scholarly journals Chronic Disseminated Candidiasis During Hematological Malignancies: An Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome With Expansion of Pathogen-Specific T Helper Type 1 Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 221 (11) ◽  
pp. 1907-1916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Candon ◽  
Blandine Rammaert ◽  
Anne Perrine Foray ◽  
Baptiste Moreira ◽  
Maria Pilar Gallego Hernanz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Immune Reconstitution ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Hematological Malignancies ◽  
Invasive Fungal Disease ◽  
Disseminated Candidiasis ◽  
Chronic Disseminated Candidiasis ◽  
Factor Α

Abstract Background Chronic disseminated candidiasis (CDC) is a rare disease that mostly occurs after chemotherapy-induced prolonged neutropenia in patients with hematological malignancies. It is believed to ensue from Candida colonization, breach of the intestinal epithelial barrier, and venous translocation to organs. Fungal blood or liver biopsy cultures are generally negative, suggesting the absence of an ongoing invasive fungal disease. Methods To unravel the contribution of the immune system to CDC pathogenesis, we undertook a prospective multicentric exploratory study in 44 CDC patients at diagnosis and 44 matched controls. Results Analysis of Candida-specific T-cell responses using enzyme-linked immunospot assays revealed higher numbers of interferon (IFN)γ-producing T cells reactive to mp65 or candidin in 27 CDC cases compared with 33 controls. Increased plasma levels of soluble CD25, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-10 and lower levels of IL-2 were observed in CDC patients versus controls. Neutrophilia and higher levels of CD4 and CD8 T-cell activation were found in CDC patients as well as increased proportions of CXCR3-expressing TCRγδ +Vδ2+ cells. Conclusions The expansion of Candida-specific IFNγ-producing T cells together with features of T-cell activation and systemic inflammation identified here support the view that CDC belongs to the broad spectrum of fungal-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndromes.

TCR Gene Editing Achieved In a Single Round Of T Cell Activation Is Sufficient To Redirect T Cell Specificity and Prevent GvHD

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (21) ◽  
pp. 2898-2898
Author(s):  
Sara Mastaglio ◽  
Pietro Genovese ◽  
Zulma Magnani ◽  
Elena Provasi ◽  
Angelo Lombardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Hematological Malignancies ◽  
Myeloma Cell ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Cell Specificity

