286 Effects of Supplementation of Quebracho Extract Supplementation on Ruminal Ph of Growing Beef Steers

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 158-159
Author(s):  
Luiz Fernando Dias Batista ◽  
Aaron B Norris ◽  
Jordan Adams ◽  
Luis O Tedeschi
Keyword(s):  
Redox Potential ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Random Coefficients ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Organic Acid Production ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Dorsal Sac

Abstract Rumen acidosis is a common metabolic disorder occurring when organic acid production exceeds clearance capacity, reducing ruminal pH. Acidosis occurrence has been directly correlated to the ratio of concentrate to forage in the diet. However, the rates of substrate fermentation and acid absorption vary at different locations in the rumen. The objective of this study was to determine the pH in different locations of the rumen using 16 rumenally- cannulated steers (309 ± 43 kg) receiving quebracho extract (QT; Schinopsis balansae) within a grower-type diet [25:75 forage-to-concentrate, dry matter (DM) % basis]. Animals were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments (n = 4): QT at 0, 1, 2, and 3% of DM (QT0, QT1, QT2, and QT3). Animals were adapted to the basal diet (QT0) for 12-d before being introduced to predetermined treatments for four weeks, with feed provided twice daily to allow ad libitum intake. Weekly measurements of ruminal fluid pH and redox potential (Eh) were taken four h post-feeding using a portable pH and redox meter probe in four locations of the rumen (cranial sac, ventral sac, dorsal sac, and reticulum). Data were analyzed using a random coefficients model with the pen as a random effect and week as repeated measures. The DM intake was included as a covariate. There was no interaction among diet, location, and week (P ≥ 0.925) on pH. Overall, ruminal pH was lower for QT0 and QT1 compared to QT3 (P < 0.001). Ruminal pH in the cranial sac and reticulum was greater than in the dorsal sac (5.98, 6.03, and 5.87, respectively; P = 0.001). Redox potential was lower for QT0 in week 1 than all other treatments (P = 0.042). This study indicated that pH differs among locations of the rumen regardless of QT supplementation level and days on feed.

Technical note: The Comparison of pH and Redox Potential in Different Locations in the Reticulo-Rumen of Growing Beef Steers Supplemented with Different Levels of Quebracho Extract

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz F Batista Dias ◽  
Aaron B Norris ◽  
Jordan M Adams ◽  
Thomas B Hairgrove ◽  
Luis O Tedeschi
Keyword(s):  
Redox Potential ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Random Coefficients ◽  
Organic Acid Production ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Dorsal Sac

Abstract Rumen acidosis is a common metabolic disorder occurring when organic acid production exceeds clearance capacity, reducing ruminal pH. The occurrence of acidosis has been directly correlated to the ratio of concentrate to forage in the diet. However, rates of substrate fermentation and acid absorption vary at different locations in the reticulo-rumen. The objective of this study was to determine the pH and redox potential (Eh) in different locations of the reticulo-rumen using 16 ruminally cannulated steers (309 ± 43 kg) receiving different supplementation levels of quebracho extract (QT; Schinopsis balansae) within a grower-type diet (CP : 13.4 %; TDN: 70.4 %, and ME : 2.55 Mcal/kg, basis dry matter [DM] basis). Animals were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments: QT at 0, 1, 2, and 3% of DM (QT0, QT1, QT2, and QT3; respectively), containing about 0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1% of condensed tannins (CT), DM basis, respectively. Animals were adapted to the basal diet for 12-d before being introduced to predetermined treatments for 4 weeks (wk), with diets provided twice daily to allow ad libitum intake. Weekly measurements of ruminal fluid pH and Eh were taken 4 h post-feeding using a portable pH meter with 2 probes (pH and redox) in four locations of the reticulo-rumen (reticulum, cranial sac, dorsal sac, and ventral sac). Data were analyzed using a random coefficients model with the pen as a random effect and wk as repeated measures, with DM intake included as a covariate. There was no interaction among treatments, location, and wk (P ≥ 0.882) on reticulo-ruminal pH. Overall, ruminal pH was lower for QT0 and QT1 compared to QT3 (P < 0.001). The pH in the reticulum was greater than those of the ventral and dorsal sacs (6.05 vs. 5.94, 5.89, respectively; P ≤ 0.001) but similar to cranial sac (6.00). Reticular pH was positively correlated with the ruminal locations ( ≥ 0.78; P < 0.001). The linear equation to estimate ruminal mean pH using reticulum pH had an intercept and slope different from zero (P ≤ 0.04), but CT (% DM) was not different from zero (P = 0.15), root mean square error of 0.15, and R 2 of 0.778: 0.723 (±0.36) + 0.857 (±0.059) × Reticulum pH + 0.033 (±0.023) × CT. The redox potential was lower for QT0 in wk 1 than all other treatments (P < 0.001). We concluded that reticulo-ruminal pH differs among locations in the rumen regardless of QT supplementation level and days on feed, with reticular pH being the highest.

