PSIX-31 The effect of days on feed and trenbolone acetate + estradiol-17β implants on the dimensional measurements of serially harvested steer carcasses

Abstract Charolais x Angus steers (n = 80) were serially harvested to evaluate the effect of days on feed and exogenous growth promotion on dimensional measurements of chilled carcasses. Steers were randomly distributed to treatment and harvest day in a 2 x 10 factorial design. Steers were paired by genetic similarity and randomly assigned one of two treatments; implanted with Revalor-XS (REV) on d 0 and d 190 or non-implanted control (CON). Four pairs were randomly assigned to market endpoints of 0, 42, 84, 126, 168, 210, 252, 294, 336, or 378 DOF. Forty-eight h after harvest, a digital image was obtained of the lateral aspect of the right side of each carcass in front of a grid containing 390 contrasting black and green squares (100 cm2 each). Images were individually calibrated to a common standard and digitally measured for 2-dimensional surface area and maximal carcass length and width. Maximal length was measured from the caudal tip of the hindshank to cranial edge of the foreshank and maximal width was measured from the dorsal edge of the crest to the ventral edge of the foreshank. Carcass dimensional measurements were analyzed using mixed models; fixed effects were implant treatment and DOF with d 0 BW as a covariate. No TRT x DOF interaction was observed (P ≥ 0.13) for any dependent variable. Steers administered REV yielded 516 cm2 greater (P < 0.01) surface area than CON; moreover, surface area increased 21.0 cm2 /day. No TRT effect (P = 0.57) was observed for maximal length, however maximal width was 3.9 cm greater (P < 0.01) for REV steers. Steer carcasses increased 0.16 cm/day in length and 0.07 cm/day in width. These data illustrate growth in carcass size following exogenous growth promotant administration and finishing steers for various lengths of time.

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Posterior Cervical Keyhole Laminoforaminotomy: A Cadaveric Comparative Study to Evaluate Limits of Bony Resection

Operative Neurosurgery ◽

10.1093/ons/opy230 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. 607-613 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ahmed B Bayoumi ◽

Selim Berk ◽

Ibrahim E Efe ◽

Elif Gulsah Bas ◽

Melissa Duran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Comparative Study ◽

Surface Area ◽

Nerve Root ◽

Root Length ◽

Maximal Length ◽

Nerve Roots ◽

Surface Areas ◽

Lateral Portion ◽

The Right ◽

Cervical Roots

Abstract BACKGROUND The posterior cervical keyhole (KH) laminoforaminotomy has been described to involve the lateral portion of cervical laminae of the upper vertebra alone (small KH) or of both upper and lower vertebrae (large KH). OBJECTIVE To microscopically compare the two keyhole techniques in terms of their ability to expose the corresponding cervical roots. METHODS Ten cadaveric specimens were operated bilaterally from C3-4 to C6-7 level to expose a total of 80 nerve roots. The large KH was applied to the left side, the small KH to the right side. The maximal length of exposed nerve roots was measured under microscope. The virtual optimal KH surface area was determined using digital software. Each root was inspected for exposure of its root and axilla. RESULTS The maximal exposed nerve root length on the large KH side was significantly larger than on the small KH side at C3-4, C5-6, and C6-7 levels (P = .031, P = .002, P = .003). No significance was reported for C4-5 (P = .06). We could expose right axillae in (3/40) and left axillae in (33/40; P < .001). Optimal keyhole surface areas were 37.9, 38.2, 38.7, and 46.2 mm2 in craniocaudal order. CONCLUSION Large KH defects involving both upper and lower laminae and facets can expose the roots to greater extent than small KH defects at C3-4, C5-6, and C6-7 levels. Large KH defects may allow better exposure of nerve roots axillae than small KH defects.

