508 Late-Breaking: Heritability and Validation of Sow Uterine Prolapse in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 205-205
Author(s):  
Tomas Stevens ◽  
Jenelle Dunkelberger ◽  
Egbert Knol
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Uterine Prolapse ◽  
Threshold Model ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
The United States ◽  
Training Dataset ◽  
Validation Dataset ◽  
Relationship Matrix ◽  
Offspring Performance

Abstract Uterine prolapse impacts animal welfare and reduces sow farm profitability. In general, the incidence of uterine prolapse is higher in the United States than in other countries. Some suspected causes of uterine prolapse include water quality, vitamin deficiency, mycotoxins, and genetics. The objectives of this study were to: 1.) estimate the heritability of uterine prolapse; and 2.) to validate estimated breeding values (EBVs) for uterine prolapse in an independent, related population. Prolapse records collected from purebred females at a commercial multiplier (n = 16,434) and nucleus farm (n = 4,096) were used for training and validation, respectively. Phenotypes were recorded as the presence/absence of uterine prolapse at the sow level. Heritability estimates were derived from the training dataset by fitting year-season of insemination and parity at removal of the sow as fixed effects and animal as a random effect. Using the same model, validation was performed by regressing corrected offspring performance on sire EBV in the validation dataset. A pedigree- and a genomics-based relationship matrix were used for parameter estimation and the validation analysis, respectively. Incidence of uterine prolapse was heritable at 0.15 ± 0.02 and 0.22 ± 0.02 when analyzed using a linear vs. threshold model, respectively. Regression of corrected offspring performance on sire EBV resulted in a slope parameter of 0.40 (95%-CI; 0.27 - 0.54, including the expected value of 0.5), indicating that sire EBV is predictive of uterine prolapse among his offspring. In conclusion, these results show that uterine prolapse is lowly-to-moderately heritable, and therefore, mainly due to environmental factors. Higher incidence of uterine prolapse within the United States vs. other geographic locations confirms the existence of a strong environmental component. Genetic selection can be used to address genetic factors, but identifying/mitigating environmental triggers remains critical to reducing the incidence of uterine prolapse within the U.S. swine industry.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Pediatric and Adult Populations: Recent Estimates From Large National Databases in the United States, 2007–2016

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yizhou Ye ◽  
Sudhakar Manne ◽  
William R Treem ◽  
Dimitri Bennett
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
The Us ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
National Databases

Abstract Background The latest estimate of the prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the United States was based on 2009 data, which indicates a need for an up-to-date re-estimation. The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of all forms of IBD including ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn’s disease (CD), and IBD unspecified (IBDU). Methods Pediatric (age 2–17) and adult (age ≥18) IBD patients were identified from 2 large claims databases. For each year between 2007 and 2016, prevalence was calculated per 100,000 population and standardized based on the 2016 national Census. A fixed-effects meta-analytical model was used for overall prevalence. Results The pediatric prevalence of IBD overall increased by 133%, from 33.0/100,000 in 2007 to 77.0/100,000 in 2016. Among children, CD was twice as prevalent as UC (45.9 vs 21.6). Prevalence was higher in boys than girls for all forms of IBD, in contrast to the adult population where the prevalence was higher in women than men. We also found that the 10–17 age subgroup was the major contributor to the rising pediatric IBD prevalence. For adults, the prevalence of IBD overall increased by 123%, from 214.9 in 2007 to 478.4 in 2016. The prevalence rates of UC and CD were similar (181.1 vs 197.7) in 2016. Conclusions Inflammatory bowel disease continues to affect a substantial proportion of the US population. In 2016, 1 in 209 adults and 1 in 1299 children aged 2–17 were affected by IBD. Prevalence of IBD has been increasing compared with previously published 2009 data.

Locked into Emissions: How Mass Incarceration Contributes to Climate Change

2020 ◽  
pp. 232949652097400
Author(s):  
Julius Alexander McGee ◽  
Patrick Trent Greiner ◽  
Carl Appleton
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
United States ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Fixed Effects Panel Regression ◽  
Tightly Coupled

The phenomenon of mass incarceration has dramatically altered the economic and infrastructural landscape of the United States. These changes have numerous implications regarding the use of fossil fuels, which are the single largest contributor to climate change. The present study argues that mass incarceration creates three social patterns that result in significant increases in industrial emissions. (1) Mass incarceration incentivizes further industrial development through the construction of new prisons and the continued maintenance of existing prisons to house prisoners. (2) The needs of the millions of individuals currently incarcerated in the United States incentivize industrial expansion through the production of goods and materials used inside prisons. (3) Incarcerated individuals are being used to reduce the cost of labor, which expands economic growth. We construct several fixed-effects panel regression models with robust standard errors predicting industrial emissions for U.S. states from 1997 to 2016 to assess how increases in the number of individuals in U.S. state, federal, and private prisons is correlated with industrial emissions over time. We find that increases in incarceration within states are associated with increases in industrial emissions, and that increases in incarceration lead to a more tightly coupled association between gross domestic product per capita and industrial emissions.