305 Methane Emissions and Apparent Total Tract Nutrient Digestibility of Feedlot Beef Steers Under Intensive Management with or Without an Added Nutritional Packet

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 166-167
Author(s):  
Andrea M Osorio ◽  
Kaue T Tonelli Nardi ◽  
Igor Gomes Fávero ◽  
Kaliu G Scaranto Silva ◽  
Kymberly D Coello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Period ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Ch4 Production

Abstract The effects of a nutritional packet were evaluated on CH4 emissions and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility of feedlot beef steers. Thirty Angus-crossbred steers (BW = 542 ± 8.4 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design and allocated into pens equipped with SmartFeed (C-Lock; 15 steers/treatment). Steers were consuming a steam-flaked corn-based diet (88% concentrate DM basis) ad libitum for the last 65 d on feed, and received the following treatments: 1) control and 2) a nutritional packet [0.29% DM basis; live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 8.7 Log CFU/g); Vitamin C (5.4 g/kg); Vitamin B1 (13.33 g/kg); NaCl (80 g/kg); KCl (80 g/kg)]. Methane emissions and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility were measured during 3 periods with 5-d of collections each. Gas emissions from steers were measured utilizing the SF6 tracer technique. Feed and fecal samples were collected once and twice (0700 h and 1600 h) daily, respectively, to determine digestibility of nutrients using iNDF as an internal marker. Steer was considered the experimental unit. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the fixed effects of treatment, period, and their interaction, and the random effect of block. No treatment × period interactions (P ≥ 0.125) were observed for DMI and any of the CH4 production variables (g/day, g/kg BW0.75, g/nutrient intake, and g/nutrient digested). Moreover, treatments did not affect digestibility of DM, OM, or ADF (P ≥ 0.300); however, digestibility of NDF was increased for treated cattle (P = 0.013), which resulted in a tendency (P = 0.098) to decrease CH4 production in g per kg NDF intake and decreased (P = 0.020) grams CH4 per kg NDF digested. The nutritional packet may be altering ruminal fermentation on intensively managed steers and improving fiber digestibility, which can have benefits on CH4 emission intensity.

scholarly journals 349 The use of low antioxidant mineral concentrations in the growing diet as a method to increase marbling deposition in feedlot cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 141-142
Author(s):  
Jerad R Jaborek ◽  
Alejandro E Relling
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Feedlot Performance ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract The presence of reactive oxygen species has been associated with the differentiation of pre-adipocytes into lipid filled mature adipocytes in vitro. We hypothesized offering a diet without supplemental antioxidant minerals (Cu, Mg, Zn, and Se) to steers during the growing phase, a time when intramuscular fat cells are believed to be proliferating, would promote differentiation of pre-adipocytes, leading to more desirable marbling scores compared with steers supplemented to meet their mineral requirements. After adaptation to the feedlot, 168 Sim-Angus steers were divided into four weight blocks, placed in one of twenty-four pens, and randomly assigned a dietary treatment. Dietary treatments were: 1) no supplemental (Cu, Mg, Zn, and Se) minerals; 2) control diet with supplemented minerals to meet the mineral requirements of growing beef steers (NRC, 2016); 3) Cu, Mg, Zn, and Se concentrations supplemented at twice the concentration of the control diet. After dietary treatments were applied for the 4-wk long growing phase, steers were offered a common finishing diet until reaching a similar backfat thickness until harvest. Feedlot performance and carcass data were analyzed in SAS with pen as the experimental unit in the following model: Yij = μ+Di+wj+eij, where Di was the fixed effect of diet, wj was the random effect of weight block, and eij was the random error. No significant (P > 0.35) treatment effects were found for feedlot performance and carcass measurements. The feedstuffs in the basal diet may have contained sufficient concentrations of antioxidant minerals to meet the mineral requirements of the steers and mask differences in marbling. Additionally, offering a similar diet during the finishing period may have resulted in compensatory marbling growth, which offset marbling differences after the growing phase and resulted in uniform marbling accumulation across dietary treatments.

