292 Reducing the Fermentability of Wheat with a Starch Binding Agent Has the Potential to Ameliorate Heat Stress in Sheep

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 161-162
Author(s):  
Pragna Prathap ◽  
Surinder S Chauhan ◽  
Brian J Leury ◽  
Jeremy J Cottrell ◽  
Aleena Joy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Binding Agent ◽  
Ph Variation ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Dose Dependent

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine whether a starch binding agent could (1) reduce the rate of fermentation of wheat grain and (2) improve heat tolerance in sheep. Firstly, fermentation kinetics and buffered rumen fluid pH variation were measured during in vitro incubation of wheat with 0, 1, 2, and 4% Bioprotect® (Feedworks Pty Ltd, Australia). Bioprotect® reduced gas production at 12 h in a dose-dependent manner (-6.4, -11 and -20% respectively; P < 0.001) and increased pH (P < 0.001), indicating slower ruminal fermentation. In a randomized control experiment, Merino lambs (n = 24) were fed either 50% wheat (WD, fast fermenting), corn (CD, slow fermenting), or wheat treated with 2% Bioprotect® (BD), with the balance of the diets being forage. Lambs were housed in climate-controlled rooms and exposed to 3 experimental periods: period 1 (P1: 7 days of thermoneutral conditions [18–21°C and 40–50% relative humidity (RH)] and fed 1.7×maintenance); period 2 [P2: 7 days of HS (28–40°C and 30–50% RH) and fed 1.7×maintenance]; and period 3 (P3: 7 days of HS as in P2, and 2×maintenance) with ad libitum water. Increases in respiration rate (RR), heart rate (HR), rectal temperature (RT) and left and right flank skin temperature (P < 0.001) occurred during HS, particularly during P3 (P < 0.001). Lambs fed CD and BD had lower RR (150, 137 and 140 breaths/min for WD, CD and BD, P < 0.001), HR (91.3, 85.3 and 85.9 beats/min, P < 0.001 and RT (39.7, 39.7 and 39.7°C P < 0.05). While there was no effect of diet, lambs reduced feed intake (-4%, P < 0.05) during P2 but consumed more (+16%) during P3. These data confirm that feeding corn or Bioprotect® treated wheat can be used as an ameliorative strategy to reduce the thermal load in lambs during summer.

scholarly journals Dose–Response Effects of 3-Nitrooxypropanol Combined with Low- and High-Concentrate Feed Proportions in the Dairy Cow Ration on Fermentation Parameters in a Rumen Simulation Technique

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1784
Author(s):  
Matthias Schilde ◽  
Dirk von Soosten ◽  
Liane Hüther ◽  
Susanne Kersten ◽  
Ulrich Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Simulation Technique ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Dose Dependent

Methane (CH4) from ruminal feed degradation is a major pollutant from ruminant livestock, which calls for mitigation strategies. The purpose of the present 4 × 2 factorial arrangement was to investigate the dose–response relationships between four doses of the CH4 inhibitor 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) and potential synergistic effects with low (LC) or high (HC) concentrate feed proportions (CFP) on CH4 reduction as both mitigation approaches differ in their mode of action (direct 3-NOP vs. indirect CFP effects). Diet substrates and 3-NOP were incubated in a rumen simulation technique to measure the concentration and production of volatile fatty acids (VFA), fermentation gases as well as substrate disappearance. Negative side effects on fermentation regarding total VFA and gas production as well as nutrient degradability were observed for neither CFP nor 3-NOP. CH4 production decreased from 10% up to 97% in a dose-dependent manner with increasing 3-NOP inclusion rate (dose: p < 0.001) but irrespective of CFP (CFP × dose: p = 0.094). Hydrogen gas accumulated correspondingly with increased 3-NOP dose (dose: p < 0.001). In vitro pH (p = 0.019) and redox potential (p = 0.066) varied by CFP, whereas the latter fluctuated with 3-NOP dose (p = 0.01). Acetate and iso-butyrate (mol %) decreased with 3-NOP dose, whereas iso-valerate increased (dose: p < 0.001). Propionate and valerate varied inconsistently due to 3-NOP supplementation. The feed additive 3-NOP was proven to be a dose-dependent yet effective CH4 inhibitor under conditions in vitro. The observed lack of additivity of increased CFP on the CH4 inhibition potential of 3-NOP needs to be verified in future research testing further diet types both in vitro and in vivo.