Abstract The genetic transfer of tumor-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) into mature T lymphocytes enables T cell specificity to be redirected towards cancer cells, however the transfer of novel TCRs into polyclonal T cells, while overcoming tolerance barriers, may be limited by factors intrinsic to TCR biology. Specifically, the tumor-specific a and b TCR chains are expressed in lymphocytes that already bear an endogenous TCR on their cell surfaces. Gene-modified cells thus express at least two different TCRs that compete for binding to the CD3 complex, resulting in mutual TCR dilution and reduced avidity. Furthermore, since TCRs are heterodimers, the a and b chains of the endogenous TCR have the potential to mispair with the respective α and β chains of the transgenic TCR to produce a new hybrid TCR, with unpredictable and potentially harmful specificity. This represents a major concern in TCR transfer adoptive immunotherapy, both in autologous and allogeneic settings. To permanently eliminate the expression of the endogenous TCR and the risk of mispairing, our group recently developed a TCR gene editing approach. This technique is based on the transient transfer of zinc-finger nucleases (ZFN) to induce DNA double strand breaks in the constant regions of the endogenous TCR a and/or b chain genes, leading to permanent gene disruption. Upon lentiviral transfer of a tumor-specific TCR, such fully TCR-edited T cells express only the exogenous tumor-specific TCR transgenes at high levels (Provasi, Genovese et al., Nature Medicine 2012). While the complete editing procedure (both a and b TCR chains) currently requires multiple manipulation steps, ‘single TCR editing’, based on the ZFN-mediated knock-down of a single endogenous TCR chain (a or b) followed by the introduction of the tumor-specific TCR, enables the generation of redirected T cells devoid of their natural TCR repertoire during a single round of T cell activation, improving the feasibility of the clinical translation of this approach. This might be particularly useful to reduce the risk of GvHD after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We exploited a HLA-A2 restricted TCR specific for NY-ESO-1, a cancer testis antigen expressed by solid tumors and hematological malignancies, to directly compare the safety and efficacy profile of unedited TCR transferred T cells (TR), single TCR edited (SE) lymphocytes and completely TCR edited (CE) T cells. We observed that gene editing does not detectably affect the phenotype, function or proliferative potential of engineered lymphocytes. Our protocols ensured the maintenance of the early differentiated memory phenotype, with enrichment in central memory and CD45RA+/CD62L+/CD95+ memory stem T (TSCM) cells. Upon lentiviral transfer of the NY-ESO-1-specific TCR, we observed significantly higher levels of the tumor-specific TCR expression, evaluated as NY-ESO-1 specific dextramer binding, in edited versus transferred T cells (relative fluorescence intensity to untransduced cells: CE: 37; SE: 31; TR: 19). Edited T cells were more efficient than unedited-TCR transferred T cells in killing NY-ESO-1-pulsed cell lines (half maximal effective peptide concentration in a 51Cr release assay: 310, 210, 186 nM for TR, SE and CE T cells respectively) and NY-ESO-1+ myeloma cell lines naturally processing the antigen. Importantly our SE and CE T cells displayed no activity against NY-ESO-1- targets. Importantly, in NSG mice, NY-ESO-1 redirected single edited and complete edited T cells completely eliminated an NY-ESO1+ HLA-A2+, WT1- myeloma cell line, that, on the contrary, expanded in bone marrow in the presence of WT1-redirected CE T cells. Our results demonstrate that the TCR single editing approach is effective in redirecting T cell specificity as evidenced by the potent anti-tumor effect observed while potentially eliminating the risk of GvHD associated with the infusion of donor-derived lymphocytes. Moreover, the relative speed and simplicity of the TCR single editing protocol should facilitate its clinical application to patients with hematological malignancies. Disclosures: Reik: Sangamo BioSciences: Employment. Holmes:Sangamo BioSciences: Employment. Gregory:Sangamo BioSciences: Employment.

scholarly journals Probiotic supplementation reduces inflammatory profiles but does not prevent oral immune perturbations during SIV infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhianna Jones ◽  
Kyle Kroll ◽  
Courtney Broedlow ◽  
Luca Schifanella ◽  
Scott Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Probiotic Supplementation ◽  
Siv Infection ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

AbstractHIV/SIV infections lead to massive loss of mucosal CD4 + T cells and breakdown of the epithelial mucosa resulting in severe microbial dysbiosis and chronic immune activation that ultimately drive disease progression. Moreover, disruption of one of the most understudied mucosal environments, the oral cavity, during HIV-induced immunosuppression results in significant microbial and neoplastic co-morbidities and contributes to and predicts distal disease complications. In this study we evaluated the effects of oral probiotic supplementation (PBX), which can stimulate and augment inflammatory or anti-inflammatory pathways, on early SIV infection of rhesus macaques. Our study revealed that similar to the GI mucosae, oral CD4 + T cells were rapidly depleted, and as one of the first comprehensive analyses of the oral microflora in SIV infection, we also observed significant modulation among two genera, Porphyromonas and Actinobacillus, early after infection. Interestingly, although PBX therapy did not substantially protect against oral dysbiosis or ameliorate cell loss, it did somewhat dampen inflammation and T cell activation. Collectively, these data provide one of the most comprehensive evaluations of SIV-induced changes in oral microbiome and CD4 + T cell populations, and also suggest that oral PBX may have some anti-inflammatory properties in lentivirus infections.

scholarly journals Controlling T cells spreading, mechanics and activation by micropatterning

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anaïs Sadoun ◽  
Martine Biarnes-Pelicot ◽  
Laura Ghesquiere-Dierickx ◽  
Ambroise Wu ◽  
Olivier Théodoly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Young Modulus ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Adhesion Receptor ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Micro Patterns

