scholarly journals 222 Partitioning of retained energy between protein and fat gain, and heat of product formation and support metabolism in growing beef cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 158-158
Author(s):  
Phillip A Lancaster
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Product Formation ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Overall Efficiency ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

Abstract Multiple linear regression inaccurately computes the efficiency of energy use for protein and fat gain. The objective was to quantify efficiency of metabolizable energy use for protein and fat gain along with heats of product formation and support metabolism. A literature search was performed to compile data (31 studies, 214 treatment means) on metabolizable energy intake (MEI) and composition of empty body gain in growing steers and heifers. Data analyses were performed using R statistical package for mixed models with study as random variable. Linear regression of MEI on energy gain (EG; P < 0.001; R2 = 0.627) resulted in an estimate of metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) of 156 kcal/kg.75 and efficiency of ME use for gain of 0.518. Linear regression of MEI on EG as protein and fat (P < 0.001; R2 = 0.623) resulted in an estimate of MEm of 149 kcal/kg.75, and efficiency of protein (kp) and fat (kf) gain of 0.274 and 0.585, respectively, resulting in an overall efficiency of EG of 0.520. Nonlinear regression model (EG = kg*(MEI-MEm)) resulted in an estimate of MEm of 103 kcal/kg.75 and efficiency of EG of 0.342. The heat of product formation was assumed to be 0.48 (1 – 0.52) and the heat of support metabolism (HiEv) 0.18 (0.52 – 0.34). Multivariate regression was used to fit simultaneous models for EG as protein (EGp = (kp+HiEvp)*k*MEA) and fat (EGf = (kf+(0.18-HiEvp))*(1-k)*MEA). Estimates (P < 0.001) of kp and kf were 0.12 ± 0.01 and 0.63 ± 0.02, and HiEvp and proportion of ME available for protein gain (k) were 0.11 ± 0.01 and 0.75 ± 0.01, respectively. The heat of product formation and support metabolism for protein were 0.77 and 0.11, and fat were 0.30 and 0.07, respectively. In conclusion, efficiency of ME use for protein was lesser than for fat gain, and heat of support metabolism was greater for protein than fat gain.

scholarly journals Applying the California net energy system to growing goats1

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 999-1010
Author(s):  
Izabelle A M A Teixeira ◽  
Amélia K Almeida ◽  
Márcia H M R Fernandes ◽  
Kleber T Resende
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Indigenous Goats ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Degree Of Maturity ◽  
Body Energy

Abstract The aim of this review is to describe the main findings of studies carried out during the last decades applying the California net energy system (CNES) in goats. This review also highlights the strengths and pitfalls while using CNES in studies with goats, as well as provides future perspectives on energy requirements of goats. The nonlinear relationship between heat production and metabolizable energy intake was used to estimate net energy requirements for maintenance (NEm). Our studies showed that NEm of intact and castrated male Saanen goats were approximately 15% greater than female Saanen goats. Similarly, NEm of meat goats (i.e., >50% Boer) was 8.5% greater than NEm of dairy and indigenous goats. The first partial derivative of allometric equations using empty body weight (EBW) as independent variable and body energy as dependent variable was used to estimate net energy requirements for gain (NEg). In this matter, female Saanen goats had greater NEg than males; also, castrated males had greater NEg than intact males. This means that females have more body fat than males when evaluated at a given EBW or that degree of maturity affects NEg. Our preliminary results showed that indigenous goats had NEg 14% and 27.5% greater than meat and dairy goats, respectively. Sex and genotype also affect the efficiency of energy use for growth. The present study suggests that losses in urine and methane in goats are lower than previously reported for bovine and sheep, resulting in greater metabolizable energy:digestible energy ratio (i.e., 0.87 to 0.90). It was demonstrated that the CNES successfully works for goats and that the use of comparative slaughter technique enhances the understanding of energy partition in this species, allowing the development of models applied specifically to goat. However, these models require their evaluation in real-world conditions, permitting continuous adjustments.

scholarly journals Developing Equations for Converting Digestible Energy to Metabolizable Energy for Korean Hanwoo Beef Cattle