PSXIII-8 Effects of different sources of Zn on in vitro ruminal fermentation and digestibility of a lactation diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 466-466
Author(s):  
Angela R Boyer ◽  
Yun Jiang ◽  
Alon Blakeney ◽  
Dennis Nuzback ◽  
Brooke Humphrey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Minimum Concentration ◽  
High Metal Content ◽  
Different Sources

Abstract Vistore® minerals are hydroxychloride minerals that feature high metal content and improved bioavailability. This study was conducted to compare different sources of zinc (Zn) on in vitro rumen fermentation parameters. Three ruminally-cannulated Jersey heifers were adapted to a lactation diet for two weeks before used as donors. Three sources of Zn were tested at 20 ppm: No supplemental Zn (CON), ZnSO4, Vistore Zn, and another Zn hydroxychloride (Vistore-competitor). The concentration of Zn in this study was selected from a titration study (0 to 40 ppm ZnSO4) to identify the minimum concentration of ZnSo4 affecting rumen fermentation. The lactation diet (TMR) was dried and ground to 1mm and used as substrate. Rumen fluid was collected two hours after feeding. Substrate (0.5 g) was inoculated with 100 mL of 3:1 McDougall’s buffer: ruminal flued mixture at 39ºC for 24 h. Each treatment was run in triplicate and in three runs. Data were analyzed with R 3.0. The model included fixed effect of treatment and random effect of run. ZnSO4 reduced (P &lt; 0.05) maximum gas production, DMD (54 vs. 55.9%) and cellulose (27.5 and 40.7%) digestibility. acetate to propionate ration (2.20 vs. 2.24) and NH3-N concentration (6.0 vs. 7.0 mg/dL), increased (P &lt; 0.05) propionate % (27.2 vs 26.7%) compared to control. Vistore had higher pH than control (6.44 vs. 6.40, P = 0.02) but did not affect other parameters compared to CON. Vistore-competitor reduced total VFA production compared to control, ZnSO4, and Vistore (94 vs. 102, 106 and 107 mM, respectively, P = 0.01) but did not affect other parameters. In general, Vistore Zn maintained in vitro ruminal fermentation and digestibility, while ZnSO4 had negative effects on both fermentation and digestibility and Vistore-competitor reduced total VFAs. Results indicate hydroxychloride minerals may stabilize rumen parameters versus sulfate sources but different hydroxychloride sources appear to influence rumen parameters differently.

A comparison of the suitability of different models for describing the gas production kinetics of whole-crop wheat

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 215-216
Author(s):  
A. T. Adesogan ◽  
E. Owen ◽  
D. I. Givens
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Production Kinetics ◽  
Fermentation Profile ◽  
Kinetics Of

Menkeet al. (1979), Beuvinket al. (1992) and Theodorouet al. (1994) developed techniques for measuring the time course of gas production of foods fermentedin vitrowith rumen fluid. These techniques require description of the fermentation profile with an appropriate mathematical model. Although several authors have used these techniques to study the ruminal fermentation of foods, little information is available on the suitability of the model chosen for describing the fermentation profile of the food under study. In this study, the models of Ørskov and McDonald (1979), Franceet al. (1993) and Beuvink and Kogut (1993) were fitted to thein vitrogas production profiles of 10 whole-crop wheat (WCW) forages (cv.Slepjner) to determine the model most suited to describing the data.

Potential of walnut (Juglans regia) leave ethanolic extract to modify ruminal fermentation, microbial populations and mitigate methane emission

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 1189
Author(s):  
M. Sahebi Ala ◽  
R. Pirmohammadi ◽  
H. Khalilvandi-Behroozyar ◽  
E. Anassori
Keyword(s):  
Methane Emission ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation

Series of in vitro trials were conducted to evaluate dose–response effects of walnut leaf ethanolic extract (WLEE) on ruminal fermentation, microbial populations, mitigation of methane emission and acidosis prevention. The treatments were conducted according to a 5 × 3 factorial arrangement in a completely randomised design formulated to contain corn (corn-based diet, CBD) and barley grain (barley-based diet, BBD), or equal amounts of barley and corn (barley and corn diet, BCD), consisting of either basal diets alone (0) or basal diets with 250, 500, 750 or 1000 µL of WLEE (W0, W250, W500, W750 and W1000 respectively) per litre of buffered rumen fluid. Three fistulated cows fed diets containing alfalfa hay and concentrate mixes (same as the control diet) plus minerals and vitamins were used for collection of ruminal fluid. The asymptote of gas production and methane emission was decreased and lag time increased in a linear and quadratic manner with an increasing dose of WLEE (P &lt; 0.001). However, gas production rate reduced linearly as WLEE dose increased (P &lt; 0.001). Methane production was significantly reduced linearly (L) and quadratically (Q) when walnut ethanolic extract was increased from 250 to 1000 μL/L (L and Q; P &lt; 0.001). The addition of WLEE significantly altered the volatile fatty acid profile in comparison to control, reducing the molar proportion of acetate and increasing that of propionate (P &lt; 0.001), and also decreased the ammonia-N concentration (L, P &lt; 0.001). Dry-matter and organic-matter in vitro digestibility coefficients were negatively affected by WLEE supplementation (L and Q; P &lt; 0.001). Although anti-acidosis potential of WLEE was significantly lower than that of monensin, W1000 increased medium culture pH compared with uncontrolled acidosis and the lower doses of WLEE. The populations of Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and R. albus were significantly reduced by WLEE, although to different magnitudes, depending on the corn and barley grain proportions in the diet. Results of the present study indicated that increasing addition levels of WLEE have noticeable effects on rumen microbial population and fermentation characteristics. It can be concluded that WLEE can potentially be used to manipulate ruminal fermentation patterns.

