403 Using ruminally protected and unprotected Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products as alternatives to antibiotics in finishing beef steers: growth performance and antimicrobial resistance

Abstract The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP; NaturSafe® and Original XPC™, Diamond V) on growth performance and antimicrobial resistance in beef steers. Ninety Angus steers (initial BW=533±9.8 kg) were assigned to a randomized complete design with 6 treatments: 1) control (10% barley silage and 90% barley concentrate, DM basis), 2–4) control diet with 12, 15 and 18 g/d NaturSafe, 5) control diet with 8 g/d encapsulated XPC (eXPC), and 6) control diet with antibiotics (ANT; 330 mg/d monensin and 110 mg/d tylosin). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the fixed effect of treatment and random effect of steers. Though the final BW (715 kg) and DMI (12.0 kg/d) were not affected by treatments, average daily gain tended (P < 0.10) to be greater in steers supplemented with eXPC compared with control (1.80 vs. 1.62 kg/d) with a trend (P < 0.09) for a linear increase in gain: feed with increasing NaturSafe. The proportion of total abscessed liver did not differ among treatments (58.9%), but the proportion of severely abscessed liver tended (P < 0.10) to be lower in cattle supplemented with 15 and 18 g NaturSafe/d, eXPC and antibiotics (20.0, 20.0, 20.0 and 6.7 vs. 53.3%). The percentage of erythromycin resistant and erythromycin + tetracycline resistant Enterococci increased (P < 0.05) in steers receiving antibiotics compared with control and SCFP group (34.57 vs. 4.28 and 6.88%), while no difference was observed between control and SCFP groups. These results indicate that NaturSafe and eXPC were beneficial in improving the growth performance by increasing average daily gain and feed efficiency. Both NaturSafe and eXPC could potentially act as alternatives to growth promoting antibiotics.

Download Full-text

127 Effect of feed sweetener and feed flavor on growth performance of weanling pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.198 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 108-108

Author(s):

Charmaine D Espinosa ◽

Xixi Chen ◽

Yan Lei ◽

Jirong Lv ◽

Hans H Stein

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Control Diet ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Random Effect ◽

Watery Diarrhea ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Weanling Pigs ◽

Final Body Weight ◽

Feeding Program ◽

Daily Gain

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that feed flavor and feed sweetener improve growth performance of weanling pigs. One hundred twenty-eight pigs (5.97 ± 0.55 kg) were allotted to 4 treatments with 4 pigs per pen and 8 pen replicates per diet. A 3-phase feeding program was used. In all phases, a control diet was formulated based on corn and soybean meal, and 3 additional diets were formulated by adding feed flavor (500 mg/kg), feed sweetener (150 mg/kg), or their combination to the control diet. Fecal scores were visually assessed using a score from 1 to 5 (1 = normal feces to 5 = watery diarrhea). Experimental diets were fed to pigs for 6 wk. Data were analyzed using SAS with pen as the experimental unit. Diet was the fixed effect and replicate was the random effect. Results indicated that overall average daily feed intake (ADFI) was greater (P < 0.05) and overall average daily gain (ADG) tended to be greater (P < 0.10) for pigs fed the diet containing feed sweetener compared with pigs fed the control diet (Table 1). The observed improvements in ADG and ADFI also resulted in greater (P < 0.05) final body weight for pigs fed the feed sweetener diet compared with pigs fed the control diet. Inclusion of feed flavor, feed sweetener, or the combination of feed flavor and sweetener in diets did not affect fecal scores of pigs, but inclusion of feed flavor resulted in reduced overall frequency of diarrhea (P = 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of feed sweetener improved growth performance and feed flavor supplementation to diets ameliorated post-weaning diarrhea of weanling pigs from d 1 to 42.

Download Full-text

Effect of Yeast Type and Dose on Growth Performance and Nutrient Digestibility of Growing Rabbits Fed Maize or Barley

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-1331 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Amr M.A. Elmasry ◽

Luis A. Miranda ◽

Germán Mendoza ◽

Fernando X. Plata

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Body Weight ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Control Diet ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Final Body Weight ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Yeast Concentration

Background: The effects of the probiotics vary with the doses and strains used for this reason, a study was conducted over 35 days to determine the effect of live yeast supplementation in the diet of growing rabbits on growth performance and apparent nutrient digestibility.Methods: A total of 60 New Zealand and California rabbits (5 weeks old, average body weight 0.881±0.015 kg) were housed in 30 cages. They were fed with a control diet based on alfalfa and maize or barley grains and supplemented with Procreatin®7 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I 1077) or Biosaf® SC47 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC Sc47) at three doses, namely 0, 6.4, or 12.8 ×109 CFU per kg basal diet.Result: The higher yeast concentration had a positive effect (P less than 0.01) on final body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG) and carcass weight (CW). However, there were no significant differences in dry matter intake. As a result of this, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased (P less than 0.01). Significant increases (P less than 0.05) in nutrient digestibility (DM, OM, NDF and ADF) were observed with both grains. The use of yeast in maize and barley-based diets of rabbits has positive effects on growth performance and nutrient digestibility.