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Demographic, Social, Economic, and Regional Factors Affecting the Diffusion of Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Japan

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14082130 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (8) ◽

pp. 2130

Author(s):

Ken’ichi Matsumoto ◽

Yui Nakamine ◽

Sunyong Eom ◽

Hideki Kato

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Regional Differences ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽

Alternative Fuel Vehicles ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Hybrid Electric ◽

The Right

The transportation sector is a major contributor to carbon dioxide emissions, and the resulting climate change. The diffusion of alternative fuel vehicles, including hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), is an important solution for these issues. This study aimed to evaluate the factors affecting the ownership ratio of HEVs, particularly passenger vehicles, and the regional differences in the purchase of HEVs in Japan. This study performed a fixed-effects regression analysis with panel data for 47 prefectures during the period 2005–2015 to evaluate the factors affecting the HEV ownership ratio and conducted three cluster analyses to investigate the regional differences in diffusion in terms of price categories, body types, and drive systems of HEVs. Some demographic and social factors were found to affect the ownership ratio in Japan, whereas economic factors, including prefecture-level subsidies for purchasing HEVs, were not. Regarding regional differences, prefectures in urban areas with higher income levels tend to purchase more expensive and large-sized HEVs. These results suggest that a strategy to sell the right vehicle to the right person and region is essential for further promoting HEVs in Japan.

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BIOMETRIC STUDIES ON OLIGOMELIC INDIVIDUALS OF THE SPIDER TEGENARIA ATRICA (ARTHROPODA, ARACHNIDA) / BADANIA BIOMETRYCZNE OSOBNIKÓW OLIGOMELICZNYCH PAJĄKA TEGENARIA ATRICA (ARTHROPODA, ARACHNIDA)

Zoologica Poloniae ◽

10.2478/zoop-2013-0002 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 58 (1-2) ◽

pp. 19-28

Author(s):

Julita Templin ◽

Teresa Napiórkowska

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Compensatory Growth ◽

Carapace Length ◽

Anatomical Structure ◽

The Body ◽

Developmental Anomaly ◽

Germ Band ◽

Influence Of Temperature ◽

Growth Increase ◽

The Right

Abstract Oligomely is a type of developmental anomaly occurring in embryos of the spider Tegenaria atrica C.L. Koch under the teratogenic influence of temperature. This anomaly is of metameric origin, as it results from a disorder of metamere formation on the germ band during embryogenesis, resulting in the absence of one half or the whole metamere. In such a case, one or more appendages are missing on one or both sides of the body in a spider leaving a chorion. This anomaly induces changes both in the anatomical structure and exoskeleton of a spider (deformation of carapace and sternum). Carapace length and sternum area were measured, as well as the duration of the subsequent nymph stages of oligomelic individuals with one of the walking appendages missing (always on the right side of the body) was recorded. The consecutive nymph stages of oligomelic individuals lasted for a much shorter time compared with control specimens. This acceleration of development is probably to offset losses incurred during embryogenesis. In the early postembryogenesis, oligomelic specimens exhibited shorter carapace length and smaller surface area of the sternum compared to control individuals, which resulted from the lack of half of the metamere corresponding to the missing leg. However, in older nymph stages, a strong tendency for the faster growth of both carapace and sternum was observed, which can be defined as a compensatory growth increase making up for the losses caused by the anomaly.

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Anatomical Basis for Arthroscopy of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joints

The Journal of Hand Surgery (Asian-Pacific Volume) ◽

10.1142/s2424835518500339 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (03) ◽

pp. 342-346 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hideki Okamoto ◽

Isato Sekiya ◽

Jun Mizutani ◽

Nobuyuki Watanabe ◽

Takanobu Otsuka

Keyword(s):

