International Aflatoxin Check Sample Program: 1971 Study

1972 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-327
Author(s):  
F B Coon ◽  
F J Baur ◽  
L R L Symmes
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Check Sample ◽  
Sufficient Data ◽  
Statistical Comparison ◽  
The World

Abstract An International Aflatoxin Check Sample Committee was formed in 1971 to establish a check sample program of commodities or materials with aflatoxin contamination, which would be available to laboratories throughout the world. A set of 4 aflatoxin-contaminated peanut samples was prepared and mailed to 150 participating laboratories. Sufficient data were obtained from this study to permit a statistical comparison of 3 of the 4 AOAC methods for analysis of peanuts and peanut commodities. The analysis showed significantly higher means for the CB method tbun for the BF or Pons method for 2 of the samples examined.

International Aflatoxin Check Sample Program: 1972 Study

1973 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-327
Author(s):  
Francis B Coon ◽  
Fred J Baur ◽  
L Richardson L Symmes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Peanut Butter ◽  
The United States ◽  
Single Sample ◽  
Check Sample ◽  
Sufficient Data ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Statistical Comparison ◽  
Sample Series ◽  
The World

Abstract In the second International Aflatoxin Check Sample Series, a single sample, peanut butter, was submitted to 152 laboratories throughout the world. Sufficient data were obtained from 117 responding laboratories to permit a statistical comparison of the BF, CB, and Pons methods. No significant differences in mean values were obtained. One quarter of the participating laboratories were from countries other than Canada and the United States.

International Mycotoxin Check Sample Program: Part I. Report on Laboratory Performance for Determination of Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in Raw Peanut Meal, Deoiled Peanut Meal, and Yellow Corn Meal

1982 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 855-863
Author(s):  
Marlin D Friesen ◽  
Liliane Garren
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
Check Sample ◽  
Corn Meal ◽  
Sufficient Data ◽  
Statistical Comparison ◽  
Yellow Corn

Abstract Three aflatoxin-contaminated samples (raw peanut meal, deoiled peanut meal, and yellow corn meal) were analyzed by 121 laboratories in 31 countries. Sufficient data were obtained to permit a statistical comparison of the performance of laboratories using the BF, CB, and EEC methods and those using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for quantitation. No significant differences were found between means for laboratories using these 4 methods for the analysis of raw peanut meal or yellow corn meal. However, for deoiled peanut meal, means were significantly different for laboratories using the BF method compared with the CB or EEC methods for B1 and B2, and for laboratories using the CB method compared with HPLC methods for G2.

International Mycotoxin Check Sample Program: Part II. Report on Laboratory Performance for Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk

1982 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 864-868
Author(s):  
Marlin D Friesen ◽  
Liliane Garren
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Check Sample ◽  
Sufficient Data ◽  
Statistical Comparison ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Aoac Method

Abstract A sample of aflatoxin M1-contaminated lyophilized cow's milk was analyzed by 80 laboratories in 30 countries. Sufficient data were obtained to permit a statistical comparison of the performance of laboratories using AOAC methods I and II and those using high performance liquid chromatography for quantitation. A significant difference was noted between means for laboratories using AOAC method I as opposed to those using HPLC methods. Overall reproducibility (between- plus within-laboratory precision) was best for laboratories using HPLC methods and poorest for those using AOAC method II.

International Mycotoxin Check Sample Program. Part I. Report on the Performance of Participating Laboratories

1980 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 1057-1066
Author(s):  
Marlin D Friesen ◽  
Ernest A Walker ◽  
Marcel Castegnaro
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Peanut Butter ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
Check Sample ◽  
Corn Meal ◽  
Sufficient Data ◽  
Meal Sample ◽  
Statistical Comparison ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Three aflatoxin-contaminated samples, raw peanut meal, finished peanut butter, and white corn meal, were analyzed by 139 laboratories in 34 countries. Sufficient data were obtained to permit a statistical comparison of the performance of laboratories using the BF, CB, and Pons methods and those using high performance liquid chromatography for quantification. A raw peanut meal sample showed no significant differences among means for laboratories using the four methods, and a white corn meal sample showed only one such significant difference; however, a finished peanut butter sample containing less than 10 μg total aflatoxins/kg showed 10 significant differences among means for laboratories using the 4 methods considered

The Epistemic Problem of the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Necessary Information Policy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Ikbal Maulana
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Information Policy ◽  
Civil Society Organization ◽  
Sufficient Data ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Familiar World ◽  
The Government

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted personal, social, and economic lives of millions of people around the world. It has taken the familiar world away from everyone. The pandemic is in large part an epistemic problem caused by the invisible contagious virus. Its invisibility can make people ignorant of the threat and spread of the virus. Government and public need scientists to identify and understand the problem of COVID-19. While the latter do not have complete knowledge to cure the disease, they are more knowledgeable to inform the government how to prevent the pandemic from getting worse. Appropriate government intervention requires a thorough investigation involving frequent and massive data collection, which is too expensive for developing countries. Without sufficient data, any government claim and intervention are questionable. The government can compensate the insufficiency of data by acquiring data and information from other sources, such as civil society organization and the public.

