Assessing Durability and Safety of Permethrin Impregnated Uniforms Used by Outdoor Workers to Prevent Tick Bites after One Year of Use

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie L Richards ◽  
Jeffrey Driver ◽  
Megan C Dyer ◽  
Thomas N Mather ◽  
Sheana Funkhouser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
Urinary Metabolites ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Tick Bites ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Outdoor Workers ◽  
United States Population ◽  
Measured Time ◽  
One Year

Abstract Long lasting permethrin-impregnated (LLPI) clothing can retain permethrin and repel ticks for up to three months and without exceeding EPA-approved safe levels; however, little is known about longer term effects of wearing LLPI clothing. Here, permethrin content was measured in new forester pants soon after initial impregnation (Insect Shield) and again one year later after being repeatedly worn by foresters in the field. Urine samples were collected from foresters for biomonitoring of permethrin metabolites at multiple time intervals (pre-use, one-month, three-to-four-months, and one-year post-use). Lethality against nymphal Ixodes scapularis Say was measured in clothing after one year of wear by foresters. Furthermore, to test potential variability in permethrin impregnation of different batches of clothing, separate sets of clothing were anonymously sent to Insect Shield for permethrin treatment over a period of three months and permethrin was quantified. Results demonstrated 33% of participants’ pants had no measurable permethrin after one year of wear and permethrin content and tick mortality varied significantly between clothing. Only two of the participants’ clothing resulted in ≥ 30% tick mortality after one year of wear. Significant differences were observed in 3-PBA and trans-DCCA, but not cis-DCCA metabolites in participants over the four measured time points and were higher than general United States population levels. This study provides practical information on the safety (measured by urinary metabolites) over time of LLPI clothing. It also provides snapshots (pre-washing and after one year of wear) of effectiveness of LLPI clothing as personal protective equipment against ticks for outdoor workers.

scholarly journals Protective Effectiveness of Long-Lasting Permethrin Impregnated Clothing Against Tick Bites in an Endemic Lyme Disease Setting: A Randomized Control Trial Among Outdoor Workers

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 1532-1538
Author(s):  
Cedar Mitchell ◽  
Megan Dyer ◽  
Feng-Chang Lin ◽  
Natalie Bowman ◽  
Thomas Mather ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
The United States ◽  
Amblyomma Americanum ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tick Bites ◽  
Outdoor Workers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Protective Effectiveness

Abstract Tick-borne diseases are a growing threat to public health in the United States, especially among outdoor workers who experience high occupational exposure to ticks. Long-lasting permethrin-impregnated clothing has demonstrated high initial protection against bites from blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae), in laboratory settings, and sustained protection against bites from the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae), in field tests. However, long-lasting permethrin impregnation of clothing has not been field tested among outdoor workers who are frequently exposed to blacklegged ticks. We conducted a 2-yr randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial among 82 outdoor workers in Rhode Island and southern Massachusetts. Participants in the treatment arm wore factory-impregnated permethrin clothing, and the control group wore sham-treated clothing. Outdoor working hours, tick encounters, and bites were recorded weekly to assess protective effectiveness of long-lasting permethrin-impregnated garments. Factory-impregnated clothing significantly reduced tick bites by 65% in the first study year and by 50% in the second year for a 2-yr protective effect of 58%. No significant difference in other tick bite prevention method utilization occurred between treatment and control groups, and no treatment-related adverse outcomes were reported. Factory permethrin impregnation of clothing is safe and effective for the prevention of tick bites among outdoor workers whose primary exposure is to blacklegged ticks in the northeastern United States.