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1696
Author(s):  
Ridha Ibidhi ◽  
Rajaraman Bharanidharan ◽  
Jong-Geun Kim ◽  
Woo-Hyeong Hong ◽  
In-Sik Nam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Simple Linear Regression ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Wide Range

This study was performed to update and generate prediction equations for converting digestible energy (DE) to metabolizable energy (ME) for Korean Hanwoo beef cattle, taking into consideration the gender (male and female) and body weights (BW above and below 350 kg) of the animals. The data consisted of 141 measurements from respiratory chambers with a wide range of diets and energy intake levels. A simple linear regression of the overall unadjusted data suggested a strong relationship between the DE and ME (Mcal/kg DM): ME = 0.8722 × DE + 0.0016 (coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.946, root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.107, p < 0.001 for intercept and slope). Mixed-model regression analyses to adjust for the effects of the experiment from which the data were obtained similarly showed a strong linear relationship between the DE and ME (Mcal/kg of DM): ME = 0.9215 × DE − 0.1434 (R2 = 0.999, RMSE = 0.004, p < 0.001 for the intercept and slope). The DE was strongly related to the ME for both genders: ME = 0.8621 × DE + 0.0808 (R2 = 0.9600, RMSE = 0.083, p < 0.001 for the intercept and slope) and ME = 0.7785 × DE + 0.1546 (R2 = 0.971, RMSE = 0.070, p < 0.001 for the intercept and slope) for male and female Hanwoo cattle, respectively. By BW, the simple linear regression similarly showed a strong relationship between the DE and ME for Hanwoo above and below 350 kg BW: ME = 0.9833 × DE − 0.2760 (R2 = 0.991, RMSE = 0.055, p < 0.001 for the intercept and slope) and ME = 0.72975 × DE + 0.38744 (R2 = 0.913, RMSE = 0.100, p < 0.001 for the intercept and slope), respectively. A multiple regression using the DE and dietary factors as independent variables did not improve the accuracy of the ME prediction (ME = 1.149 × DE − 0.045 × crude protein + 0.011 × neutral detergent fibre − 0.027 × acid detergent fibre + 0.683).

Correlation Between Gestures’ Qualitative Properties and Usa- bility metrics

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 726-730
Author(s):  
Daniela Chanci ◽  
Naveen Madapana ◽  
Glebys Gonzalez ◽  
Juan Wachs
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
User Satisfaction ◽  
Completion Time ◽  
User Study ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
Time Error ◽  
Qualitative Properties ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
Overall Efficiency ◽  
Usability Metrics

The choice of best gestures and commands for touchless interfaces is a critical step that determines the user- satisfaction and overall efficiency of surgeon computer interaction. In this regard, usability metrics such as task completion time, error rate, and memorability have a long-standing as potential entities in determining the best gesture vocabulary. In addition, some previous works concerned with this problem have utilized qualitative measures to identify the best gesture. In this work, we hypothesize that there is a correlation between the qualitative properties of gestures (v) and their usability metrics (u). Therefore, we conducted an experiment with linguists to quantify the properties of the gestures. Next, a user study was conducted with surgeons, and the usability metrics were measured. Lastly, linear and non-linear regression techniques were used to find the correlations between u and v. Results show that usability metrics are correlated with the gestures’ qualitative properties ( R2 = 0.4).

Effect of fish meal on the mobilization of body energy in dairy cows

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
G. W. Reid ◽  
C. A. G. Tait
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Fat Mobilization ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Body Energy

ABSTRACTThirty-two Friesian cows in early lactation were divided into four treatment groups to receive ad libitum a mixed diet consisting of silage (0·70) and grain-based concentrate (0·30). Fish meal was subsequently mixed into the diet at levels of 0, 40, 80 and 120 g/kg to provide crude protein concentration (g/kg dry matter) in the complete diets of 156, 181, 200 and 212 respectively. In the 2nd week after calving the yields of fat-corrected milk (FCM) were 28·5, 29·2, 32·0 and 34·9 kg/day for the four levels respectively; at this time, food intake was sufficient only to meet the calculated energy requirement for 15 kg FCM per day. Due to recurring problems with ketosis on the diet containing 120 g fish meal per kg, this treatment was terminated and the experiment continued for 15 weeks with the groups receiving 0, 40 and 80 g/kg fish meal supplements. During this time average yields of FCM were 23·5, 25·6 and 28-0 kg FCM per day respectively and energy intakes were calculated to be sufficient to meet the requirement for 18 kg FCM per day.It appeared possible to increase milk yield by stimulating fat mobilization through giving undegraded protein supplements to underfed cows in early lactation. However, when an excessive mobilization occurred with a high supplement, and when the animals were yielding 15 to 20 kg FCM more than their metabolizable energy intake was calculated to sustain, some cows became ketotic.

