Life-History Traits and Flight Capacity of Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Using Artificial Diets With Varying Sugar Content

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sha Su ◽  
Xueting Wang ◽  
Chengzhi Jian ◽  
Amedius Dwigo Ignatus ◽  
Xiaohe Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Sucrose Content ◽  
Artificial Diets ◽  
Grapholita Molesta ◽  
Flight Capacity

Abstract Successful application of the sterile insect technique (SIT), an environmentally friendly control technology, mainly depends on mass-rearing of high-quality and high-performance insects. For mass-rearing of insects, the development of artificial diets is a key component. For optimal insect growth and development, sugar is an essential nutrient as it provides energy for flight. To date, few studies have analyzed the effects of different sugar contents on the biological parameters, including the flight capacity of Grapholita molesta, a globally important economic pest. Artificial diets with different sucrose contents (0, 15, and 30 g) were evaluated in two consecutive generations. The insect flight mill was used to study the G. molesta flight capacity. The larval and pupal periods, adult longevity and pupal weight of the first-generation of G. molesta reared on artificial diets with different sucrose contents were significantly different. Insects of the second-generation had a shorter larval period, greater adult longevity, and heavier larvae and pupae in the treatment with 30 g of sucrose than using 15 g. Among the males, strong, medium, and weak flight capacities were recorded and the weakest one was observed in the diet without sucrose. Results showed that the proportion of insects with highest flight capacity increased with increasing sucrose content in insects of the second generation. It can be concluded that sucrose content is a key determinant in the biological traits, including flight capacity of G. molesta, and should be taken into consideration during the mass-rearing of the pest for SIT.

scholarly journals Assessment of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) Diets on Adult Fecundity and Larval Development: Insights Into Employing the Sterile Insect Technique

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiu-Li Hou ◽  
Er-Hu Chen ◽  
Wei Dou ◽  
Jin-Jun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
Sterile Insect Technique ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Artificial Diets

Abstract Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is a notorious insect pest that attacks diverse vegetables and fruits worldwide. The sterile insect technique has been developed as an environmentally friendly and effective control method that depends on the mass production of target flies. Because dietary yeast (protein) and sucrose (carbohydrate) are important in adult diets, yeast:sucrose (Y:S) mixtures are crucial for the mass-rearing of B. dorsalis. In this study, we found adult diets with different ratios of yeast to sucrose-influenced fecundity, and an extremely high or low Y:S ratios significantly decreased egg production of B. dorsalis. Additionally, the maximum oviposition efficiency was realized at dietary yeast to sucrose ratios of 1:1 and 1:3, suggesting their potential use to produce more eggs for the mass production of B. dorsalis. Here, new gel diets having different yeast concentrations (g/L water) were also assessed for rearing B. dorsalis larvae. Gel diets containing 20 g/L yeast led to a higher pupation, pupal weight and adult eclosion rate, and a shorter developmental time than other yeast concentrations. Moreover, the present gel diet also resulted in greater pupal production and adult emergence rates than previously used liquid and solid artificial diets, revealing that it is suitable for rearing B. dorsalis larvae. This research provides a useful reference on artificial diets mixtures for mass rearing B. dorsalis, which is critical for employing the sterile insect technique.

scholarly journals How long-term mass rearing affects the quality of the Trichogramma embryophagum (Hartig) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) reared on Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) eggs

