scholarly journals Effect of cattle breed and basal diet on digestibility, rumen bacterial communities, and eating and rumination activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro H V Carvalho ◽  
Ana C J Pinto ◽  
Danilo D Millen ◽  
Tara L Felix
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Fecal Excretion ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Post Feeding

Abstract The objectives of this study were to compare ruminal total tract digestibility, bacterial communities, and eating and rumination activity between Holstein and Angus steers fed grain- or forage-based diets. Six Holstein steers (average body weight [BW] = 483 ± 23 kg) and six Angus steers (average BW = 507 ± 29 kg), previously fitted with rumen cannulae, were fed in a crossover design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of four treatments: 1) Holsteins fed a grain-based diet, 2) Holsteins fed a forage-based diet, 3) Angus fed a grain-based diet, and 4) Angus fed a forage-based diet. Each period was 35 d with 26 d of diet adaptation and 9 d of sample collection. On days 1 and 2 of collection, feeding activity was recorded for 48 h. On day 3, rumen contents were sampled to measure ruminal pH at 0, 3, 6, 12, and 18 h after feeding. A portion of the strained ruminal fluid was subsampled at 0, 3, and 6 h for volatile fatty acids (VFA) analysis. Rumen contents were subsampled at 3 h for analysis of bacterial communities. From day 4 to 8, total fecal excretion, feed, and refusals samples were collected and analyzed for dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and starch. On days 8 and 9 (0 and 3 h post-feeding, respectively), total reticulorumen evacuation was conducted and contents were weighed. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedures in SAS (v9.4 SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Repeated measures were used to analyze changes in ruminal pH and VFA over time. There were no interactions of diet × breed (P ≥ 0.07). While the main effects of diet were expected, unique to these data is the fact that bacterial diversity and richness were reduced (P < 0.01) in cattle fed grain-based diets. There was no main effect (P > 0.34) of breed on total tract DM, organic matter, and starch digestibility, but Angus cattle had greater (P = 0.01) NDF digestibility than Holsteins. The increased NDF digestibility may be associated with a numerical (P = 0.08) increased numbers of bacterial species in Angus steers compared with Holstein steers. Holstein steers also spent more time (P ≤ 0.05) ruminating than Angus steers. There was no effect (P > 0.80) of breed on reticulorumen content at feeding time; however, Holstein steers had greater (P = 0.04) reticulorumen content on a wet basis 3 h post-feeding. Although Holstein steers spent more time ruminating, Angus steers were better able to digest NDF when compared with Holsteins, regardless of basal diet, and this improvement may be related to changes in bacterial communities in the rumen or to rumination activity.

scholarly journals Ruminal parameters and ruminal degradability of feedlot sheep fed safflower grains

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 324-335
Author(s):  
Jefferson Leonardo Rocha Alves ◽  
Rafael Henrique de Tonissi e Buschinelli de Goes ◽  
Antônio Campanha Martinez ◽  
Aguinaldo Yoshio Nakamura ◽  
Jefferson Rodrigues Gandra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Asymptotic Model ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Times

SUMMARY This study aimed to evaluate the rumen degradability of dry matter (DM), disappearance of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of Tifton 85 hay, and fermentation parameters (pH and ruminal ammonia nitrogen) of sheep fed diets with inclusion of safflower grains (0, 7.50 and 15%). Three mixed breed lambs with average body weight of 35.50± 1.50 kg were used. The rumen degradability of dry matter and NDF of the Tifton 85 haywas analyzedby the disappearance of DM and NDF, and the kinetic parameters adjusted according to the first order asymptotic model. The samples were incubated in the rumen in descending order (96, 48, 24, 12, 6, 3, 0 hours). The determination of ruminal pH and ruminal ammonia nitrogen (RAN) was performed before feeding and 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after feeding. Data of ruminal fermentation were tested by analysis of variance with repeated measures in time, at 5% probability. Ruminal pH values were not statistically different. When evaluating the RAN, there was a significant difference between the times and treatments for the diet with 15% safflower. The diets presented low effective degradability of DM and NDF with mean values of 18.02% and 47.40%, respectively. The safflower grain can be used up to 7.50% in the diets without altering the degradability and ruminal fermentation.