Correlation between FA and ADC, number and length of the periprostatic neurovascular fibers

2021 ◽  
pp. 039156032110637
Author(s):  
Valerio Di Paola ◽  
Angelo Totaro ◽  
Giacomo Avesani ◽  
Benedetta Gui ◽  
Andrea Boni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Fiber Tracts ◽  
Good Agreement

Purpose: Our aim was to explore the relation between FA and ADC, number and length of the periprostatic neurovascular fibers (PNF) by means of 1.5 T Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) imaging through a multivariate linear regression analysis model. Methods: For this retrospective study, 56 patients (mean age 63.5 years), who underwent 1.5-T prostate MRI, including DTI, were enrolled between October 2014 and December 2018. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to evaluate the statistically significant correlation between FA values (dependent variable) and ADC, the number and the length of PNF (independent variables), if p-value <0.05. A value of 0.5 indicated poor agreement; 0.5–0.75, moderate agreement; 0.75–0.9, good agreement; 0.61–0.80, good agreement; and 0.9–1.00, excellent agreement. Results: The overall fit of the multivariate regression model was excellent, with R2 value of 0.9445 ( R2 adjusted 0.9412; p < 0.0001). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed a statistically significant correlation ( p < 0.05) for all the three independent variables. The r partial value was −0.9612 for ADC values ( p < 0.0001), suggesting a strong negative correlation, 0.4317 for the number of fiber tracts ( p < 0.001), suggesting a moderate positive correlation, and −0.306 for the length of the fiber tracts ( p < 0.05), suggesting a weak negative correlation. Conclusions: Our multivariate linear regression model has demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between FA values of PNF with other DTI parameters, in particular with ADC.

The influence of degree of adaptation to tether-housing by sows in relation to behaviour and energy metabolism

1986 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Cronin ◽  
J. M. F. M. van Tartwijk ◽  
W. van der Hel ◽  
M. W. A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Light Period ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Repetitive Behaviour ◽  
Limited Experience ◽  
Behavioural Patterns ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

ABSTRACTIn response to tethering, many sows develop seemingly non-functional repetitive behaviour (stereotypies), which may be performed for several hours in a day.The quality and quantity of activity performed by sows with different degrees of adaptation to tethering was studied in relation to energy expenditure. Three groups of five sows were recognized: (1) High, sows which showed a high incidence of stereotyped activity after prolonged tethering; (2) T/Low, sows with limited experience of tethers; and (3) G/Low, the same sows as in group 2 after regrouping.High sows were about three times more active than T/Low sows: the proportions of time involved in 24 h were 0·35 and 0·13 respectively. Most of the former sows' activity was in the form of sterotypies. The activity level of the G/Low sows was between that of the two tether treatments (proportionately 0·17 of 24 h). Both tethered treatments spent proportionately about 0·05 of 24 h in using drinkers compared with proportionately less than 0·02 of the time for the G/Low sows.High sows produced proportionately 0·36 more heat than T/Low sows during the 12-h light period in each day. During this period, proportionately 0·40 and 0·20 of heat production from High and T/Low sows was associated with activity. The diurnal activity of the G/Low sows was associated with proportionately 0·24 of heat production.Stereotypies and excessive drinker use accounted for proportionately 0·86, 0·52 and 0·24 of the activity of High, T/Low and G/Low sows. The proportions of metabolizable energy intake required for these activities were 0·23, 0·07 and 0·04 respectively for the three treatments. The study concludes that tethering is stressful when sows develop, and then indulge in frequent coping behavioural patterns which increase metabolic rate.

scholarly journals Tracking—A

2021 ◽  
pp. 163-192
Author(s):  
Jean Walrand
Keyword(s):  
Kalman Filter ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Recursive Algorithm ◽  
Nonlinear Function ◽  
Random Variables ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Linear Least Squares ◽  
Least Squares Estimate ◽  
Related Notion