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzaneh Sadat ◽  
Alireza Nazari ◽  
Shahriar Jafari ◽  
Zahra Rafiei Karahroudi
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Reproductive Rate ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Sitotroga Cerealella ◽  
Net Reproductive Rate ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background Maintaining the quality and efficacy of biological control agents during long-term mass rearing plays a crucial role in the success of a biological control program. In this study, the biological traits of a local population colony of Trichogramma embryophagum (Hartig) with rearing on Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) eggs for over 40 generations (G) were assessed. Results Female adult longevity was significantly different among generations, ranging from 7.98 d in G5 to 5.19 d in G40. The reared wasps showed highest fecundity (60.50 eggs/female) in G5 compared to the other generations. The female sex ratio varied from 63.16% in G5 to 49.31% in G40. Significant differences were observed in population growth parameters and the highest gross reproductive rate (GRR) (40.96 eggs/individual) and net reproductive rate (R0) (38.21 eggs/individual) were found in G5. However, a non-significant difference was found in the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) until the 10th generation, but its values significantly declined with increasing the generation numbers. The finite parasitism rate (ω) ranged from 0.468 host/parasitoid/day in G5 to 0.274 host/parasitoid/day in G40. Conclusions The results showed that the quality of T. embryophagum reared under continuous laboratory conditions declined after 10 generations, and for use of them in biological control programs under field conditions, the reared population should be refreshed by adding wild individuals from time to time.

Early-Season Host Plant Fruit Impacts on Reproductive Parameters of the Oriental Fruit Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clayton T. Myers ◽  
Larry A. Hull ◽  
Grzegorz Krawczyk
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Oriental Fruit Moth ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Grapholita Molesta ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Larval Host

Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a cosmopolitan pest of tree fruits, has been a significant pest in the United States since its introduction in the early 20th Century. Grapholita molesta historically has been a major pest of stone fruit. However, since the mid to late 1990s, outbreaks in commercial apple orchards in the eastern United States have become common place. This study examined the effects of larval host (e.g., apple vs. peach) on G. molesta reproduction, as a means to better understand the increased importance of G. molesta as an apple pest in the midAtlantic region. In laboratory investigations, G. molesta adults reared on apple fruit had approximately 2-fold higher fecundity than those reared on peach (F = 10.98; df = 3,101; P < 0.001). In two separate studies, when larvae were reared under either crowded or noncrowded feeding conditions, female adult longevity and oviposition period were significantly greater among moths reared as larvae on apple than those reared on peach (2001: P = 0.019 and 0.009, respectively; 2002: P = 0.031 and 0.001, respectively). Female pupal weight was significantly higher in individuals reared on apple than those reared on peach, in both studies (2001 and 2002: P < 0.001). Similar host-influenced impacts on G. molesta reproductive phenomena could affect population dynamics of G. molesta, especially late in the season when apple fruit are a preferred feeding site.

LUMINESCENT DETERMINATION OF SUGAR IN NATURAL HONEY

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-32
Author(s):  
B.M. GAREEV ◽  
◽  
A.M. ABDRAKHMANOV ◽  
G.L. SHARIPOV ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Carbon Quantum Dots ◽  
Photoluminescence Intensity ◽  
Sucrose Content ◽  
Natural Honey

The photoluminescence of carbon quantum dots synthesized from natural honey and mixtures of honey and sugar has been studied. An increase in the sugar content leads to a decrease in the photoluminescence intensity without changing the shape of the luminescence spectrum of these quantum dots aqueous solutions, which is associated with a decrease in the yield of their synthesis in the sugar presence. The discovered effect can be used to detect sugar in honey. When examining five different market samples of flower honey using this method, two of them showed a significant decrease in the photoluminescence intensity. A laboratory test for compliance with GOST 19792-2017 Standard requirements established an excess of the sucrose content in these samples. Luminescent determination of sugar in honey does not require complicated equipment and can be used to develop a new analytical method for determining the sugar content in counterfeit natural honey.