scholarly journals The Effects of Different Concentrate-to-Forage Ratio Diets on Rumen Bacterial Microbiota and the Structures of Holstein Cows during the Feeding Cycle

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijun Wang ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Yonggen Zhang ◽  
Lihua Wang
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Rumen Microbiota ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
Bacterial Microbiota ◽  
Feeding Cycle ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The objectives of this study were to investigate the ruminal bacterial changes during the feeding cycle. Six ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were used in this experiment. The high-forage (HF) and high-concentrate (HC) diets contained 70% and 30% dietary forage, respectively. Dairy cows were fed their respective diets for at least 28 days, then samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 9, 12, 16 and 20 h post-feeding. The results showed that pH, the concentration of (total volatile fatty acids) TVFAs and the percentages of acetate, propionate and butyrate were significantly affected by diet and time interactions. The diversity of rumen microbiota in HF dietary treatments was significantly higher than that in the HC dietary treatments. ACE (Abundance-based Coverage Estimator) and Chao 1 indices peak at 12 h post-feeding and then decline over the next 8 h. The rumen microbiota was mainly composed of the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria without considering the diet and time. The Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) functional profile prediction indicated that the carbohydrate metabolism was different at 9, 12 and 20 h post-feeding time, which revealed that the soluble carbohydrates were enough for microbial fermentation shortly after feeding. This research gave a further explanation of the interactions among rumen microorganisms, which could further help manipulate the rumen metabolism.

scholarly journals 88 Effects of cattle breed, Holstein versus Angus, and corn grain processing on diet digestibility and ruminal pH

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 50-51
Author(s):  
Pedro Carvalho ◽  
Tara Felix ◽  
Flavia Sales Silva
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Starch Digestibility ◽  
Fecal Excretion ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Corn Processing ◽  
Collection Period ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Corn Grain

Abstract Objectives were to evaluate impacts of breed and corn processing on digestibility of DM and starch, and on ruminal pH over time. Cannulated Holstein (n = 6) and Angus (n = 6) steers (BW = 571 ± 39 kg) were assigned into 1 of 3 treatments: Whole corn, cracked corn, or ground corn. All diets contained 81.5% corn, 6.5% soybean meal, 10.0% grass hay, and 2% vitamin/mineral supplement (DM basis), steers were fed ad libitum. Treatments were fed in a 3x3 replicated Latin square split plot design. Each period consisted of 21 d, 14 d diet adaptation followed by 7 d of sample collection. On d 1 of the collection period, rumen contents were sampled to measure ruminal pH at 0, 3, 6, 12, and 18 h after feeding. From d 2 to 7 of the collection period, total fecal excretion, feed, and refusal were collected and frozen. Samples were composited by steer within period and analyzed for DM and starch. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedures in SAS (v9.4 SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Repeated measures were used to analyze changes in ruminal pH over time. There were no interactions of treatment by breed (P > 0.51) on DMI, or DM and starch digestibility. Holstein steers had a greater (P = 0.03) DMI than Angus steers, regardless of treatment. Digestibility of DM was least (P < 0.01) when corn grain was fed whole, regardless of breed. Compared to feeding whole corn, starch digestibility improved 2.17% when corn grain was fed cracked or 3.44% when corn grain was fed ground. There was a treatment by breed interaction (P < 0.01) for mean ruminal pH. Mean ruminal pH of Angus steers had a linear decrease as corn processing increased. However, mean ruminal pH was less variable among Holstein steers, regardless of diet. Angus steers were less able to maintain a greater ruminal pH than Holstein steers as processed corn was fed, even though Holsteins ate more grain.

scholarly journals The effect of feeding live yeast cultures on ruminal pH and redox potential in dry cows as continuously measured by a new wireless device

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 37-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Křížová ◽  
M. Richter ◽  
J. Třináctý ◽  
J. Říha ◽  
D. Kumprechtová
Keyword(s):  
Redox Potential ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Yeast Cultures ◽  
Live Yeast