AbstractThis chapter explains how to estimate an unobserved random variable or vector from available observations. This problem arises in many examples, as illustrated in Sect. 9.1. The basic problem is defined in Sect. 9.2. One commonly used approach is the linear least squares estimate explained in Sect. 9.3. A related notion is the linear regression covered in Sect. 9.4. Section 9.5 comments on the problem of overfitting. Sections 9.6 and 9.7 explain the minimum means squares estimate that may be a nonlinear function of the observations and the remarkable fact that it is linear for jointly Gaussian random variables. Section 9.8 is devoted to the Kalman filter, which is a recursive algorithm for calculating the linear least squares estimate of the state of a system given previous observations.

Effect of fatty acid composition of dietary fat on energy balance and expenditure in hamsters

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 994-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. H. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Gains

The comparative effects of feeding diets containing corn, olive, coconut, or menhaden fish oil on efficiency of energy deposition and on short term energy expenditure were examined in growing hamsters. Diets comprising oils mixed with laboratory diets at 10% oil w/w were fed ad libitum for 3 weeks. Animals fed laboratory diets were used as controls. Body composition was determined before and after the feeding period using 3H2O distribution space. Oxygen consumption was measured in each animal during the final week. Weight gains of groups fed corn and olive oil diets exceeded those of the group fed laboratory diet alone (p < 0.05), although metabolizable energy intakes were similar across groups. Corn oil fed animals demonstrated higher carcass energy gains as fat compared with laboratory diet fed or menhaden oil fed groups. This was reflected in an increased fractional deposition of metabolizable energy intake in the group fed corn oil diet compared with the latter two groups. Fecal energy losses were lower in the group fed corn oil diet, and higher in the group fed laboratory diet alone, compared with other groups. Oxygen consumption did not differ between groups. These findings indicate that feeding dietary fish oil, compared with corn oil, favours energy substrate oxidation reducing the fraction of metabolizable energy partitioned for storage.Key words: energy balance, energy expenditure, dietary fatty acids, hamster.

Metabolizable energy intake of client-owned adult cats

2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 1025-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Thes ◽  
N. Koeber ◽  
J. Fritz ◽  
F. Wendel ◽  
B. Dobenecker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Adult Cats

Effect of air temperature and energy intake on body mass, body composition and energy requirements in sheep

2002 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. ALLAN DEGEN ◽  
B. A. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Total Body

Body mass was measured and body composition and energy requirements were estimated in sheep at four air temperatures (0 °C to 30 °C) and at four levels of energy offered (4715 to 11785 kJ/day) at a time when the sheep reached a constant body mass. Final body mass was affected mainly by metabolizable energy intake and, to a lesser extent, by air temperature, whereas maintenance requirements were affected mainly by air temperature. Mean energy requirements were similar and lowest at 20 °C and 30 °C (407·5 and 410·5 kJ/kg0·75, respectively) and increased with a decrease in air temperature (528·8 kJ/kg0·75 at 10 °C and 713·3 kJ/kg0·75 at 0 °C). Absolute total body water volume was related positively to metabolizable energy intake and to air temperature. Absolute fat, protein and ash contents were all affected positively by metabolizable energy intake and tended to be related positively to air temperature. In proportion to body mass, total body water volume decreased with an increase in metabolizable energy intake and with an increase in air temperature. Proportionate fat content increased with an increase in metabolizable energy intake and tended to increase with an increase in air temperature. In contrast, proportionate protein content decreased with an increase in metabolizable energy intake and tended to decrease with an increase in air temperature. In all cases, the multiple linear regression using both air temperature and metabolizable energy intake improved the fit over the simple linear regressions of either air temperature or metabolizable energy intake and lowered the standard error of the estimate. The fit was further improved and the standard error of the estimate was further lowered using a polynomial model with both independent variables to fit the data, since there was little change in the measurements between 20 °C and 30 °C, as both air temperatures were most likely within the thermal neutral zone of the sheep. It was concluded that total body energy content, total body water volume, fat and protein content of sheep of the same body mass differed or tended to differ when kept at different air temperatures.

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