Reproductive performance and transcriptome analyses of Tetranychus urticae when feeding on bean leaves and an artificial diet

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1272-1283
Author(s):  
Yongjuan He ◽  
Jiale Lv ◽  
Endong Wang ◽  
Xuenong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Tetranychus Urticae ◽  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Detoxification Enzymes ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Transcriptome Analyses ◽  
Bean Leaves

As an important pest, Tetranychus urticae fed on thousands of host plants and showed strong capability in host adaptation. However, hardly any success artificial diet has been developed for it. In this study, we compared adult longevity and reproduction of T. urticae that fed on its natural food (bean leaves) and an artificial diet with leaf extracts added, and tried to investigate the reason why the artificial diet was inefficient through transcriptome analyses. Mean adult longevity and cumulative fecundities of T. urticae was reduced by 53.4% and 93.8%, respectively. Transcriptome analyses showed that 1731 genes were differentially expressed comparing individuals fed with the artificial diet and with their natural food, among which most (77.1%) were down regulated. No significant induced expression of xenobiotic transporters and detoxification enzymes were observed when T. urticae were fed with the artificial diet. In contrast, differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in digestive related terms, especially in lipid metabolism related pathways, with most genes down regulated. Our results indicated the significance in further investigating lipid demand and metabolism of T. urticae to improve its mass rearing techniques.

THE EFFECT OF A MICROSPORIDIAN PARASITE ON THE DEVELOPMENT, REPRODUCTION, AND MORTALITY OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.)

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Initial Dose ◽  
Male Fertility ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Microsporidian Parasite ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
First Instar

Infection of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), by the microsporidian parasite Perezia fumiferanae Thorn, retards both larval and pupal development and reduces pupal weight, fecundity, and adult longevity. These effects are more pronounced among the female insects. There is no evidence that the parasite affects male fertility, mate choice, or the fertility of eggs produced. The parasite causes some mortality, most of which occurs before the fifth instar. Among larvae infected orally, mortality seems to be related to the size of the initial dose. Mortality occurs equally in both sexes. The development and survival of the first instar and overwintering second instar are not affected by the parasite. It is suggested that the parasite causes most of the observed results by reducing the insect's ability to assimilate its food. Mortality, however, is believed to be due to the destruction of the mid-gut or Malpighian tubules.

Performance of New Sugarcane Varieties in the Cabo Rojo-Hormigueros Area of Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-55
Author(s):  
M. Pérez-Zapata ◽  
G. Ramírez-Oliveras ◽  
C. González-Molina
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Sugar Production ◽  
Sucrose Content ◽  
Commercial Variety ◽  
Sugarcane Varieties ◽  
High Sugar ◽  
Plant Crop

The performance of 34 new sugarcane varieties was evaluated in a plant crop and two ratoons at two sites in southwestern Puerto Rico. At Bonilla farm in Cabo Rojo the five leading varieties were PR 65-413, PR 65-339, PR 62-739, UCW 53-69, and PR 980. PR 980, which is the leading commercial variety of the Cabo Rojo area, ranked fifth in total sugar production per acre. PR 65-413 and PR 65-339 have the greatest potential as commercial varieties for the Cabo Rojo area, since they are high sugar yielders and suited to mechanization. In the humid valley of Central Eureka in Hormigueros, the most outstanding varieties were PR 1152, PR 61-902, PR 1140, CP 52-43, and NCo 310. PR 1152 is high in sugar content and cane tonnage production, and is suitable for mechanized harvesting. PR 1140 and PR 61-902 also had a good sucrose content, but their performance in subsequent crops was poor. NCo 310 and UCW 53-69 are not suitable for mechanized harvesting.

scholarly journals Influence of elevated CO2 on development and food utilization of armyworm Mythimna separata fed on transgenic Bt maize infected by nitrogen-fixing bacteria

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuo Li ◽  
Megha N. Parajulee ◽  
Fajun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Parental Line ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Mythimna Separate