Download Full-text

180 Evaluation of soluble concentrated yeast product on sow and litter performance

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz122.187 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 105-106

Author(s):

Robyn Thompson ◽

Amanda Graham ◽

Brandon Knopf ◽

Laura Greiner ◽

Sangita Jalukar

Keyword(s):

Control Diet ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Random Effect ◽

Body Weight Loss ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Yeast Product ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Cross Fostering ◽

Daily Gain

Abstract Two hundred and forty sows (Camborough, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were started on study at 35 d post-breeding through lactation to determine the effects of soluble concentrated yeast product (Celmanax SCP, Arm and Hammer, Princeton, NJ) on sow and litter performance. Sows were fed their respective dietary treatments: 1) Control diet gestation x control diet lactation; 2) 0.01% Celmanax SCP in gestation x control diet lactation; 3) Control diet gestation x 0.02% Celmanax SCP in lactation; and 4) 0.01% Celmanax SCP in gestation x 0.02% Celmanax SCP in lactation. All diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) requirements and contained a feed disinfectant. Sows were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water in lactation. Litters were weighed after cross-fostering, 48 h post-farrow (after litter adjustments and cross-fostering) and at weaning. Sows were weighed entering farrowing and at weaning. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete parity block using PROC MIXED of SAS with sow as the experimental unit, treatment as a fixed effect, and parity as a random effect. There were detectable levels of fumonisin (2 ppm), vomitoxin (1.3 ppm) and zearalenone (243 ppb). There were no differences in sow feed intake or body weight loss (P > 0.10). There was a significant difference in treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 for days between wean to estrus (5.99, 5.12, 4.90, 4.49; P = 0.01) and percent bred within 7 d (86.53, 97.06, 97.85, 100.00; P = 0.01), respectively. Average piglet wean weights (kg) were 5.82, 5.87, 5.93, 6.01; P = 0.02 for treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Furthermore, there were no responses in piglet average daily gain or mortality (P > 0.10). The feeding of the soluble yeast product to sows does appear to improve subsequent breeding and litter performance.

Download Full-text

450 Late-Breaking: Effects of bedding on feedlot receiving phase growth performance in beef steers during the winter in eastern South Dakota

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.289 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 141-142

Author(s):

Dathan Smerchek ◽

Zachary K Smith

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Rate ◽

South Dakota ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Block Design ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Beef Steers ◽

Phase Growth ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Daily Gain

Abstract Two-hundred and forty English × Continental beef steers (initial BW=365 kg [SD 22.5]) were used in a randomized complete block design to evaluate the effects of bedding application during a 36 d feedlot receiving phase on growth performance and efficiency during winter. Steers were allotted to 30 pens (n = 8 steers/pen) at the Ruminant Nutrition Center in Brookings, SD and pens were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) No bedding applied (NO) or 2) 1.8 kg (as-is basis) of wheat straw bedding/steer/d (BED). Due to the logistics of acquiring, weighing, and timely feeding of steers, the first 9 pen replicates began on test 14 d prior (begin: January 15, 2019 and end: February 20, 2019) to the last 6 pen replicates (begin: January 29, 2019 and end: March 6, 2019). Pen was the experimental unit; an α of 0.05 determined significance. Daily ambient temperature (n = 50) averaged -14.7°C [SD 5.63] and wind-chill (n = 50) averaged -17.7°C [SD 6.40]. Initial BW (365 vs. 365 ± 0.5 kg) and dry matter intake (8.19 vs. 8.22 ± 0.047 kg) did not differ (P ≥ 0.57) between NO and BED. End BW was greater for BED (P = 0.01; 419 vs. 402 ± 1.09 kg) compared to NO. Steers from BED had increased average daily gain (P = 0.01) by 48.0% and gain:feed (P = 0.01) by 49.2% over NO. Using tabular ingredient energy values and observed steer performance shrunk 4%, relative adjustments to metabolic rate were calculated. Estimated metabolic rate was elevated (P = 0.01) for NO (0.146 vs. 0.104 ± 0.0032 Mcal/BW0.75, kg). Bedding improves feedlot receiving phase growth and efficiency in eastern South Dakota during the winter. Under the environmental conditions of this experiment, steers have a 40.4% increased metabolic rate when bedding is not used and steers in bedded pens had a 35.1% increase in metabolic rate compared to (0.077 Mcal/BW0.75, kg).