AbstractWe designed a strategy, based on a careful examination of the activation capabilities of proteins and antibodies used as substrates for adhering T cells, coupled to protein microstamping to control at the same time the position, shape, spreading, mechanics and activation state of T cells. Once adhered on patterns, we examined the capacities of T cells to be activated with soluble anti CD3, in comparison to T cells adhered to a continuously decorated substrate with the same density of ligands. We show that, in our hand, adhering onto an anti CD45 antibody decorated surface was not affecting T cell calcium fluxes, even adhered on variable size micro-patterns. Aside, we analyzed the T cell mechanics, when spread on pattern or not, using Atomic Force Microscopy indentation. By expressing MEGF10 as a non immune adhesion receptor in T cells we measured the very same spreading area on PLL substrates and Young modulus than non modified cells, immobilized on anti CD45 antibodies, while retaining similar activation capabilities using soluble anti CD3 antibodies or through model APC contacts. We propose that our system is a way to test activation or anergy of T cells with defined adhesion and mechanical characteristics, and may allow to dissect fine details of these mechanisms since it allows to observe homogenized populations in standardized T cell activation assays.

scholarly journals Deep immune profiling of MIS-C demonstrates marked but transient immune activation compared to adult and pediatric COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (57) ◽  
pp. eabf7570
Author(s):  
Laura A. Vella ◽  
Josephine R. Giles ◽  
Amy E. Baxter ◽  
Derek A. Oldridge ◽  
Caroline Diorio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Vascular Complications ◽  
Adult Disease ◽  
Vasoactive Medication ◽  
Inflammatory Syndrome

Pediatric COVID-19 following SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with fewer hospitalizations and often milder disease than in adults. A subset of children, however, present with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) that can lead to vascular complications and shock, but rarely death. The immune features of MIS-C compared to pediatric COVID-19 or adult disease remain poorly understood. We analyzed peripheral blood immune responses in hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 infected pediatric patients (pediatric COVID-19) and patients with MIS-C. MIS-C patients had patterns of T cell-biased lymphopenia and T cell activation similar to severely ill adults, and all patients with MIS-C had SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific antibodies at admission. A distinct feature of MIS-C patients was robust activation of vascular patrolling CX3CR1+ CD8+ T cells that correlated with the use of vasoactive medication. Finally, whereas pediatric COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) had sustained immune activation, MIS-C patients displayed clinical improvement over time, concomitant with decreasing immune activation. Thus, non-MIS-C versus MIS-C SARS-CoV-2 associated illnesses are characterized by divergent immune signatures that are temporally distinct from one another and implicate CD8+ T cells in the clinical presentation and trajectory of MIS-C.

scholarly journals CCL19 enhances CD8+ T-cell responses and accelerates HBV clearance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Yan ◽  
Wei Zhao ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Xu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
High Level

Abstract Background Chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19) is a leukocyte chemoattractant that plays a crucial role in cell trafficking and leukocyte activation. Dysfunctional CD8+ T cells play a crucial role in persistent HBV infection. However, whether HBV can be cleared by CCL19-activated immunity remains unclear. Methods We assessed the effects of CCL19 on the activation of PBMCs in patients with HBV infection. We also examined how CCL19 influences HBV clearance and modulates HBV-responsive T cells in a mouse model of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). In addition, C–C chemokine-receptor type 7 (CCR7) knockdown mice were used to elucidate the underlying mechanism of CCL19/CCR7 axis-induced immune activation. Results From in vitro experiments, we found that CCL19 enhanced the frequencies of Ag-responsive IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells from patients by approximately twofold, while CCR7 knockdown (LV-shCCR7) and LY294002 partially suppressed IFN-γ secretion. In mice, CCL19 overexpression led to rapid clearance of intrahepatic HBV likely through increased intrahepatic CD8+ T-cell proportion, decreased frequency of PD-1+ CD8+ T cells in blood and compromised suppression of hepatic APCs, with lymphocytes producing a significantly high level of Ag-responsive TNF-α and IFN-γ from CD8+ T cells. In both CCL19 over expressing and CCR7 knockdown (AAV-shCCR7) CHB mice, the frequency of CD8+ T-cell activation-induced cell death (AICD) increased, and a high level of Ag-responsive TNF-α and low levels of CD8+ regulatory T (Treg) cells were observed. Conclusions Findings in this study provide insights into how CCL19/CCR7 axis modulates the host immune system, which may promote the development of immunotherapeutic strategies for HBV treatment by overcoming T-cell tolerance.