scholarly journals WHEN DO CITIZENS TAKE COSTLY ACTION AGAINST GOVERNMENT CORRUPTION? EVIDENCE FROM EXPERIMENTS IN AUSTRALIA, SINGAPORE, AND THE UNITED STATES

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Fiona Yap
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Threshold Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Theoretical Argument ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
Government Corruption ◽  
Survey Experiments ◽  
Stag Hunt Game

AbstractWhen do citizens take costly collective action against government corruption? When citizens act in concert, their demands are credible and not easily discounted by governments, which should be more likely to respond. In this study, we use the stag-hunt game, supplemented by Granovetter's threshold model of collective action, to investigate the conditions under which citizens coordinate to collectively act against government corruption. We use survey experiments in laboratory settings in Australia, Singapore, and the United States. The results show several conditions motivate participants to pursue collective action; using the wellspring of the theoretical argument, they clarify that information that others pursue collective action, together with clear mutual benefits as measured by rewards, are primary motivators of the individual's choice. Correspondingly, other considerations, including initial costs or final potential penalties, do not bear on the individual's choice. The findings have implications not only for the empirical literature on policy but also for policy debates on how to control it.

scholarly journals Local Labor Market Fluctuations and Physical Activity among Adults in the United States, 1990–2009

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruopeng An ◽  
Junyi Liu
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Local Labor Market

Being physically active is a key health promotion strategy. The late-2000s economic downturn, labeled the “Great Recession,” could have profound impact on individuals' health behaviors including engagement in physical activity. We investigated the relationship between local labor market fluctuations and physical activity among adults 18 years and older in the United States by linking individual-level data in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 1990–2009 waves to unemployment rate data by residential county and survey month/year. The association between labor market fluctuations and physical activity was examined in multivariate regressions with county and month/year fixed effects. Deteriorating labor market conditions were found to predict decreases in physical activity—a one percentage point increase in monthly county unemployment rate was on average associated with a reduction in monthly moderate-intensity physical activity of 0.18 hours. There was some preliminary evidence on the heterogeneous responses of physical activity to local labor market fluctuations across age and income groups and races/ethnicities. Findings of this study suggest special attentions to be paid to the potential detrimental impact of major recessions on physical activity. This correlational study has design and measurement limitations. Future research with longitudinal or experimental study design is warranted.

Using complementary methods to test whether marriage limits men's antisocial behavior

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara R. Jaffee ◽  
Caitlin McPherran Lombardi ◽  
Rebekah Levine Coley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Antisocial Behavior ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
The United States ◽  
Complementary Methods ◽  
Married Men ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractMarried men engage in significantly less antisocial behavior than unmarried men, but it is not clear whether this reflects a causal relationship. Instead, the relationship could reflect selection into marriage whereby the men who are most likely to marry (men in steady employment with high levels of education) are the least likely to engage in antisocial behavior. The relationship could also be the result of reverse causation, whereby high levels of antisocial behavior are a deterrent to marriage rather than the reverse. Both of these alternative processes are consistent with the possibility that some men have a genetically based proclivity to become married, known as an active genotype–environment correlation. Using four complementary methods, we tested the hypothesis that marriage limits men's antisocial behavior. These approaches have different strengths and weaknesses and collectively help to rule out alternative explanations, including active genotype–environment correlations, for a causal association between marriage and men's antisocial behavior. Data were drawn from the in-home interview sample of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a large, longitudinal survey study of a nationally representative sample of adolescents in the United States. Lagged negative binomial and logistic regression and propensity score matching models (n = 2,250), fixed-effects models of within-individual change (n = 3,061), and random-effects models of sibling differences (n = 618) all showed that married men engaged in significantly less antisocial behavior than unmarried men. Our findings replicate results from other quasiexperimental studies of marriage and men's antisocial behavior and extend the results to a nationally representative sample of young adults in the United States.

scholarly journals Organization of American and Asian Ginseng Germplasm Using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Markers

1999 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.L. Boehm ◽  
H.C. Harrison ◽  
G. Jung ◽  
J. Nienhuis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rapd Markers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Relationship Matrix ◽  
Panax Quinquefolium ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Cultivated Populations

Genetic differences among eleven cultivated and eight wild-type populations of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) and four cultivated populations of South Korean ginseng (P. ginseng C.A. Meyer) were estimated using RAPD markers. Cultivated P. ginseng population samples were collected from four regions of S. Korea. Cultivated P. quinquefolium population samples were collected from three regions in North America: Wisconsin, the Southeastern Appalachian region of the United States, and Canada. Wild-type P. quinquefolium was collected from three states in the United States: Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Wisconsin. Evaluation of germplasm with 10 decamer primers resulted in 100 polymorphic bands. Genetic differences among populations indicate heterogeneity. The genetic distance among individuals was estimated using the ratio of discordant bands to total bands scored. Multidimensional scaling of the relationship matrix showed independent clusters corresponding to the distinction of species, geographical region, and wild versus cultivated types. The integrity of the clusters was confirmed using pooled chi-square tests for fragment homogeneity.