Download Full-text

Effects of pig genotype, immunological castration, and use of ractopamine on growth performance, carcass traits, and pork quality for entire male pigs

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1139/cjas-2017-0166 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 99 (1) ◽

pp. 82-106

Author(s):

J. Park ◽

C.P. Campbell ◽

E.J. Squires ◽

C.F.M. de Lange ◽

I.B. Mandell

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Meat Quality ◽

Shear Force ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Control Diet ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Drip Loss ◽

Daily Gain ◽

Entire Male

Entire male (EM) pigs (152; ∼30 kg body weight) were used to examine immunocastration using Improvest and feeding ractopamine on growth performance, carcass and meat quality, and fatty acid composition. Timing for administering second dose of Improvest compared dosing at 4 and 8 wk pre-slaughter. A factorial arrangement evaluated two genotypes [Large Whites and Duroc crossbreds (Durocs)] by five management regimens (EM fed control diet, EM fed ractopamine, second dose Improvest 4 wk pre-slaughter, second dose Improvest 8 wk pre-slaughter, second dose Improvest 4 wk pre-slaughter plus ractopamine). Average daily gain and gain to feed (G:F) were generally greater (P ≤ 0.01) in Durocs. Immunocastration increased (P < 0.01) dry matter intake (DMI); feeding ractopamine decreased (P < 0.02) DMI and increased (P < 0.03) G:F. Immunocastration decreased (P < 0.04) carcass and lean yields; feeding ractopamine increased (P < 0.04) carcass weights, lean yield, muscling, and longissimus shear force while decreasing (P < 0.01) backfats. Immunocastration did not affect loin pH, color, drip loss, and shear force. Timing for second Improvest dose did not affect most growth performance, carcass, and meat quality traits except for greater (P < 0.02) backfats when administering dose 8 wk pre-slaughter. Effects of immunocastration and (or) feeding ractopamine were relatively consistent in both genotypes evaluated.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of microencapsulated organic acids and botanicals on growth performance of nursery and growing-finishing pigs

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txab205 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Wade M Hutchens ◽

Mike D Tokach ◽

Jason C Woodworth ◽

Joel M DeRouchey ◽

Robert D Goodband ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Acids ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Block Design ◽

Control Diet ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Finishing Pigs ◽

Day Nursery ◽

Treatment Structure ◽

Daily Gain

Abstract A total of 1,215 pigs (L337 × 1050, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were used to determine the effect of microencapsulated organic acids and botanicals (MOB; AviPlus; Vetagro, Inc. Chicago, IL), on growth performance from weaning to market. Pigs were weaned at approximately 21 d of age and placed in pens based on initial body weight (BW) with 27 pigs per pen in a randomized complete block design. During the 42-day nursery period, pigs were allotted to 1 of 2 treatments in an unbalanced treatment structure with 15 pens (replications) fed the control diet and 30 pens (replications) fed diets containing 0.30% MOB from d 0 to 21 and 0.10% from d 21 to 42. On d 42, pigs were transported as intact pens from the nursery to the finishing facility. During the finishing period, 3 treatments were applied which included: 1) pigs on the control diet in nursery remained on control diets; 2) 50% of pigs provided MOB in nursery were then fed 0.05% MOB throughout finishing, and 3) 50% of pigs provided MOB in nursery were then fed the control diet throughout finishing. All pens of pigs on treatments 2 and 3 were allotted based on ending nursery BW to the finishing treatment. There were 15 replications per treatment in the finishing period. From d 0 to 21, pigs fed diets with MOB had a tendency for increased (P < 0.058) gain:feed (G:F) when compared to pigs fed the control diet; however, there was no evidence of difference (P > 0.05) for average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), or d 21 BW. From d 21 to 42, there was no evidence of difference (P > 0.05) for ADG, ADFI, or G:F. For the overall nursery period (d 0 to 42), pigs fed diets with MOB had increased (P < 0.05) G:F (660 vs 670 g/kg) when compared to pigs fed the control diet, but there was no evidence of difference (P > 0.05) for d 42 BW, ADG, or ADFI between treatments. From d 42 to 106, there was no evidence of difference (P > 0.05) for ADG, ADFI, and G:F. For the overall finishing period (d 42 to 156) and overall experimental period (d 0 to 156), there was no evidence of difference (P > 0.05) for BW, ADG, ADFI, or G:F. For mortality and removals, there was no evidence of difference (P > 0.05) observed during the nursery, finishing, or overall. In summary, providing MOB during the nursery phase increased G:F in the early and overall nursery phase, but there was no effect on overall wean-to-finish performance.