Proximal Phalanx ◽

Ring Finger ◽

Invasive Technique ◽

Collateral Ligaments ◽

Collateral Ligament ◽

Lateral Band ◽

Dorsal Edge ◽

Anatomical Basis ◽

Pip Joint ◽

The Right

Background: Arthroscopy is a widely used minimally invasive technique. Nevertheless, no report describes the arthroscopic anatomy of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint for portal creation. To facilitate arthroscopy, this study elucidated the anatomy of the lateral bands of the extensor mechanism and collateral ligaments of PIP joints. Methods: A total of 39 fingers from the right hands of 10 cadavers (4 males, 6 females) were evaluated in this study. We defined the extension line from the proximal interphalangeal volar crease as the C-line. We also defined an imaginary line along the distal edge of the proximal phalanx, which is parallel to the C-line, as the J-line. The distance between J-line and C-line was measured. On the C-line and J-line, we measured the following: from the dorsal skin to the lateral edge of the lateral band (LB), the dorsal edge of the collateral ligament (CL) and from the lateral band and the collateral ligament (D), the width of the finger (W). The finger half-width (M) was measured on the J-line. Comparison between the digits and comparison between radial and ulnar distance were measured and statistical analysis was performed. Results: All PIP joint spaces were distal from the C-line, except for one ring finger. The average distances between the J-line and C-line were 1.8–3.2 mm. On the C-line, only 11 cases (14.1%) showed an interval between the lateral bands and the collateral ligaments, but, on the J-line 72, cases (92.3%) had such an interval. The interval was located 1.6–2.9 mm in a dorsal direction from the midlateral on the J-line. Conclusions: Portal creation at the J-line is safer than at the C-line. This study revealed that safe portals for arthroscopy of the PIP joint are 2 mm dorsal to the midlateral line of the finger on the J-line.

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Corrigendum

Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World ◽

10.1177/2378023118754505 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. 237802311875450

Keyword(s):

Maximum Likelihood ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

The Other ◽

Sociological Research ◽

Panel Models ◽

The Right

Allison, Paul D., Richard Williams, and Enrique Moral-Benito. 2017. “Maximum Likelihood for Cross-lagged Panel Models with Fixed Effects.” Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 3:1–17. (Original DOI: 10.1177/2378023117710578) In this article, there is an error in the R code shown on pp. 15–16, such that the code displayed there produces noticeably different results from those of the other three packages. The authors have prepared a revised R code that does produce the right results, and have included it below as well as online at https://www3.nd.edu/~rwilliam/dynamic/lav_Socius.R .

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Cortical surface alterations in cingulate and frontal regulatory areas underlie insensitive mothering

10.1101/2020.01.29.924613 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Inmaculada León ◽

María José Rodrigo ◽

Ileana Quiñones ◽

Juan Andrés Hernández-Cabrera ◽

Lorna García-Pentón

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Emotional Availability ◽

Frontal Area ◽

Middle Frontal Gyrus ◽

Cortical Surface ◽

Self Awareness ◽

Mediation Analyses ◽

Cortical Thinning ◽

Negative Effect ◽

The Right

AbstractThis study focuses on severe insensitive or neglectful mothering, the most prevalent type of child maltreatment, to examine cortical surface feature alterations underlying maternal functioning and their impact on mother-child interactive bonding. High-resolution 3D volumetric images were obtained on 24 neglectful (NM) and 21 non-neglectful control (CM) mothers. Using surface-based morphometry, we compared differences in cortical thickness and surface area. Mothers completed alexithymia and cortical integrity measures and participated with their children in a play task (Emotional Availability Scale). We found cortical thinning for NM in the right rostral middle frontal gyrus and the right anterior/medial cingulate cortex, and also increased surface area in the right occipital lingual and fusiform areas and the caudal middle frontal area. Mediation analyses showed that cognitive integrity and alexithymia mediated, respectively, the positive and negative effect of the rostral middle frontal gyrus on Emotional Availability. The findings suggest cortical thinning in the rostral frontal area underlying high-order regulatory functioning as being critical for poor maternal self-awareness of emotions and the organization of coordinated actions during mother-child interactive bonding.