Coinfection of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) Nymphs With Babesia spp. (Piroplasmida: Babesiidae) and Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae) in Wisconsin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T E Zembsch ◽  
X Lee ◽  
G M Bron ◽  
L C Bartholomay ◽  
S M Paskewitz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Borrelia Burgdorferi ◽  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Babesia Microti ◽  
Tick Bites ◽  
The Family ◽  
Babesia Spp

Abstract Borrelia burgdorferi, the spirochete that causes Lyme disease, is endemic and widespread in Wisconsin. Research in the northeastern United States has revealed a positive association between Babesia microti, the main pathogen that causes babesiosis in humans, and Bo. burgdorferi in humans and in ticks. This study was conducted to examine associations between the disease agents in the Upper midwestern United States. Ixodes scapularis Say nymphs (N = 2,858) collected between 2015 and 2017 from nine locations in Wisconsin were tested for Babesia spp. and Borrelia spp. using real-time PCR. Two species of Babesia were detected; Ba. microti and Babesia odocoilei (a parasite of members of the family Cervidae). Prevalence of infection at the nine locations ranged from 0 to 13% for Ba. microti, 11 to 31% for Bo. burgdorferi sensu stricto, and 5.7 to 26% for Ba. odocoilei. Coinfection of nymphs with Bo. burgdorferi and Ba. odocoilei was detected in eight of the nine locations and significant positive associations were observed in two of the eight locations. The prevalence of nymphal coinfection with both and Bo. burgdorferi and Ba. microti ranged from 0.81 to 6.5%. These two pathogens were significantly positively associated in one of the five locations where both pathogens were detected. In the other four locations, the observed prevalence of coinfection was higher than expected in all but one site-year. Clinics and healthcare providers should be aware of the association between Ba. microti and Bo. burgdorferi pathogens when treating patients who report tick bites.

scholarly journals A Rapid and Effective Method to Prolong Pain Relief in Sheep Using Bupivacaine and Intralipid ® Combination

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Farzin Sahebjam
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Block ◽  
Final Concentration ◽  
Noxious Stimulus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Nerve Blocks ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
The Mean

Background : To compare the duration of action of a local anesthetic block using a lipid formulation of bupivacaine to the commercially available aqueous formulation. Bupivacaine 0.5% was mixed with an equal volume of either lipid emulsion (Intralipid, Fresenius Kabi) or normal saline resulting in a final concentration of 0.25% bupivacaine. Eighteen sheep were administered a n erve block of either control or treatment at the metacarpal region of each forelimb to compare the efficacy of the injected formulations. The nociceptive test was determined by applying a blunt noxious stimulus to the foot below the nerve block at multiple time intervals until the sheep responded by withdrawing its foot. The person assessing the response to the noxious stimulus was blinded to the treatment. Results: The Intralipid formulation significantly extended the duration of the nerve block compared to the control group. The mean analgesic period (mean±SD) in the control legs was 4.23±1.8 hr. compared to 5.81±1.78 hr. in the Intralipid injected legs (p=0.013). Conclusions : In conclusion, an Intralipid® - based formulation provided a more prolonged dura tion of local anesthesia after nerve blocks in the sheep metacarpal region compared to aqueous bupivacaine.

scholarly journals Performance and uncertainties of TSS stormwater sampling strategies from online time series

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 1407-1416
Author(s):  
Santiago Sandoval ◽  
Jean-Luc Bertrand-Krajewski ◽  
Nicolas Caradot ◽  
Thomas Hofer ◽  
Günter Gruber
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Sampling Errors ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
One Year

Abstract The event mean concentrations (EMCs) that would have been obtained by four different stormwater sampling strategies are simulated by using total suspended solids (TSS) and flowrate time series (about one minute time-step and one year of data). These EMCs are compared to the reference EMCs calculated by considering the complete time series. The sampling strategies are assessed with datasets from four catchments: (i) Berlin, Germany, combined sewer overflow (CSO); (ii) Graz, Austria, CSO; (iii) Chassieu, France, separate sewer system; and (iv) Ecully, France, CSO. A sampling strategy in which samples are collected at constant time intervals over the rainfall event and sampling volumes are pre-set as proportional to the runoff volume discharged between two consecutive sample leads to the most representative results. Recommended sampling time intervals are of 5 min for Berlin and Chassieu (resp. 100 and 185 ha area) and 10 min for Graz and Ecully (resp. 335 and 245 ha area), with relative sampling errors between 7% and 20% and uncertainties in sampling errors of about 5%. Uncertainties related to sampling volumes, TSS laboratory analyses and beginning/ending of rainstorm events are reported as the most influent sources in the uncertainties of sampling errors and EMCs.