scholarly journals The effect of feeding live yeast cultures on ruminal pH and redox potential in dry cows as continuously measured by a new wireless device

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 37-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Křížová ◽  
M. Richter ◽  
J. Třináctý ◽  
J. Říha ◽  
D. Kumprechtová
Keyword(s):  
Redox Potential ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Yeast Cultures ◽  
Live Yeast

An experiment was carried out on four dry Holstein cows fitted with rumen cannulas that were divided into two groups. The crossover design experiment was divided into 4 periods of 3 weeks. Each period consisted of a 17-day preliminary period followed by a 4-day experimental period. Cows were fed twice daily the total mixed ration based on maize silage and concentrate. Control cows (Control) received the basal diets while experimental animals (Yeast) received the basal diet supplemented with 3.0 g of live yeast (BIOSAF Sc 47, Lesaffre, France) at each feeding. During each experimental period ruminal pH and redox potential (Eh) were monitored continuously using a developed wireless probe. Further, in each experimental period five samples of ruminal fluid were taken at 6:30, 8:30, 10:30, 13:30 and 16:30 h to determine the content of volatile fatty acids, lactic acids and ammonia. On the last day of each period, blood samples were taken for determination of blood parameters and acid-base balance. Average daily dry matter intake throughout the experiment was 8.2 kg/day and was not affected by the treatment. The average ruminal pH in Control was 6.16 that was significantly lower than in Yeast, being 6.26 (P &lt; 0.001). The diurnal pattern of ruminal pH showed a similar trend in both groups. Mean Eh in Control (&ndash;210 mV) differed significantly from Yeast (&ndash;223 mV, P &lt; 0.001). The mean value of rH (Clark's Exponent) calculated for Control (5.33) was higher than that calculated for Yeast (5.09, P &lt; 0.001). Total VFA concentrations were on average 40.8mM in Control and 57.2mM in Yeast (P &gt; 0.05). Lactate and ammonia concentrations at individual sampling times and overall mean did not differ significantly between treatments (P &gt; 0.05). Blood pH and CO<sub>2</sub> were not affected by the treatment.

scholarly journals Effect of cattle breed and basal diet on digestibility, rumen bacterial communities, and eating and rumination activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro H V Carvalho ◽  
Ana C J Pinto ◽  
Danilo D Millen ◽  
Tara L Felix
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Fecal Excretion ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Post Feeding

Abstract The objectives of this study were to compare ruminal total tract digestibility, bacterial communities, and eating and rumination activity between Holstein and Angus steers fed grain- or forage-based diets. Six Holstein steers (average body weight [BW] = 483 ± 23 kg) and six Angus steers (average BW = 507 ± 29 kg), previously fitted with rumen cannulae, were fed in a crossover design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of four treatments: 1) Holsteins fed a grain-based diet, 2) Holsteins fed a forage-based diet, 3) Angus fed a grain-based diet, and 4) Angus fed a forage-based diet. Each period was 35 d with 26 d of diet adaptation and 9 d of sample collection. On days 1 and 2 of collection, feeding activity was recorded for 48 h. On day 3, rumen contents were sampled to measure ruminal pH at 0, 3, 6, 12, and 18 h after feeding. A portion of the strained ruminal fluid was subsampled at 0, 3, and 6 h for volatile fatty acids (VFA) analysis. Rumen contents were subsampled at 3 h for analysis of bacterial communities. From day 4 to 8, total fecal excretion, feed, and refusals samples were collected and analyzed for dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and starch. On days 8 and 9 (0 and 3 h post-feeding, respectively), total reticulorumen evacuation was conducted and contents were weighed. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedures in SAS (v9.4 SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Repeated measures were used to analyze changes in ruminal pH and VFA over time. There were no interactions of diet × breed (P ≥ 0.07). While the main effects of diet were expected, unique to these data is the fact that bacterial diversity and richness were reduced (P &lt; 0.01) in cattle fed grain-based diets. There was no main effect (P &gt; 0.34) of breed on total tract DM, organic matter, and starch digestibility, but Angus cattle had greater (P = 0.01) NDF digestibility than Holsteins. The increased NDF digestibility may be associated with a numerical (P = 0.08) increased numbers of bacterial species in Angus steers compared with Holstein steers. Holstein steers also spent more time (P ≤ 0.05) ruminating than Angus steers. There was no effect (P &gt; 0.80) of breed on reticulorumen content at feeding time; however, Holstein steers had greater (P = 0.04) reticulorumen content on a wet basis 3 h post-feeding. Although Holstein steers spent more time ruminating, Angus steers were better able to digest NDF when compared with Holsteins, regardless of basal diet, and this improvement may be related to changes in bacterial communities in the rumen or to rumination activity.