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Inflammatory agents partially explain changes in cortical thickness and surface area related to body mass index in adolescence

10.1101/698696 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

X. Prats-Soteras ◽

M.A. Jurado ◽

J. Ottino-González ◽

I. García-García ◽

B. Segura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Surface Area ◽

Body Mass ◽

Cortical Thickness ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Fusiform Gyrus ◽

Precentral Gyrus ◽

Superior Frontal Gyrus ◽

Tnf Α ◽

The Right

ABSTRACTBackground/ObjectivesExcessive body mass index (BMI) has been linked to a low-grade chronic inflammation state. Unhealthy BMI has also been related to neuroanatomical changes in adults. However, research in adolescents is relatively limited and has produced conflicting results. This study aims to address the relationship between BMI and adolescents’ brain structure as well as to test the role that inflammatory adipose-related agents might have over this putative link.MethodsWe studied structural MRI and serum levels of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein and fibrinogen in 65 adolescents (aged 12-21 years). Relationships between BMI, cortical thickness and surface area were tested with a vertex-wise analysis. Subsequently, we used backward multiple linear regression models to explore the influence of inflammatory parameters in each brain-altered area.ResultsWe found a negative association between cortical thickness and BMI in the left lateral occipital cortex (LOC), the left fusiform gyrus and the right precentral gyrus as well as a positive relationship between surface area and BMI in the left rostral middle frontal gyrus and the right superior frontal gyrus. In addition, we found that higher fibrinogen serum concentrations were related to thinning within the left LOC (β = −0.45, p < 0.001) and the left fusiform gyrus (β = - 0.33, p = 0.035), while higher serum levels of TNF-α were associated to a greater surface area in the right superior frontal gyrus (β = 0.32, p = 0.045).ConclusionsThese results suggest that adolescents’ body mass increases are related with brain abnormalities in areas that could play a relevant role in some aspects of feeding behavior. Likewise, we have evidenced that these cortical changes were partially driven by inflammatory agents such as fibrinogen and TNF-α.

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Design of Cross Flow Heat Exchanger Using Performance Charts

International Journal of System Modeling and Simulation ◽

10.24178/ijsms.2018.3.2.01 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Mohammed Al Arfaj ◽

Nasser Al Mulhim ◽

Abdullah Al Mulhim ◽

Ahmed Al Naim

Keyword(s):

Heat Transfer ◽

Heat Exchanger ◽

Surface Area ◽

Material Flow ◽

Cross Flow ◽

Thermal Characteristics ◽

Preliminary Design ◽

Dimensionless Parameters ◽

Flow Heat ◽

The Right

The manuscript reviews the various steps involved in the design of a cross flow heat exchanger. Performance charts describing the thermal performance of the heat exchanger in terms of dimensionless parameters are used to develop the preliminary design of the heat exchanger. The preliminary design involves choosing the required number of heat exchanger passes, the required number of transfer units (NTU) and the capacity rate ratio for a given heat transfer application. These dimensionless parameters account for material, flow and thermal characteristics of the heat exchanger. In addition, NTU accounts for heat exchanger size, flow configuration and the type of heat exchanger. Since the preliminary design accounts for all the major characteristics of the heat exchanger, this approach is beneficial in optimizing the heat exchanger during the design phase. Performance charts indicate that indefinitely increasing the surface area (or NTU) does not increase the rate of heat transfer. There exists a threshold limit beyond which increasing the surface area adds no benefit to the heat exchanger. Instead, it just adds weight, material and cost of the heat exchanger. It must be noted that an undersized heat exchanger for a given application may not deliver the required heat transfer and while an oversized heat exchanger will increase the capital cost. Hence, it is very important to choose the right parameters during design of a heat exchanger. From the preliminary design, the detailed design for the heat exchanger can be readily extrapolated. The benefits of using performance charts in the design of a cross flow heat exchanger are described in the manuscript.