scholarly journals Screening of Cyanide-Utilizing Bacteria from Rumen and In Vitro Evaluation of Fresh Cassava Root Utilization with Pellet Containing High Sulfur Diet

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rittikeard Prachumchai ◽  
Anusorn Cherdthong ◽  
Metha Wanapat
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Cassava Root ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

The current work aimed to screen the ruminal cyanide-utilizing bacteria and evaluate the influence of fresh cassava root (FCR) and pellets containing high sulfur (PELFUR) on cyanide content, kinetics of gas, in vitro degradability, and ruminal fermentation. The experiment was conducted in a Completely randomized design (CRD) for a screening of cyanide-utilizing bacteria and the dietary treatments were the level of cyanide at 0, 150, 300, and 450 ppm. A 5 &times; 3 factorial arrangement in a Completely randomized design was used for in vitro study. Factor A was the level of FCR at 0, 260, 350, 440, and 530 g/kg of 0.5 g dry matter (DM) substrate, and factor B was the level of PELFUR at 0, 15, and 30 g/kg DM substrate. Adding different doses of cyanide significantly affected cyanide-utilizing rumen bacterial growth (p &lt; 0.05). Increasing the concentration of cyanide from 0 to 150 and 150 to 300 ppm, resulted in an increase in cyanide-utilizing rumen bacteria of 38.2% and 15.0%, respectively. Increasing the FCR level to more than 260 g/kg of 0.5 g substrate could increase cumulative gas production (p &lt; 0.05), whereas increasing doses of PELFUR from 15 to 30 g/kg increased the cumulative gas production when compared with that of 0 g/kg PELFUR (p &lt; 0.05). Cyanide concentration in rumen fluid decreased with PELFUR (p &lt; 0.05) supplementation. Degradability of in vitro dry matter and organic matter following incubation increased at 12 and 24 h due to PELFUR supplementation with FCR and increased additionally with 15 g/kg PELFUR (p &lt; 0.05) in 440 g/kg FCR. Proportions of the total volatile fatty acids, acetic acid (C2), propionic acid (C3), and butyric acid, as well as the ratio of C2 to C3 among supplementations with FCR (p &lt; 0.05) were significantly different. As the proportion of FCR increased to 530 g/kg of the substrate, the volume of C3 increased by 14.6%. This is the first finding of bacteria in the rumen capable of utilizing cyanide, and cyanide might function as a nitrogen source for bacterial cell synthesis. Inclusion of FCR of 530 g/kg with 30 g/kg PELFUR could increase the cumulative gas production, the bacterial population, the in vitro degradability, the proportion of C3, and the rate of the disappearance of cyanide.