scholarly journals 230 Effects of encapsulated calcium-ammonium nitrate on performance and methane production of beef steers grazing mixed winter forage

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 166-167
Author(s):  
Andrea M Osorio Doblado ◽  
Sebastian E Mejia-Turcios ◽  
Miranda K Stotz ◽  
David Vargas ◽  
Rafael Canonenco de Araujo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Supplement Intake

Abstract The effects of encapsulated calcium-ammonium nitrate (eCAN) on in vivo methane production and performance were evaluated. A generalized randomized block design was used with beef steers grazing a mixed winter forage (Triticum aestivum, Triticosecale rimpaui, and Secale cereale) for 49 d. Thirty-six Angus-crossbred steers (332 ± 53 kg) were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: 1) winter pasture + corn (WC), 2) WC + 328 mg/kg of BW eCAN (WCN) and 3) WC + 124 mg/kg of BW UREA (WCU), all supplemented with corn (0.3% BW treatments). Treatments WCN and WCU were isonitrogenous. A 14d adaptation period was used to adapt cattle to treatments. Methane emissions were measured using the sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique. Blood samples and BW were taken at d 0, 24, 35, and 49. Supplemental corn and NPN orts were collected daily. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the fixed effect of treatment and random effect of pasture (block); BUN, supplement intake and CP intake were analyzed with repeated measures. Steer was considered the experimental unit. Methane production was not different (P &gt; 0.05) considering g/d, g/kg of BW, g/kg of MBW, or g/kg of ADG. Treatments did not affect ADG (P = 0.941). Supplement intake was affected by treatment (P &lt; 0.001), with WC (0.979 kg) being greater compared to WCU (0.887 kg) and WCN (0.706 kg). Total CP intake increased (P &lt; 0.001) with WCU (0.155 kg) and WCN (0.116 kg), compared to WC (0.074 kg), which did not have a non-protein source. Blood urea nitrogen was affected by day, with d 24 (18.598 mg/dL) being greater compared to d 0 (8.215 mg/dL), 35 (10.549 mg/dL) and 49 (14.5744 mg/dL). The eCAN did not effectively replace urea as a NPN source to mitigate enteric methane.

scholarly journals 222 Effect of corn stalk inclusion rate on performance and rumination behavior in beef steers