Download Full-text

Digestion, growth performance and caecal fermentation in growing rabbits fed diets containing foliage of browse trees

World Rabbit Science ◽

10.4995/wrs.2016.4359 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 283 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

S.H. Abu Hafsa ◽

A.Z.M. Salem ◽

A.A. Hassan ◽

A.E. Kholif ◽

M.M.Y. Elghandour ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Control Diet ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

E Coli ◽

Feed Digestibility ◽

Acid Detergent Fibre ◽

Concentrate Mixture ◽

Caecal Fermentation ◽

Daily Gain

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding dried foliage (leaves and petioles) of Acacia saligna, Leucaena leucocephala or Moringa oleifera on the performance, digestibility, N utilisation, caecal fermentation and microbial profiles in New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. One hundred weaned male NZW rabbits weighing 819.2±16.6 g and aged 35±1 d were randomly allocated into 4 groups of 25 rabbits each. Rabbits were fed on pelleted diets containing 70% concentrate mixture and 30% Egyptian berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) hay (Control diet) or one of the other 3 experimental diets, where 50% of berseem hay was replaced with A. saligna (AS), L. leucocephala (LL) or M. oleifera (MO). Compared to Control diet, decreases in dry matter (DM; P=0.004), organic matter (P=0.028), crude protein (CP; P=0.001), neutral detergent fibre (P=0.033) and acid detergent fibre (P=0.011) digestibility were observed with the AS diet. However, DM and CP digestibility were increased by 3% with the MO diet, and N utilisation was decreased (P<0.05) with AS. Rabbits fed AS and LL diets showed decreased (P=0.001) average daily gain by 39 and 7%, respectively vs. Control. Feed conversion was similar in Control and MO rabbits, whereas rabbits fed AS diet ate up to 45% more feed (P=0.002) than Control rabbits to gain one kg of body weight. Caecal ammonia-N was increased (P=0.002) with LL, while acetic acid was decreased (P=0.001) with AS diet vs. other treatments. Caecal E. coli and Lactobacillus spp. bacteria counts were decreased with MO by about 44 and 51%, respectively, vs. Control. In conclusion, under the study conditions, tree foliage from M. oleifera and L. leucocephala are suitable fibrous ingredients to be included up to 150 g/kg in the diets of growing rabbits, and can safely replace 50% of berseem hay in diets of NZW rabbits without any adverse effect on their growth performance. Foliage from M. oleifera had a better potential as a feed for rabbits than that from L. leucocephala. Although foliage from A. saliga may be also used at 150 g/kg in the diets of growing rabbits, this level of inclusion may result in reduced feed digestibility and growth performance.

Download Full-text

PSIII-14 Hybrid Rye Can Replace Corn in Diets for Growing Pigs Without Impacting Growth Performance Although Pigs Prefer to Eat Corn Rather Than Hybrid Rye If Given a Choice

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.295 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 174-175

Author(s):

Molly L McGhee ◽

Hans H Stein

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Random Effect ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Taste Preference ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Body Weights ◽

Hybrid Rye ◽

Quadratic Effects ◽

Daily Gain

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to test the hypotheses that feed preference and growth performance will not be affected if hybrid rye replaces corn in diets for growing pigs. In experiment 1, 36 pigs (32.0 ± 1.8 kg) were housed for 8 d with one gilt and one barrow in each pen. Each pen had 2 feeders containing a corn-based or a hybrid rye-based diet. Feeder positions were switched daily, and feed allotments and disappearances were recorded daily. In experiment 2, 128 pigs (27.2 ± 2.2 kg) were allotted to 32 pens with 4 pigs/pen and 8 replicate pens per diet. A corn-based basal diet and 3 diets containing 22, 45, or 67% hybrid rye were fed for 27 d. Body weights were determined at the start and conclusion of the experiment. Experiment 1 data were analyzed by a paired t-test and experiment 2 data were analyzed using SAS Proc Mixed with diet as the fixed effect and pen as a random effect. Contrast statements were used to test linear and quadratic effects of including graded levels of hybrid rye in diets. In experiment 1, preference for the hybrid rye diet was less (P < 0.05) than for the corn diet on each day and for the overall experiment (Table 1). In experiment 2, body weights of pigs, average daily gain (ADG), and gain:feed did not differ among treatments. Average daily feed intake tended to decrease (linear, P < 0.10) with increased hybrid rye inclusion. Taste preference and satiating effects of dietary fiber in the gastrointestinal tract may contribute to the reduced consumption of hybrid rye in both experiments. Nevertheless, the observation that diet did not influence ADG or gain:feed indicate that growing pigs may be fed diets with high inclusion rates of hybrid rye without negatively impacting growth.