Current and promising strategies to prevent and reduce aflatoxin contamination in grains and food matrices

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
S.L. Gibellato ◽  
L.F. Dalsóquio ◽  
I.C.A. do Nascimento ◽  
T.M. Alvarez
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
The World ◽  
Food Matrices ◽  
Culture Supernatants

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi that colonise various crops around the world and cause major damage to the agro-industrial sector on a global scale. Considering the estimative of population growth in the next decades, it is of fundamental importance the implementation of practices that help prevent the economics and social impacts of aflatoxin contamination. Even though various approaches have been developed – including physical, chemical and biological approaches – there is not yet one that strikes a balance in terms of safety, food quality and cost, especially when considering large scale application. In this review, we present a compilation of advantages and disadvantages of different strategies for prevention and reduction of aflatoxin contamination. Biological approaches represent the trend in innovations mainly due to their specificity and versatility, since it is possible to consider the utilisation of whole microorganisms, culture supernatants, purified enzymes or even genetic engineering. However, challenges related to improvement of the efficiency of such methods and ensuring safety of treated foods still need to be overcome.

scholarly journals Mycotoxins and Mycotoxin Producing Fungi in Pollen: Review

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Kostić ◽  
Danijel Milinčić ◽  
Tanja Petrović ◽  
Vesna Krnjaja ◽  
Sladjana Stanojević ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Food Supplement ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Nutritional Properties ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Eu Legislation ◽  
The World ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Potential Food

Due to its divergent chemical composition and good nutritional properties, pollen is not only important as a potential food supplement but also as a good substrate for the development of different microorganisms. Among such microorganisms, toxigenic fungi are extremely dangerous as they can synthesize mycotoxins as a part of their metabolic pathways. Furthermore, favorable conditions that enable the synthesis of mycotoxins (adequate temperature, relative humidity, pH, and aw values) are found frequently during pollen collection and/or production process. Internationally, several different mycotoxins have been identified in pollen samples, with a noted predominance of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin. Mycotoxins are, generally speaking, extremely harmful for humans and other mammals. Current EU legislation contains guidelines on the permissible content of this group of compounds, but without information pertaining to the content of mycotoxins in pollen. Currently only aflatoxins have been researched and discussed in the literature in regard to proposed limits. Therefore, the aim of this review is to give information about the presence of different mycotoxins in pollen samples collected all around the world, to propose possible aflatoxin contamination pathways, and to emphasize the importance of a regular mycotoxicological analysis of pollen. Furthermore, a suggestion is made regarding the legal regulation of pollen as a food supplement and the proposed tolerable limits for other mycotoxins.

scholarly journals Rogue stem cell clinics

2020 ◽  
Vol 102-B (2) ◽  
pp. 148-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iain R. Murray ◽  
Jorge Chahla ◽  
Rachel M. Frank ◽  
Nicolas S. Piuzzi ◽  
Bert R. Mandelbaum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Sufficient Data ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
Musculoskeletal Tissues ◽  
The World

Cell therapies hold significant promise for the treatment of injured or diseased musculoskeletal tissues. However, despite advances in research, there is growing concern about the increasing number of clinical centres around the world that are making unwarranted claims or are performing risky biological procedures. Such providers have been known to recommend, prescribe, or deliver so called ‘stem cell’ preparations without sufficient data to support their true content and efficacy. In this annotation, we outline the current environment of stem cell-based treatments and the strategies of marketing directly to consumers. We also outline the difficulties in the regulation of these clinics and make recommendations for best practice and the identification and reporting of illegitimate providers. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(2):148–154

scholarly journals A Test to Confirm the Source of Energy for Solar Flares

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Wheatland
Keyword(s):  
Active Region ◽  
Solar Flares ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Virial Theorem ◽  
Magnetic Energy ◽  
Sufficient Data ◽  
Statistical Comparison ◽  
Independent Measure ◽  
Vector Magnetograms ◽  
Current Systems

AbstractA test of the hypothesis that flares derive their energy from large scale current systems inferred from active region vector magnetograms is proposed. The test involves a statistical comparison of the flarerelated change in coronal magnetic energy (based on the magnetohydrodynamic virial theorem) and an independent measure of the energy of the flare. A simulation suggests that — assuming the hypothesis is correct—the test requires around 50 flares with energy greater than 5×1023 J to return a significant result. Existing archives of vector magnetograms should provide sufficient data for such a study.

scholarly journals First Report of Aflatoxin in Dried Yam Chips in Benin

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (9) ◽  
pp. 1032-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bassa ◽  
C. Mestres ◽  
D. Champiat ◽  
K. Hell ◽  
P. Vernier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mean Value ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
World Health ◽  
Maximum Residue Limit ◽  
Luminescence Method ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
The World ◽  
Aflatoxin Concentration ◽  
Marketing Chain

Dried yam (Dioscorea spp.) chips are widely consumed in Bénin but are often attacked by molds. Invasion of food by Aspergillus flavus may lead to aflatoxin contamination. We report here the result of a survey on the sanitary quality of dried yam chips in Bénin. During July and August 2000, 50 dried yam chips samples were collected from different points in the marketing chain; 10 samples were collected from each of 5 stages: producers, wholesalers, retailers, dried yam-based food sellers and consumers. Aflatoxin content was assayed by the bio-luminescence method (1) after methanol/water extraction. Aflatoxins were detected in all dried yam chip samples, with levels ranging from 2.2 to 200 ppb and a mean value of 14 ppb. An aflatoxin concentration higher than the European Union's maximum residue limit (MRL) of 4 ppb was found in 98% of the samples (N = 50), while 6% had an aflatoxin concentration higher than the World Health Organization's MRL of 20 ppb. Molds were analyzed from two samples, each with aflatoxin levels around 5 ppb, on colony unit medium specific for A. flavus (2). Aspergillus spp. were detected in the inner part of dried yam chips of both samples, with a mean level of 9,000 CFU/g. Fusarium colonies were also present but were not identified to species. References: (1) D. Champiat and J. Larpent. Bio-chimie-luminescence: Principes et Applications. Masson, Paris, France. 1993. (2) P. J. Cotty. Mycopathologia 125:157, 1994.

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