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 128-129
Author(s):  
Jenny S Jennings ◽  
Catherine L Lockard ◽  
Ty E Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Rumen Bolus ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract Coarse roughage, such as corn stalks, in feedlot diets aids in the formation of a fibrous mat within the rumen. The fibrous mat supports rumen health, buffers pH, and reduces acidosis risk in cattle consuming high-concentrate diets. Excess roughage can increase physical fill, thus lowering the animal’s ability to consume enough energy for efficient growth. The objective of this experiment was to quantify feedlot growth performance, rumination, ruminal pH and carcass quality and yield outcomes of cattle consuming a finishing diet with increasing levels of roughage. Fifty-one steers (initial BW = 295 + 11 kg) were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 dietary treatments; 5% (5CS; n = 18), 10% (10CS; n = 17), or 15% (15CS; n = 16) corn stalks (DM basis) in a steam-flaked-corn based finishing diet. Steers were fitted with a sensory collar that recorded rumination (min/d) and one-half of the steers (n = 27) received a rumen bolus that continuously monitored pH. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design. Data were analyzed using a mixed model; treatment was a fixed effect and block was a random effect. As CS inclusion increased, we observed increased DM intake (P = 0.01; 7.7, 8.2, and 8.5 kg/d, respectively), decreased gain efficiency (P < 0.01; 0.18, 0.16, and 0.14 kg/kg DM, respectively), and a tendency for decreased ADG (P = 0.09; 1.34, 1.33, and 1.22 kg/d, respectively). Ruminal pH was highest (P < 0.01) for 15CS (6.28) and similar for 5CS and 10CS (6.10). Steers spent more time ruminating (P < 0.01) when consuming the 10CS diet (361 min/d) and least with 5CS diet (279 min/d). Increasing CS to 15% decreased rib fat thickness (P = 0.01), decreased calculated YG (P = 0.02), and decreased marbling score (P < 0.01) compared with the 5CS and 10CS treatments. Feeding excess corn stalks (≥ 15%) may prevent adequate energy intake, thus diminishing feedlot growth performance and carcass merit.

163 Relative Bioavailability of Bis-glycinate Bound Copper in Beef Steers Fed a High Antagonist Growing Diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 121-122
Author(s):  
Erin L Deters ◽  
Allison VanDerWal ◽  
Katherine VanValin ◽  
Stephanie L Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Relative Bioavailability ◽  
Fixed Effect ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Lower Solubility ◽  
High Concentrations

Abstract To assess relative bioavailability of an organic Cu source, 90 Angus-cross steers (265 ± 21 kg) were blocked by body weight to pens with GrowSafe bunks and randomly assigned to dietary Cu treatments (14–18 steers/treatment): 0 mg Cu/kg dry matter (DM; CON), 5 or 10 mg Cu/kg DM as Cu sulfate (CS5; CS10) or chelated bis-glycinate Cu (GLY5; GLY10). Steers were fed a common high antagonist growing diet (0.48% S; 5.3 mg Mo/kg DM; 4.9 mg Cu/kg DM). Blood was collected from all steers on d 0, 28, 56, 84 and 124. Liver samples were collected at trial beginning (d -3/-2) and end (d 125/126). Data were analyzed using ProcMixed of SAS (experimental unit = steer; fixed effect = treatment; random effect = block). Plasma Cu was analyzed as repeated measures (repeated effect = day). Plasma and liver Cu concentrations were regressed against Cu intake using ProcGLM to calculate relative bioavailability of GLY. Initial liver Cu did not differ between treatments (P ≥ 0.63), but final liver Cu was lesser in CON versus steers supplemented 5 or 10 mg Cu/kg DM from either source (P ≤ 0.09). Final liver Cu was greater for CS versus GLY (P &lt; 0.01). Plasma Cu for all treatments decreased through d 28; final plasma Cu was greatest for steers supplemented either source at 10 mg Cu/kg DM (treatment × day P &lt; 0.01). Relative bioavailability of GLY was 82% compared to CS (P &lt; 0.01) based on liver Cu but did not differ based on plasma Cu (P = 0.60). High concentrations of dietary antagonists and lower solubility of GLY (68.9% relative to CS) in rumen-like conditions (pH 5.2) may have resulted in free thiomolybdate absorption across the rumen wall and subsequent depletion of liver Cu stores in GLY supplemented steers.

scholarly journals Relative bioavailability of organic bis-glycinate bound copper relative to inorganic copper sulfate in beef steers fed a high antagonist growing diet