An experiment was carried out on four dry Holstein cows fitted with rumen cannulas that were divided into two groups. The crossover design experiment was divided into 4 periods of 3 weeks. Each period consisted of a 17-day preliminary period followed by a 4-day experimental period. Cows were fed twice daily the total mixed ration based on maize silage and concentrate. Control cows (Control) received the basal diets while experimental animals (Yeast) received the basal diet supplemented with 3.0 g of live yeast (BIOSAF Sc 47, Lesaffre, France) at each feeding. During each experimental period ruminal pH and redox potential (Eh) were monitored continuously using a developed wireless probe. Further, in each experimental period five samples of ruminal fluid were taken at 6:30, 8:30, 10:30, 13:30 and 16:30 h to determine the content of volatile fatty acids, lactic acids and ammonia. On the last day of each period, blood samples were taken for determination of blood parameters and acid-base balance. Average daily dry matter intake throughout the experiment was 8.2 kg/day and was not affected by the treatment. The average ruminal pH in Control was 6.16 that was significantly lower than in Yeast, being 6.26 (P &lt; 0.001). The diurnal pattern of ruminal pH showed a similar trend in both groups. Mean Eh in Control (&ndash;210 mV) differed significantly from Yeast (&ndash;223 mV, P &lt; 0.001). The mean value of rH (Clark's Exponent) calculated for Control (5.33) was higher than that calculated for Yeast (5.09, P &lt; 0.001). Total VFA concentrations were on average 40.8mM in Control and 57.2mM in Yeast (P &gt; 0.05). Lactate and ammonia concentrations at individual sampling times and overall mean did not differ significantly between treatments (P &gt; 0.05). Blood pH and CO<sub>2</sub> were not affected by the treatment.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF SYNCHRONIZATION OF CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN SUPPLY  IN THE SUGARCANE BAGASSE BASED DIET ON MICROBIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN SHEEP

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Achmadi ◽  
A. T. Suhada ◽  
L. K. Nuswantara ◽  
F. Wahyono
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Synchronization Index ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Post Feeding

The experimental research was conducted to clarify the effect of synchronization of ruminal carbohydrate and protein releases from sugarcane bagasse based diet (SBBD) on microbial protein synthesis in sheep. The first experiment was the formulation of three SBBD with similar nutrient content but differed in synchronization indexes (namely 0.36; 0.50 and 0.63). The in sacco nutrient degradability coefficient was used to calculate the synchronization index of each feedstuff. The second experiment was determination of post feeding ruminal pH, ruminal concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level in sheep fed on experimental SBBD. The third experiment was determination of feed digestibility and estimation of microbial nitrogen synthesis (MNP) on the basis of excreted urinary allantoin. The alteration of dietary synchronization index did not change nutrient intake, but the digestibilities of DM, OM and CP were increased (P<0.05). The post feeding ruminal pH was decreased (P<0.05) but concentrations of post feeding ruminal TVFA and NH3-N, and level of BUN were increased (P<0.05) by the treatment of dietary synchronization index. The treatment of dietary synchronization index improved MNP (P<0.05), although dietary synchronization index at 0.63 lowered the MNP (P<0.05). 

Intake, ruminal fermentation parameters, and apparent total tract digestibility by beef steers consuming Pensacola bahiagrass hay treated with calcium oxide

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francine M Ciriaco ◽  
Darren D Henry ◽  
Tessa M Schulmeister ◽  
Carla D Sanford ◽  
Luara B Canal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

Abstract To determine the effect of CaO treated Pensacola bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) hay on intake, ruminal fermentation parameters, and apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients, 9 ruminally cannulated Angus-crossbred steers were used in a triplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. Steers had ad libitum access to either: 1) untreated dry hay (DH;  n = 8); 2) hay at 50% DM treated with 8.9% CaCO3 [dry matter (DM) basis; CC; n = 9]; or 3) hay at 50% DM treated with 5% CaO (DM basis; CO; n = 8). Water was added to reach 50% DM in the CC and CO diets. Ruminal fluid and blood samples were collected every 3 h for 24 h. Ruminal fluid was analyzed for pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N). Blood was analyzed for plasma urea nitrogen (PUN). Hay and fecal samples were collected for 4 d, 4 times daily for hay and twice daily for feces, to determine apparent total-tract digestibility of nutrients. The hay provided to steers during the digestibility period was analyzed for in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) for 48h. Data were analyzed as repeated measures for blood and ruminal fermentation parameters. Total DM intake was not affected (P ≥ 0.674) by treatment. A treatment effect (P &lt; 0.001) was observed for average ruminal pH, where steers consuming CO had the greatest pH (P &lt; 0.001). Ruminal concentration of NH3-N tended (P = 0.059) to be reduced in steers consuming CO. There was a treatment × time interaction (P = 0.023) on concentrations of PUN, where at 3 h DH and CO were lesser than CC (P ≤ 0.050) and at 21 h DH was lesser than CC (P = 0.020). Total VFA, acetate, propionate, butyrate, branched-chain VFA, and valerate concentrations were affected by treatment (P ≤ 0.035), where a reduction (P ≤ 0.034) occurred in steers consuming CO. No treatment differences were observed for total-tract digestibility of DM (P = 0.186), organic matter (P = 0.169), or crude protein (P = 0.152); however, steers consuming DH had greater neutral detergent fiber (P = 0.038) than CC and tended to be greater than CO (P = 0.082). The CO hay had greater (P = 0.005) IVOMD compared with DH and tended (P = 0.100) to be greater than CC. Bahiagrass hay treated with CaO may reduce ruminal fermentation, as indicated by decreased total VFA concentration without altering DM intake. The addition of CaO did not improve the digestibility of bahiagrass hay in vivo; however, in vitro results are contradictory and warrant further elucidation.