scholarly journals Immunomodulatory effects of different intravenous immunoglobulin preparations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Colado ◽  
Esteban Enrique Elías ◽  
Valeria Judith Sarapura Martínez ◽  
Gregorio Cordini ◽  
Pablo Morande ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Immunoglobulin Preparations

AbstractHypogammaglobulinemia is the most frequently observed immune defect in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Although CLL patients usually have low serum levels of all isotypes (IgG, IgM and IgA), standard immunoglobulin (Ig) preparations for replacement therapy administrated to these patients contain more than 95% of IgG. Pentaglobin is an Ig preparation of intravenous application (IVIg) enriched with IgM and IgA (IVIgGMA), with the potential benefit to restore the Ig levels of all isotypes. Because IVIg preparations at high doses have well-documented anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, we aimed to evaluate the capacity of Pentaglobin and a standard IVIg preparation to affect leukemic and T cells from CLL patients. In contrast to standard IVIg, we found that IVIgGMA did not modify T cell activation and had a lower inhibitory effect on T cell proliferation. Regarding the activation of leukemic B cells through BCR, it was similarly reduced by both IVIgGMA and IVIgG. None of these IVIg preparations modified spontaneous apoptosis of T or leukemic B cells. However, the addition of IVIgGMA on in vitro cultures decreased the apoptosis of T cells induced by the BCL-2 inhibitor, venetoclax. Importantly, IVIgGMA did not impair venetoclax-induced apoptosis of leukemic B cells. Overall, our results add new data on the effects of different preparations of IVIg in CLL, and show that the IgM/IgA enriched preparation not only affects relevant mechanisms involved in CLL pathogenesis but also has a particular profile of immunomodulatory effects on T cells that deserves further investigation.

scholarly journals Bifunctional iRGD-anti-CD3 enhances antitumor potency of T cells by facilitating tumor infiltration and T-cell activation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. e001925
Author(s):  
Shujuan Zhou ◽  
Fanyan Meng ◽  
Shiyao Du ◽  
Hanqing Qian ◽  
Naiqing Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Confocal Microscope ◽  
Mechanistic Studies ◽  
Tumor Spheroids ◽  
Antitumor Effects ◽  
Transport Pathway

BackgroundPoor infiltration and limited activation of transferred T cells are fundamental factors impeding the development of adoptive cell immunotherapy in solid tumors. A tumor-penetrating peptide iRGD has been widely used to deliver drugs deep into tumor tissues. CD3-targeting bispecific antibodies represent a promising immunotherapy which recruits and activates T cells.MethodsT-cell penetration was demonstrated in tumor spheroids using confocal microscope, and in xenografted tumors by histology and in vivo real-time fluorescence imaging. Activation and cytotoxicity of T cells were assessed by flow cytometry and confocal microscope. Bioluminescence imaging was used to evaluate in vivo antitumor effects, and transmission electron microscopy was used for mechanistic studies.ResultsWe generated a novel bifunctional agent iRGD-anti-CD3 which could immobilize iRGD on the surface of T cells through CD3 engaging. We found that iRGD-anti-CD3 modification not only facilitated T-cell infiltration in 3D tumor spheroids and xenografted tumor nodules but also induced T-cell activation and cytotoxicity against target cancer cells. T cells modified with iRGD-anti-CD3 significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival in several xenograft mouse models, which was further enhanced by the combination of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade. Mechanistic studies revealed that iRGD-anti-CD3 initiated a transport pathway called vesiculovacuolar organelles in the endothelial cytoplasm to promote T-cell extravasation.ConclusionAltogether, we show that iRGD-anti-CD3 modification is an innovative and bifunctional strategy to overcome major bottlenecks in adoptive cell therapy. Moreover, we demonstrate that combination with PD-1 blockade can further improve antitumor efficacy of iRGD-anti-CD3-modified T cells.