scholarly journals Screening of Cyanide-Utilizing Bacteria from Rumen and In Vitro Evaluation of Fresh Cassava Root Utilization with Pellet Containing High Sulfur Diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Rittikeard Prachumchai ◽  
Anusorn Cherdthong ◽  
Metha Wanapat
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Production Parameters ◽  
Cassava Root ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Two experiments were undertaken to screen for ruminal cyanide-utilizing bacteria (Experiment 1), and to evaluate the influence of fresh cassava root (FCR) and pellets containing high sulfur (PELFUR) on cyanide content, gas production parameters, in vitro degradability, and ruminal fermentation (Experiment 2). Experiment 1 was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) for the screening of cyanide-utilizing bacteria and the dietary treatments consisted of cyanide at 0, 150, 300, and 450 ppm. In Experiment 2, a 5 × 3 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design was used for the in vitro study. Factor A was the level of FCR at 0, 260, 350, 440, and 530 g/kg of dry matter (DM) substrate, and factor B was the level of PELFUR at 0, 15, and 30 g/kg DM substrate. In Experiment 1, adding different doses of cyanide significantly affected cyanide-utilizing rumen bacterial growth (p < 0.05). Increasing the concentration of cyanide from 0 to 150 and 150 to 300 ppm resulted in increases in cyanide-utilizing rumen bacteria of 38.2% and 15.0%, respectively. In Experiment 2, no interaction effects were found between FCR and PELFUR doses on gas production parameters (p > 0.05). Increasing the FCR level to more than 260 g/kg of DM substrate could increase cumulative gas production (p < 0.05). Increasing doses of PELFUR from 15 to 30 g/kg increased the cumulative gas production when compared with that of 0 g PELFUR/kg of DM substrate (p < 0.05). The cyanide concentration in rumen fluid decreased with PELFUR (p < 0.05) supplementation. Degradability of in vitro DM and organic matter following incubation increased at 12 and 24 h due to PELFUR supplementation with FCR and increased additionally with 15 g PELFUR/kg of DM substrate (p < 0.05) in 440 g FCR/kg of DM substrate. Proportions of the total volatile fatty acids, acetic acid (C2), propionic acid (C3), and butyric acid among supplementations with FCR (p < 0.05) were significantly different. In conclusion, the present results represent the first finding of bacteria in the rumen that are capable of utilizing cyanide, and suggests that cyanide might function as a nitrogen source for bacterial cell synthesis. The inclusion of FCR of 530 g/kg with 30 g PELFUR/kg of DM substrate could increase the cumulative gas production, the bacterial population, the in vitro degradability, the proportion of C3, and the rate of the disappearance of cyanide.

scholarly journals PSVII-10 Evaluation of different biochar sources added at two inclusion levels in a grass hay- based diet on dry matter disappearance and ruminal fermentation parameters in vitro

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 296-296
Author(s):  
Genet Mengistu ◽  
Tim A McAllister ◽  
Kim Ominski ◽  
Gabriel O Ribeiro ◽  
Erasmus Okine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This study evaluated the impact of adding biochar to a grass hay-based diet on in vitro dry matter disappearance (DMD), total gas production (GP), methane production (CH4), volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration. Treatments were arranged in a factorial design with 7 biochar products differing in origin (pine or coconut-based) and physical properties (course, fine or loose spheres) at 2 inclusion levels (2.25% and 4.5% of DM) and a grass hay-only control. On each three successive weeks, rumen fluid was collected from 2 ruminally cannulated beef heifers fed a grass hay-based diet, pooled and mixed with a buffer solution (1:2) and treatments incubated in triplicate for 48 h. Gas pressure was recorded at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 h of incubation, and gas was collected at each time to measure CH4. At 48 h, pH was measured and the supernatant sampled for determination of VFA and NH3-N, while the residue was used to estimate DMD. Dry matter disappearance decreased (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing addition of biochar. Biochar did not affect GP or CH4, but did reduce (P &lt; 0.05) gas production per g of DM incubated (111.7 vs 107.8 ml/g), but not per g DMD. The lower GP per g DM incubated could be related to the increased proportion of the diet as biochar, without it contributing to GP. Biochar, irrespective of level did not affect the total or molar proportions of VFA. There was a biochar x inclusion level interaction (P &lt; 0.04) in NH3-N concentration. Biochar type and inclusion level in the present study had little or no significant effect on in vitro fermentation and did not mitigate CH4 production from a grass hay-based diet.

scholarly journals PSIX-1 Associative effect of wet-distillers’ grains plus solubles and tannin-rich peanut skin supplementation on in vitro rumen fermentation, greenhouse gas emissions, and microbiome changes

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 392-393
Author(s):  
Byeng Ryel Min ◽  
Lana Castleberry ◽  
David Parker ◽  
Heidi Waldrip ◽  
David Brauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Peanut Skin ◽  
Wet Distillers Grains