scholarly journals Effects of total replacement of soybean meal and corn on ruminal fermentation, volatile fatty acids, protozoa concentration, and gas production

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amani Bahri ◽  
Marga Joy ◽  
Mireia Blanco ◽  
Juan Ramon Bertolin ◽  
Marouen Amaraoui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Total Replacement ◽  
Post Feeding

Abstract. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of total replacement of soybean meal and corn with triticale and faba bean or field pea on rumen fermentation, protozoa counts, and gas production of lactating ewes. A total of 30 Sicilo-Sarde ewes were randomly allocated into three groups and were fed 1.8 kg drymatter of oat hay plus 500 g of one of three concentrates: the first concentrate (CS) was mainly composed of soybean meal, corn, and barley; the second (TFB) was formed by triticale and faba bean; and the third (TFP) was composed of triticale and field pea. The type of concentrate did not affect ruminal pH or ammonia nitrogen concentration (P > 0.05). The individual concentrations of volatile fatty acids showed a significant interaction between the type of concentrate and sampling time (P < 0.05), except for Butyric and Isobutyric acids. Within a post-feeding time, the pattern of evolution of total volatile fatty, acetic, and propionic acids differed significantly at 2 h post feeding (P < 0.05), while butyric and valeric acid changed at 0 and 4 h post feeding. The type of concentrate affected the total number of ciliate protozoa and the Isotricha species (P < 0.05), whereas Entodinium, Ophryoscolex, and Polyplastron were similar among concentrates (P > 0.05). The cumulative gas production from the in vitro fermentation, the time of incubation, and their interaction was affected by concentrate (P < 0.001). The substitution of soybean meal and corn in the concentrate with faba bean or field peas and triticale might maintain rumen parameters of dairy ewes.

scholarly journals Intake, digestibility, ruminal parameters, and microbial protein synthesis in crossbred steers fed diets based on Brachiaria grass silage and sorghum silage

2009 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 1328-1338 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.H.M. Chizzotti ◽  
O.G. Pereira ◽  
S.C. Valadares Filho ◽  
M.L. Chizzotti ◽  
M.I. Leão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Microbial Efficiency ◽  
Sorghum Silage ◽  
Matter Basis

A trial was carried out with four Holstein x Nellore crossbred steers (225±22kg of BW) fitted with ruminal and abomasal cannulaes in a 4 x 4 Latin Square design to evaluate the intake and the total and partial apparent digestibilities of nutrients, ruminal parameters, and microbial synthesis. Diets consisted of 60% silage and 40% concentrate formulated to be isonitrogenous (12.5% of crude protein, dry matter basis). Treatments consisted of different proportions of Brachiaria brizantha grass silage and sorghum silage: 100:0; 67:33; 33:67, and 0:100%, respectively, on dry matter basis. The intake of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, non-fiber carbohydrates, and total digestible nutrients linearly increased (P<0.01) as levels of sorghum silage increased. The total apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and neutral detergent fiber linearly increased with sorghum silage levels (P<0.02). The highest ruminal NH3-N (13.63mg/dL) levels occurred at 2.94h post-feeding whereas the lowest ruminal pH (5.87) was measured at 5.21h post-feeding. Microbial efficiency was not affected (P>0.05) by the treatments. The use of 67% of sorghum silage and 33% of grass silage increased intake and digestibility of nutrients without affecting ruminal pH, ruminal NH3-N, and microbial efficiency.