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Effect of zinc source and implant strategy on performance, carcass characteristics, and trace mineral concentrations in finishing feedlot steers

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txab218 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Elizabeth M Messersmith ◽

Stephanie L Hansen

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Animal Health ◽

Carcass Characteristics ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Trace Mineral ◽

Trenbolone Acetate ◽

Zn Concentration ◽

Mineral Concentrations ◽

Future Work

Abstract Seventy-two Angus-crossbred steers (411 ± 16 kg) were assigned to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments to examine the effects of blended Zn source supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics, and trace mineral parameters of steers administered no implant or a two-implant program. Factors included implant (IMP) strategies and Zn supplementation. During the 126-d study steers were either not implanted (NoIMP) or implanted (IS/200; Elanco, Greenfield, IN) on d 0 (Component TE-IS; 80 mg trenbolone acetate + 16 mg estradiol) and 57 (Component TE-200; 200 mg trenbolone acetate + 20 mg estradiol). All steers were fed 70 mg Zn/kg on a dry matter (DM) basis from ZnSO4 + 30 mg Zn/kg DM from either basic ZnCl (Vistore Zn, Phibro Animal Health, Teaneck, NJ), Zn glycinate (Gemstone Zn, Phibro Animal Health), or ZnSO4 (ZnB, ZnG, or ZnS, respectively). Steers were blocked by weight into pens of 6 and fed a dry rolled corn-based diet via GrowSafe bunks (GrowSafe Systems Ltd.; Airdrie, AB, Canada). Data were analyzed using the Mixed Procedure of SAS, with fixed effects of Zn, IMP, and the interaction. Steer was the experimental unit (n = 12 steers/treatment). Liver and muscle collected on d -5, 14, 71, and 120 were analyzed for Zn concentration, and data were analyzed as repeated measures (repeated effect = Day). An IMP × Zn tendency (P = 0.07) was observed for d 126 body weight with no effects of Zn within NoIMP while ZnS tended to be heavier than ZnB with ZnG intermediate within IS/200. Carcass-adjusted overall feed efficiency (G:F) was greatest for ZnS (Zn; P = 0.02). Implanted cattle had greater DM intake, G:F, and carcass-adjusted performance (P ≤ 0.01). Liver Zn concentrations were greater for IS/200 by d 120 (IMP × Day; P = 0.02). Within IS/200, ZnG tended to have greater muscle Zn than ZnS while ZnB was intermediate (Zn × IMP; P = 0.09). No Zn or IMP × Zn (P ≥ 0.12) effects were observed for carcass data. However, IS/200 had greater hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, and ribeye area than NoIMP (P ≤ 0.001). These data suggest implants improve growth and influence Zn metabolism. Future work should examine Zn sources and supplementation alongside implant strategies.

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Scintiscan Characteristics of Normal Thyroid Gland in a Region of Known Iodine Intake

Nuklearmedizin ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1624934 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 15 (02) ◽

pp. 60-62

Author(s):

Lucille E. Snoop ◽

G. T. Krishnamurthy

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Gland ◽

Surface Area ◽

Iodine Intake ◽

Left Lobe ◽

Morphological Features ◽

Poor Correlation ◽

Normal Thyroid ◽

Right Lobe ◽

The Mean ◽

The Right

SummaryMorphological features of a normal thyroid gland in a geographical region where the daily iodine intake is about 1 mg are established. The mean weight of the thyroid gland is 31.3 gm with a range from 19 to 43 gm. Oblique length of the right lobe is 5.0 cm and that of the left lobe 4.8 cm. The surface area of the right and left lobes is 9.7 and 9.1 cm2, respectively. The weight of the thyroid gland calculated on the basis of the scan obtained with 99mTcO4 is quite variable and shows poor correlation (γ = 0.40) with the weight obtained on the basis of I-131 scan. It is suggested that the criteria of normalcy be established regionally based on iodine intake, and that an isotope of iodine be used in calculating the weight of thyroid gland for dosimetry purposes.

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