Download Full-text

344 Protein supplementation during gestation enhances offspring growth performance of Wagyu sired but not Angus sired cattle

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.199 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 96-96

Author(s):

Natasha Moffitt-Hemmer ◽

Xiangdong Liu ◽

Jeanene Deavilla ◽

Shannon Neibergs ◽

Jan Busboom ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Pacific Northwest ◽

Maternal Nutrition ◽

Control Diet ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Protein Supplementation ◽

Weaning Weight ◽

Protein Requirements ◽

Angus Cattle ◽

Daily Gain

Abstract Wheat straw based diets are commonly fed to pregnant cows in Pacific Northwest, which may not meet protein requirements, but its impact on growth performance of offspring is unclear. Angus is the most common breed in this region while Wagyu is gaining popularity due to enhanced meat quality. The interaction between maternal nutrition and breed on growth performance of calves was examined. Angus cross cows (621 ± 73kg) were selected and randomly allotted to two groups and inseminated with either Angus or Wagyu semen. At 185 days of pregnancy, cows in each group were further separated into two-subgroups: control diet (CON, n = 21) received 85 % of the NRC metabolizable protein requirement, and protein supplemented group (SUPP, n = 21) received 108 % of requirement until calving. Then, cows and calves were moved to pastures and the cow calf pairs grazed rangeland. After weaning, calves were backgrounded, finished, and harvested at a body weight of 576.5 ± 16.6 kg. There were no differences between CON and SUPP in birth weight. However, SUPP increased 205 days adjusted weaning weight of Wagyu progeny (P < 0.01) and average daily gain (ADG) during the period of birth to weaning (P < 0.05) compared to calves from cows fed the CON diet. Moreover, Angus progeny had higher 205 days adjusted weaning weight (P < 0.01) and ADG during birth to weaning than Wagyu fed SUPP diet (P = 0.056). In both treatments, Angus gained weight faster and showed higher weight before finishing than Wagyu (P < 0.05). Angus had higher harvest weight (P < 0.01) and maternal protein supplementation tended to increase the dressing percent (P = 0.06). In conclusion, maternal protein supplementation enhanced growth performance of Wagyu but not Angus cattle, and Angus grew faster than Wagyu sired cattle. (Supported by USDA-NIFA grants 2015-67015-23219/2016-68006-24634 to MD)

Download Full-text

Effects of glutamine on growth performance of weanling piglets

Czech Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.17221/3963-cjas ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 51 (No. 10) ◽

pp. 444-448 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zou XT ◽

Zheng GH ◽

Fang XJ ◽

Jiang JF

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Control Diet ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Control Group ◽

Serum Urea ◽

Urea Nitrogen ◽

Serum Urea Nitrogen ◽

Weanling Piglets ◽

Daily Gain

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of glutamine on growth performance of weanling piglets. Sixty piglets weaned at 21 days of age were randomly assigned to two groups (10 piglets per pen, 3 pens per group). The control group received a maize-soybean meal-based diet. The treatment group received a maize-soybean meal-based diet supplemented with 1.0% free l-glutamine. Piglets were fed the diets for 20 days. Results showed that piglets fed the glutamine diet had lower diarrhoea ratio and shorter diarrhoea duration than those fed the control diet during 20 days after weaning. During the first ten days after weaning, pigs supplemented with glutamine had a 12.05% lower feed:gain ratio than those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). During the second ten days after weaning, they had a 27.75% higher average daily gain than those fed the control diet (P < 0.05); there were no differences in the feed:gain ratio and average daily feed intake. During the first ten days after weaning, the serum urea nitrogen of pigs supplemented with glutamine was reduced by 17.36% (P > 0.05) compared to the control. During the second ten days after weaning, serum urea nitrogen was reduced by 4.27% and serum concentrations of total protein increased by 18.70% in pigs supplemented with glutamine compared to the control (P > 0.05). There were no differences in albumin, T3, T4 and growth hormone.

Download Full-text