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin L Deters ◽  
Allison J VanDerWal ◽  
Katherine R VanValin ◽  
Stephanie L Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Relative Bioavailability ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Lower Solubility ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract To assess the relative bioavailability of bis-glycinate bound Cu, 90 Angus-cross steers (265 ± 21 kg) were blocked by body weight (BW) to pens with GrowSafe bunks and randomly assigned to dietary treatments (14-18 steers/treatment): 0 mg supplemental Cu/kg dry matter (DM; CON), 5 or 10 mg supplemental Cu/kg DM as Cu sulfate (CS5; CS10) or bis-glycinate bound Cu (GLY5; GLY10). Steers received a high antagonist growing diet (analyzed 4.9 mg Cu/kg DM, 0.48% S, and 5.3 mg Mo/kg DM). Steers were weighed at the beginning (d -1 and 0) and end (d 125 and 126) of the trial to determine average daily gain (ADG) and gain:feed (G:F). Blood was collected from all steers on d 0, 28, 56, 84, and 126. Liver samples were collected on d -3 or -2 and d 123 or 124. Data were analyzed using ProcMixed of SAS (experimental unit = steer; fixed effect = treatment and block). Plasma Cu was analyzed as repeated measures (repeated effect = day). Plasma and liver Cu concentrations were regressed against total Cu intake using ProcGLM to calculate relative bioavailability of GLY. Final BW and overall ADG were greatest for CS5 and CS10 and least for CON and GLY5 (P = 0.01). Overall DMI was not affected by treatment (P = 0.14), but overall G:F tended to be greatest for CS5, CS10, and GLY5 and least for CON (P = 0.08). Total and supplemental Cu intake was greatest for steers supplemented either source at 10 mg Cu/kg DM and least for CON (P &lt; 0.01). However, total and supplemental Cu intake was greater for CS5 than GLY5 (P &lt; 0.01). Final liver Cu concentrations were greatest for CS10, least for CON, CS5, and CS10, and intermediate for GLY10 (P &lt; 0.01). Final plasma Cu was greatest for steers supplemented either source at 10 mg Cu/kg DM (P &lt; 0.01). Relative bioavailability of GLY was 82% compared to CS based on liver Cu (P &lt; 0.01) but did not differ based on plasma Cu (P = 0.60). The lesser bioavailability of GLY relative to CS could be due to a high concentration of dietary antagonists and lower solubility of GLY (68.9% relative to CS) in pH conditions (5.2) similar to the ruminal pH of a beef animal consuming a high concentrate diet. Future studies should examine the effects of bis-glycinate bound Cu fed in blended combination with inorganic Cu sulfate to determine the most effective blend of sources for feedlot cattle experiencing varying amounts of dietary Cu antagonists.

scholarly journals PSVIII-17 Assessment of conformational changes across three parities in sows

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 221-222
Author(s):  
Melanie D Trenhaile-Grannemann ◽  
Ronald M Lewis ◽  
Stephen D Kachman ◽  
Kenneth J Stalder ◽  
Benny E Mote
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Conformation Changes ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Conformation-based sow selection is performed prior to reaching mature size, yet little is known about how conformation changes as growth continues. To assess conformation changes, 9 conformational traits were objectively measured at 12 discrete time points between 112 d of age and parity 3 weaning on 622 sows in 5 cohorts. The 9 traits included 5 body size traits (body length, body depth at the shoulder and flank, and height at the shoulder and flank) and 4 joint angles (knee, hock, and front and rear pastern). Data were analyzed with a repeated measures model (SAS V 9.4) including cohort and time point as fixed effects, sire as a random effect, and heterogeneous compound symmetry as the covariance structure. Sire variance ranged from 0.16 (body depth shoulder) to 2.00 (body length) cm2 for body size traits and 2.28 (rear pastern) to 4.22 (front pastern) degrees2 for joint angles. Cohort had an effect on all traits (P &lt; 0.05). All traits displayed changes over time (P &lt; 0.001). Size traits increased between 112 d of age and parity 3 weaning (64.16 vs. 107.57 cm, 26.62 vs. 44.14 cm, 23.32 vs. 36.92 cm, 46.10 vs. 73.55 cm, 49.36 vs. 77.47 cm for body length, body depth shoulder and flank, and height shoulder and flank, respectively); however, they fluctuated within parity by increasing during gestation and decreasing at weaning. Knee angle decreased (164.12 vs. 150.72 degrees) while fluctuating within parity by decreasing in the second half of gestation and increasing after weaning. Front and rear pastern angles decreased over time (60.89 vs. 53.74 degrees and 64.64 vs. 55.50 degrees for front and rear pastern, respectively), while biologically negligible change was observed in hock angle (148.63 vs. 147.48 degrees). Sow conformation changes throughout life, and these changes may require consideration when making selection decisions.

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