scholarly journals Routes to Diagnosis for Suspected Sarcoma: The Impact of Symptoms and Clinical Findings on the Diagnostic Process

Sarcoma ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Buvarp Dyrop ◽  
Peter Vedsted ◽  
Mathias Rædkjær ◽  
Akmal Safwat ◽  
Johnny Keller
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Local Hospital ◽  
Doctor Visit ◽  
Presenting Symptoms ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Diagnostic Intervals

Background and Objectives. Sarcoma patients often experience delay before diagnosis. We examined the association between presenting symptoms/signs and time intervals for suspected sarcoma patients.Methods. 545 consecutive patients suspected for sarcoma referred over a one-year period were included. Median time intervals in routes to diagnosis were collected from medical records and questionnaires.Results. 102 patients (18.7%) had a sarcoma; 68 (12.5%) had other malignancies. Median interval for the patient (time from first symptom to first doctor visit), primary care, local hospital, sarcoma center, diagnostic, and total interval for sarcoma patients were 77, 17, 29, 17, 65, and 176 days, respectively. Sarcoma patients visited more hospital departments and had longer median primary care (+10 days) and diagnostic intervals (+19 days) than patients with benign conditions. Median primary care (−19 days) and sarcoma center (−4 days) intervals were shorter for patients with a lump versus no lump. Median patient (+40 days), primary care (+12 days), diagnostic (+17 days), and total intervals (+78 days) were longer for patients presenting with pain versus no pain. GP suspicion of malignancy shortened local hospital (−20 days) and total intervals (−104 days).Conclusions. The main part of delay could be attributed to the patient and local hospitals. Length of time intervals was associated with presenting symptoms/signs and GP suspicion.

scholarly journals The criterion for the existence of the weight of the orthogonality of equidistant elementary signals

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 04015
Author(s):  
Andrey Degtyaryov
Keyword(s):  
Linear Systems ◽  
Intersymbol Interference ◽  
Basis Functions ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Impulse Responses ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Interchannel Interference

To reduce the level of intersymbol interference and interchannel interference, it is proposed to form the transmitted signals using the basis functions obtained by shifting the impulse responses of linear systems by multiple time intervals. An algorithm for calculating the weight of the orthogonality of basis functions is proposed. A criterion for the existence of the indicated weight of orthogonality is formulated.

Diagnosis of Rolling Bearing by Measuring Time Interval of AE Generation

1999 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 468-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeo Yoshioka ◽  
Atsushi Korenaga ◽  
Hiroki Mano ◽  
Takashi Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Rolling Contact Fatigue ◽  
Contact Fatigue ◽  
Rolling Bearing ◽  
Rolling Contact ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Measuring Time ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Measured Time ◽  
Ae Signal ◽  
Kinetics Of

We have developed a new method for measuring time intervals of Acoustic Emission (AE) generation for diagnosis of a radial rolling bearing. The method makes the AE signal itself a trigger of the oscillation of the clock pulse and measures the time interval of AE generation by integration of the clock pulses. The measurement device consists of the threshold, clock, time interval measurement and memory circuit, and was applied to rolling contact fatigue experiments. It was confirmed by the experiments that the measured time intervals of AE generation on the inner raceway or the ball agreed with the value calculated based on the kinetics of the rolling bearing. Moreover, we could identify the elements in which a fatigue crack was propagating by the method before the spalling appeared. The identified elements agreed with the failed elements.

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