Background Bt crops will face a new ecological risk of reduced effectiveness against target-insect pests owing to the general decrease in exogenous-toxin content in Bt crops grown under elevated carbon dioxide (CO2). The method chosen to deal with this issue may affect the sustainability of transgenic crops as an effective pest management tool, especially under future atmospheric CO2 level raising. Methods In this study, rhizobacterias, as being one potential biological regulator to enhance nitrogen utilization efficiency of crops, was selected and the effects of Bt maize (Line IE09S034 with Cry1Ie vs. its parental line of non-Bt maize Xianyu 335) infected by Azospirillum brasilense (AB) and Azotobacter chroococcum (AC) on the development and food utilization of the target Mythimna separate under ambient and double-ambient CO2 in open-top chambers from 2016 to 2017. Results The results indicated that rhizobacteria infection significantly increased the larval life-span, pupal duration, relative consumption rate and approximate digestibility of M. separata, and significantly decreased the pupation rate, pupal weight, adult longevity, fecundity, relative growth rate, efficiency of conversion of digested food and efficiency of conversion of ingested food of M. separata fed on Bt maize, while here were opposite trends in development and food utilization of M. separata fed on non-Bt maize infected with AB and AC compared with the control buffer in 2016 and 2017 regardless of CO2 level. Discussion Simultaneously, elevated CO2 and Bt maize both had negative influence on the development and food utilization of M. separata. Presumably, CO2 concentration arising in future significantly can increase their intake of food and harm to maize crop; however, Bt maize infected with rhizobacterias can reduce the field hazards from M. separata and the application of rhizobacteria infection can enhance the resistance of Bt maize against target lepidoptera pests especially under elevated CO2.

New larval agar-based diet for laboratory rearing of Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Diptera, Tephritidae)

Biologia ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Pašková
Keyword(s):  
Ceratitis Capitata ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Larval Population ◽  
Laboratory Rearing ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
New Formulation ◽  
The Cost

AbstractFive larval diets for laboratory rearing of Ceratitis capitata were tested. These diets were based on wheat bran, microcellulose, potato starch and agar. To evaluate the quality of diet, pupal rearing efficacy and pupal weight were checked. The best results were obtained with an agar based diet used for Manduca sexta laboratory rearing. To simplify the preparation and to reduce the cost of this diet, a new formulation was developed. Larvae reared on the new agar-based diet achieved higher pupal rearing efficacy than larvae reared on bran diet recently used in medfly mass rearing facilities. Heat treated medflies reared on the new agar-based diet achieved similar pupal rearing efficacy with heat treated medflies reared on bran diet. When testing population density, higher pupal rearing efficacy was again achieved on new diet. The highest pupal rearing efficacy was achieved with 100 eggs per 25 g of diet, lowest with 500 eggs per 25 g of diet. Concerning pupal weight, there was no difference in results achieved on Petri dishes with different larval population densities. Larvae reared on new agar-based diet reached better results than larvae reared on bran diet. The preparation of the new diet is simple and the cost is low, so it is good for laboratory tests and rearing.

scholarly journals Germination and sugar content alteration in maize grain caused by Fusarium contamination

2010 ◽  
pp. 42-44
Author(s):  
Sándor Keszthelyi ◽  
Ildikó Kerepesi ◽  
Ferenc Pál-Fám
Keyword(s):  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Sucrose Content ◽  
Saccharide Content ◽  
Maize Grain

Healthy and Fusarium affected ears were collected in Fészerlak, Somogy County at the end of vegetation cycle of maize (25-30 August). Each pattern contains 25-25 ears. We compared the samples on the basis of visual image of Fusarium affection. The ears were shelled and two 0,5 kg samples were formed: healthy and Fusarium contaminated. After surface sterilisation the uniform sized seeds were soaked in sterile distilled water for 24 hours and there were germinated for 7 days. The α-amylase activity was measured with Phadebas- α-amylase test. Seeds were extracted one by one three times under reflux using 10 cm3 boiling water for 15 minutes. During our investigation germinating activity was detected to measure glucose, fructose, sucrose content and α-amylase activity. In the first seven days of germination the highest values were detected in control seeds followed by the affected seeds. Our results clearly show that stress conditions applied altered not only the saccharide content but decreased their germinating activity as well in the case of maize grain.

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