scholarly journals The Effect of Stay-at-Home Orders on COVID-19 Infections in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Fowler ◽  
Seth J. Hill ◽  
Remy Levin ◽  
Nick Obradovich
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
County Level ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
At Home

SummaryBackgroundIn March and April 2020, public health authorities in the United States acted to mitigate transmission of and hospitalizations from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). These actions were not coordinated at the national level, which raises the question of what might have happened if they were. It also creates an opportunity to use spatial and temporal variation to measure their effect with greater accuracy.MethodsWe combine publicly available data sources on the timing of stay-at-home orders and daily confirmed COVID-19 cases at the county level in the United States (N = 124,027). We then derive from the classic SIR model a two-way fixed-effects model and apply it to the data with controls for unmeasured differences between counties and over time. This enables us to estimate the effect of stay-at-home orders while accounting for local variation in factors like health systems and demographics, and temporal variation in national mitigation actions, access to tests, or exposure to media reports that could influence the course of the disease.FindingsMean county-level daily growth in COVID-19 infections peaked at 17.2% just before stay-at-home orders were issued. Two way fixed-effects regression estimates suggest that orders were associated with a 3.9 percentage point (95% CI 1.2 to 6.6) reduction in the growth rate after one week and a 6.9 percentage point (2.4 to 11.5) reduction after two weeks. By day 27 the reduction (22.6 percentage points, 14.8 to 30.5) had surpassed the growth at the peak, indicating that growth had turned negative and the number of new daily infections was beginning to decline. A hypothetical national stay-at-home order issued on March 13, 2020 when a national emergency was declared might have reduced cumulative infections by 63.3%, and might have helped to reverse exponential growth in the disease by April 10.InterpretationAlthough stay-at-home orders impose great costs to society, delayed responses and piecemeal application of these orders generate similar costs without obtaining the full potential benefits suggested by this analysis. The results here suggest that a coordinated nationwide stay-at-home order might have reduced by hundreds of thousands the current number of infections and by tens of thousands the total number of deaths from COVID-19. Future efforts in the United States and elsewhere to control pandemics should coordinate stay-at-home orders at the national level, especially for diseases for which local spread has already occurred and testing availability is delayed. Since stay-at-home orders reduce infection growth rates, early implementation when infection counts are still low would be most beneficial.FundingNone.

scholarly journals Did Trump's Tweet Disparaging Trudeau Impact Canada-U.S. Border Crossings?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Kane ◽  
Ariana Popa ◽  
Queenie Li ◽  
Paul Sommers
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
The United States ◽  
Border Crossings ◽  
Dummy Variables ◽  
International Border ◽  
The Impact

  The authors examine the impact of President Donald Trump’s June 9, 2018 tweet disparaging Group of 7 (G7) summit host Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau on Canada – United States border crossings over the Peace Bridge.  The Peace Bridge is one of the busiest international border crossings in North America that connects Fort Erie, Ontario and Buffalo, New York.  A regression analysis of daily automobile crossings between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2019 (using seasonality dummy variables and controlled for year fixed effects) revealed a statistically discernible reduction in the number of crossings (both east into the United States and, to a lesser extent, west into Canada) seven, fourteen, and even thirty days after the tweet.  Words have consequences. 

Ethnic enclaves and immigrant outcomes: Norwegian immigrants during the Age of Mass Migration

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Eriksson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Instrumental Variables ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
White Collar ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Enclaves ◽  
Matching Method ◽  
Chain Migration ◽  
Mass Migration

Abstract This paper examines the effect of ethnic enclaves on economic outcomes of Norwegian immigrants in 1910 and 1920, the later part of the Age of Mass Migration. Using various identification strategies, including county fixed effects and an instrumental variables strategy based on chain migration, I consistently find that Norwegians living in larger enclaves in the United States had lower occupational earnings, were more likely to be in farming occupations, and were less likely to be in white-collar occupations. Results are robust to matching method and choice of occupational score. This earnings disadvantage is partly passed on to the second generation.

scholarly journals To predict and to manage. Predictive policing in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 205395171986170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bilel Benbouzid
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Police Work ◽  
Training Dataset ◽  
Predictive Policing ◽  
Crime Prediction ◽  
Critical Movement

This article offers a detailed examination of the content of predictive policing applications. Crime prediction machines are used by governments to shape the moral behavior of police. They serve not only to predict when and where crime is likely to occur, but also to regulate police work. They calculate equivalence ratios, distributing security across the territory based on multiple cost and social justice criteria. Tracing the origins of predictive policing in the Compstat system, this article studies the shift from machines to explore intuitions (where police officers still have control over the machine) to applications removing the reflexive dimension of proactivity, thus turning prediction into the medium for “dosage” metrics of police work quantities. Finally, the article discusses how, driven by a critical movement denouncing the discriminatory biases of predictive machines, developers seek to develop techniques to audit training dataset and ways to calculate the reasonable amount of stop and frisk over the population.

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