scholarly journals Soybean hulls and / or white oat grains on the ingestive behavior of confined steers

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1925
Author(s):  
Guilherme Joner ◽  
Dari Celestino Alves Filho ◽  
Andrei Retamoso Mayer ◽  
Patrícia Machado Martini Cattelam ◽  
Camille Carijo Domingues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Soybean Hulls ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Significant Difference

Dry matter and neutral detergent fiber contents act as physical regulators of voluntary intake in ruminants. Therefore, different levels of these components may interfere with animal performance and require careful assessment of the used raw material. This study was conducted with the purpose to assess the effect of soybean hulls and white oat in distinct or associated uses in the concentrate diet on the ingestive behavior of cattle. Thirty-six steers with an initial mean age of 20 months and initial mean weight of 226 kg were used. The diet was composed of 50% sorghum silage and 50% concentrate based on dry matter. The tested diets were soybean hulls (concentrate fraction composed mainly of soybean hulls), white oat grains (concentrate fraction composed mainly of white oat grains), and mixture (concentrate fraction composed of equal parts of soybean hulls and white oat grains). The experimental design was a randomized block design with 12 animals per diet. The data were compared by the PROC MIXED procedure with repeated measures in time, and the means were compared by the least significant difference test at 5% significance level. Diets presented different contents of neutral detergent fiber (66, 56, and 47%) and lignin (3.2, 3.7, and 4.1%) as the percentage of white oat grain increased in the diet. The total rumination time was lower (447 minutes) for animals that received equal parts of soybean hulls and white oat grains in the diet when compared to animals receiving a diet containing soybean hulls (483 minutes) and white oat grains (495 minutes), with no difference from each other. Animals fed a diet containing soybean hulls and white oat grains showed longer feeding time, a higher number of daily meals, shorter rumination time, shorter time spent chewing, and fewer number of chews per bolus and day. This diet results in a better dry matter and neutral detergent fiber rumination efficiencies.

286 Effects of Supplementation of Quebracho Extract Supplementation on Ruminal Ph of Growing Beef Steers

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 158-159
Author(s):  
Luiz Fernando Dias Batista ◽  
Aaron B Norris ◽  
Jordan Adams ◽  
Luis O Tedeschi
Keyword(s):  
Redox Potential ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Random Coefficients ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Organic Acid Production ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Dorsal Sac

Abstract Rumen acidosis is a common metabolic disorder occurring when organic acid production exceeds clearance capacity, reducing ruminal pH. Acidosis occurrence has been directly correlated to the ratio of concentrate to forage in the diet. However, the rates of substrate fermentation and acid absorption vary at different locations in the rumen. The objective of this study was to determine the pH in different locations of the rumen using 16 rumenally- cannulated steers (309 ± 43 kg) receiving quebracho extract (QT; Schinopsis balansae) within a grower-type diet [25:75 forage-to-concentrate, dry matter (DM) % basis]. Animals were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments (n = 4): QT at 0, 1, 2, and 3% of DM (QT0, QT1, QT2, and QT3). Animals were adapted to the basal diet (QT0) for 12-d before being introduced to predetermined treatments for four weeks, with feed provided twice daily to allow ad libitum intake. Weekly measurements of ruminal fluid pH and redox potential (Eh) were taken four h post-feeding using a portable pH and redox meter probe in four locations of the rumen (cranial sac, ventral sac, dorsal sac, and reticulum). Data were analyzed using a random coefficients model with the pen as a random effect and week as repeated measures. The DM intake was included as a covariate. There was no interaction among diet, location, and week (P ≥ 0.925) on pH. Overall, ruminal pH was lower for QT0 and QT1 compared to QT3 (P &lt; 0.001). Ruminal pH in the cranial sac and reticulum was greater than in the dorsal sac (5.98, 6.03, and 5.87, respectively; P = 0.001). Redox potential was lower for QT0 in week 1 than all other treatments (P = 0.042). This study indicated that pH differs among locations of the rumen regardless of QT supplementation level and days on feed.

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