there is limited evidence on the extent to which healthy food marketing strategies—such as community-based and mass-media campaigns—influence fruit and vegetable consumption at the neighborhood level. Agent-based modeling (ABM) has the potential to provide new insights on how healthy food marketing may impact dietary behaviors by simulating interventions, consumption decisions, and interactions among people in different contexts. Hypothesis: Healthy food marketing significantly increases consumption of fruit and vegetables in NYC neighborhoods. The impact of healthy food marketing varies across different neighborhoods depending on population characteristics and the local food environment. Methods: We developed an ABM that takes into account individual and neighborhood-level factors (e.g., age, gender, education, food environment) and influences of social networks (peers, friends, and family) to predict dietary behaviors of individuals at the neighborhood level. Model parameters were estimated from the Food Attitudes and Behaviors Survey, United States Census data, and previous studies. Healthy food marketing can strengthen positive social norms with regard to dietary behaviors. We simulated two hypothetical healthy food marketing interventions that could improve the influence of positive social norms by 5% and 10%, respectively. We predicted the impact of these interventions on the proportion of the population who consume two or more servings of fruits and vegetables across 34 NYC neighborhoods (defined by the United Hospital Fund) in three years. We validated our model using data from the NYC Community Health Survey. Results: The simulation results suggested that the healthy food marketing interventions have the potential to increase the proportion of the population who consume two or more servings of fruits and vegetables over three years: for a 5% improvement on positive social norms, the increase in the proportion was 0.58% - 8.97% by neighborhood; and for a 10% improvement on positive social norms, 2.68% - 13.94% by neighborhood. Exploratory analyses suggested that among population characteristics, a high proportion of population without a high school diploma was associated with lower effectiveness of healthy food marketing in increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables. Conclusions: Healthy food marketing may increase consumption of fruits and vegetables in NYC, but more attention to the mechanisms that account for the lower increase in neighborhoods with low educational attainment is needed.

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