Abstract The role of tannin-rich peanut skin (PS) and associative effects of different levels of wet distillers’ grains plus solubles (WDGS) on ruminal fermentation, microbial changes, and mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) and other emissions in bovine rumen fluid were investigated. All gases were collected using an Ankom in vitro system for methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) analyses. Fifteen % ground PS against 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 % DM of WDGS were used. RT-qPCR were conducted to determine microbial diversity. In the absence of PS, total CH4 and H2S, or CH4 and H2S productions per gram of DM substrate, were linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing WDGS. However, in the presence of PS, those trends were reversed and CH4 and H2S productions were decreased (P &lt; 0.05), suggesting that a diet with 15% PS and supplementation of 10 and 20% WDGS were able to reduce CH4 and H2S emissions by 12 and 33%, respectively. In the presence of PS, rumen fermentation rate (as a measured by VFA) and acetate/propionate (A/P) ratio was decreased with increasing WDGS, with PS x WDGS interactions (P &lt; 0.01). In the presence of PS, there was a decreased (P &lt; 0.05) the average population of Bacteroidetes, total methanogens, Methanobrevibacter sp. AbM4, and total protozoa populations at 40% WDGS, with PS x WDGS interactions (P &lt; 0.01). The population of total methanogens (R2 = 0.57; P &lt; 0.01), Firmicutes populations (R2= 0.46: P &lt; 0.05), and F/B ratio (R2 = 0.46; P &lt; 0.03) were strongly correlated with ruminal methane gas production. Therefore, associative effect of tannin-rich PS and WDGS suppressed methanogenesis pathways directly across their antimethanogenic activity and secondarily throughout their modification of protozoa population.

scholarly journals Digestibility and rumen fermentation of a high forage diet pre-treated with a mixture of cellulase and xylanase enzymes

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-406
Author(s):  
K. Selzer ◽  
A. Hassen ◽  
A.M. Akanmu ◽  
A.Z.M. Salem
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Forage Digestibility

Forages play an important role in ruminant animal production worldwide. Unlocking the nutritional potential of poor-quality tropical forages with fibrolytic enzymes would improve forage digestibility and utilization. Using in vitro and in vivo methods this study investigated the effect of pre-treating Smutsfinger hay for 24 hours with a mixture of fibrolytic enzyme (100% cellulase; 75% cellulase: 25% xylanase; 50% cellulase: 50% xylanase; 25% cellulase: 75% xylanase; 100% xylanase and a control with no enzyme) on ruminal fermentation and digestibility of nutrients by sheep. For in vitro fermentation, dry matter, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) degradability and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were determined with standard procedures. The same treatments were used for an in vivo digestibility trial using Merino sheep in a 6 x 6 Latin square design. Feed intake and total tract digestibility were recorded. Rumen fluid samples were collected daily, preserved, and analysed for VFA. The addition of 100% cellulase enzyme to Smutsfinger hay in vitro increased (P <0.05) NDF degradability and gas production compared with the control and inclusion of 100% xylanase enzyme. Both 100% cellulase and xylanase enzymes significantly reduced in vitro end time fermentation pH. A 50:50 mixture of cellulase and xylanase plus enzyme in vivo, increased acetate, total VFA concentration, and higher NDF and ADF digestibility of the test feed compared with the control. Inclusion of a 50-75% mixture of cellulase and 50-25% xylanase enzymes treatment led to higher gas production and butyrate concentration, decreased ruminal pH and improved nutrient digestibility.

scholarly journals Formik Asitin İn Vitro Rumen Fermentasyonu ve Metan Üretimine Etkisi

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanber Kara ◽  
Eray Aktuğ ◽  
Alper Çağrı ◽  
Berrin Kocaoğlu Güçlü ◽  
Erol Baytok
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Acid Addition ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
High Doses

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of formic acid on the in vitro methane production and in vitro ruminal fermentation of alfalfa hay. Effect of 0.0 (control group: YF0), 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 ml/L (experimental groups: YF1, YF2, YF3, YF4, and YF5 respectively) formic acid (Amasil85-liquid) addition to rumen fluid on ruminal fermentation parameters of alfalfa hay were determined by using in vitro gas production techniques. Methane production of in vitro incubation increased (to about 20%) with addition of linearly increased formic acid. Linearly increased levels of formic acid addition to rumen fluid has significantly changed the production of in vitro total gas production, metabolic energy (ME) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) at linear, quadratic and cubic. The addition of 0.1 ml/L and 0.2 ml/L formic acid to rumen fluid significantly decreased in vitro total gas production, ME and OMD however addition of 0.3 ml/L and 0.4 ml/L formic acid was not changed in vitro gas production, ME and OMD levels and 0.5 ml/L formic acid was significantly increased all these parameters. Ruminal pH was not changed by addition of formic acid. Formic acid is a safe feed additive because of its properties antibacterial and flavorings and also is used as a fermentation promoter in silage. In this study it has been observed that all doses of formic acid increased in vitro enteric methane production and low doses decreased in vitro total gas production, ME and OMD and high doses have increased all these parameters. High doses have a positive effect on ME and OMD; however formic acid should be used at limited levels in diets due to the negative effect of increasing greenhouse gases. The effect of formic acid addition to the feed raw matter and rations of all livestock would be beneficial to investigate in terms of digestive system parameters and global warming, further in vitro and in vivo studies.

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