scholarly journals Novel self-amplificatory loop between T cells and tenocytes as a driver of chronicity in tendon disease

2021 ◽  
pp. annrheumdis-2020-219335
Author(s):  
Emma Garcia-Melchor ◽  
Giacomo Cafaro ◽  
Lucy MacDonald ◽  
Lindsay A N Crowe ◽  
Shatakshi Sood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cell Migration ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Conditioned Media ◽  
Tissue Remodelling ◽  
Activated T Cells ◽  
T Cell Migration

ObjectivesIncreasing evidence suggests that inflammatory mechanisms play a key role in chronic tendon disease. After observing T cell signatures in human tendinopathy, we explored the interaction between T cells and tendon stromal cells or tenocytes to define their functional contribution to tissue remodelling and inflammation amplification and hence disease perpetuation.MethodsT cells were quantified and characterised in healthy and tendinopathic tissues by flow cytometry (FACS), imaging mass cytometry (IMC) and single cell RNA-seq. Tenocyte activation induced by conditioned media from primary damaged tendon or interleukin-1β was evaluated by qPCR. The role of tenocytes in regulating T cell migration was interrogated in a standard transwell membrane system. T cell activation (cell surface markers by FACS and cytokine release by ELISA) and changes in gene expression in tenocytes (qPCR) were assessed in cocultures of T cells and explanted tenocytes.ResultsSignificant quantitative differences were observed in healthy compared with tendinopathic tissues. IMC showed T cells in close proximity to tenocytes, suggesting tenocyte–T cell interactions. On activation, tenocytes upregulated inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules implicated in T cell recruitment and activation. Conditioned media from activated tenocytes induced T cell migration and coculture of tenocytes with T cells resulted in reciprocal activation of T cells. In turn, these activated T cells upregulated production of inflammatory mediators in tenocytes, while increasing the pathogenic collagen 3/collagen 1 ratio.ConclusionsInteraction between T cells and tenocytes induces the expression of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in tenocytes, alters collagen composition favouring collagen 3 and self-amplifies T cell activation via an auto-regulatory feedback loop. Selectively targeting this adaptive/stromal interface may provide novel translational strategies in the management of human tendon disorders.

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal feature learning with reservoir computing for T-cell segmentation in live-cell $$\hbox {Ca}^{2+}$$ fluorescence microscopy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Hadaeghi ◽  
Björn-Philipp Diercks ◽  
Daniel Schetelig ◽  
Fabrizio Damicelli ◽  
Insa M. A. Wolf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Live Cell ◽  
Cell Segmentation ◽  
Reservoir Computing ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Temporal Segmentation

AbstractAdvances in high-resolution live-cell $$\hbox {Ca}^{2+}$$ Ca 2 + imaging enabled subcellular localization of early $$\hbox {Ca}^{2+}$$ Ca 2 + signaling events in T-cells and paved the way to investigate the interplay between receptors and potential target channels in $$\hbox {Ca}^{2+}$$ Ca 2 + release events. The huge amount of acquired data requires efficient, ideally automated image processing pipelines, with cell localization/segmentation as central tasks. Automated segmentation in live-cell cytosolic $$\hbox {Ca}^{2+}$$ Ca 2 + imaging data is, however, challenging due to temporal image intensity fluctuations, low signal-to-noise ratio, and photo-bleaching. Here, we propose a reservoir computing (RC) framework for efficient and temporally consistent segmentation. Experiments were conducted with Jurkat T-cells and anti-CD3 coated beads used for T-cell activation. We compared the RC performance with a standard U-Net and a convolutional long short-term memory (LSTM) model. The RC-based models (1) perform on par in terms of segmentation accuracy with the deep learning models for cell-only segmentation, but show improved temporal segmentation consistency compared to the U-Net; (2) outperform the U-Net for two-emission wavelengths image segmentation and differentiation of T-cells and beads; and (3) perform on par with the convolutional LSTM for single-emission wavelength T-cell/bead segmentation and differentiation. In turn, RC models contain only a fraction of the parameters of the baseline models and reduce the training time considerably.

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