The role of shaded cocoa plantations in the maintenance of epiphytic orchids and their interactions with phorophytes

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Morales-Linares ◽  
José G García-Franco ◽  
Alejandro Flores-Palacios ◽  
Thorsten Krömer ◽  
Tarin Toledo-Aceves
Keyword(s):  
Interaction Network ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Epiphytic Orchids ◽  
Epiphytic Orchid ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
True Diversity ◽  
Nested Structure ◽  
Cam Species

Abstract Aims Habitat loss and fragmentation are the main threats to biodiversity in tropical forests. Agroecosystems such as shaded cocoa plantations (SCP) provide refuge for tropical forest biota. However, it is poorly known whether the interspecific ecological interactions are also maintained in these transformed habitats. We evaluated the diversity, reproductive status and photosynthetic metabolism (CAM or C3) of the epiphytic orchid community, and their interactions with host trees (phorophytes) in SCP compared to tropical rainforest (TRF). Methods In southeastern Mexico, three sites each in TRF and SCP were studied, with four 400 m2 plots established at each site to record all orchids and their phorophytes. We determined the reproductive (adult) or non-reproductive (juvenile) status of each orchid individual in relation to the presence or absence, respectively, of flowers/fruits (or remnants), and assigned the photosynthetic pathway of each orchid species based in literature. We used true diversity and ecological networks approaches to analyze orchid diversity and orchid–phorophyte interactions, respectively. Important Findings In total, 607 individuals belonging to 47 orchid species were recorded. Orchid diversity was higher in TRF (19 effective species) than in SCP (11 effective species) and only seven species were shared between the two habitats. CAM orchid species were more frequent in SCP (53%) than in TRF (14%). At the community level the proportion of non-reproductive and reproductive orchid species and the nested structure and specialization level of the TRF orchid–phorophyte network were maintained in SCP. However, only a subset of TRF epiphytic orchids remains in SCP, highlighting the importance of protecting TRF. Despite this difference, shaded agroecosystems such as SCP can maintain some of the diversity and functions of natural forests, since the SCP epiphytic orchid community, mainly composed of CAM species, and its phorophytes constitute a nested interaction network, which would confer robustness to disturbances.

A commensal network of epiphytic orchids and host trees in an Atlantic Forest remnant: A case study revealing the important role of large trees in the network structure

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrique G. S. Zotarelli ◽  
José M. P. Molina ◽  
José E. L. S. Ribeiro ◽  
Silvia H. Sofia
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Epiphytic Orchids ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Forest Remnant ◽  
Large Trees

scholarly journals Endophytic fungi associated with roots of epiphytic orchids in two Andean forests in Southern Ecuador and their role in germination

Lankesteriana ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jazmin M. Salazar ◽  
Marisol Pomavilla ◽  
Anne T. Pollard ◽  
Eduardo J. Chica ◽  
Denisse F. Peña
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Epiphytic Orchids ◽  
Orchid Conservation ◽  
Southern Ecuador ◽  
Symbiotic Germination ◽  
Orchid Seed ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

Orchids are known to establish complex relationships with endophytic fungi throughout their life cycle, and particularly during germination of their reserves-deprived seeds. Characterizing generalist or specialist interactions between orchids and associated fungi is key to supporting orchid conservation efforts. Here, endophytic fungi associated with roots of epiphytic orchids were studied in two montane Andean forests in Southern Ecuador. Orchid root samples were collected from ten ~500 m2 plots distributed between two neighboring forests. Endophytic fungi associated with these roots were then isolated, cultured, and identified by sequencing of rDNA markers. In total, 52 pure isolates were recovered from the roots of 10 orchid species. These isolates were classified into nine taxonomic groups except for one isolate that remained unclassified. Most fungal isolates were found in roots of up to two different orchid species; however, Coprinellus radians was found in the roots of all sampled orchids. The potential of C. radians to promote germination of orchid seeds was tested in a separate assay using seeds from two orchid species different than those found in the experimental forest plots. Of the two C. radians isolates tested, one improved germination in the two orchids evaluated to a level about half of that observed in seeds germinated in nutrient-rich medium (Phytamax) and above the null germination observed in plates without the fungus. Together, these results revealed a generalist relationship between C. radians and all the studied epiphytic orchids and the potential role of this fungus as a promoter of orchid seed germination. Key Words: Agaricales, Epidendrum, symbiotic germination

Epiphytic Orchid Inventory and The Host In Bantarbolang Nature Reserve - Central Java

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Rahmi Mutia Mawardi ◽  
Wiwik Herawati ◽  
Pudji Widodo
Keyword(s):  
Surface Texture ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Epiphytic Orchid ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Central Java Province

Bantarbolang Nature Reserve is located in the northern part of Central Java Province. The study aiming to verify the plant species of epiphytic orchids and the host tree in the area of Bantarbolang Nature Reserve was conducted in February to April 2019. The research method used in the research was explorative methods. Data were analyzed descriptively. It was recorded that there were 5 epiphytic orchid species, i.e. Rhynchostylis retusa, Aerides odorata, Cymbidium bicolor, Dendrobium crumenatum and Ascocentrum miniatum. The number of orchids found was 148 individuals, the most common species was Rhynchostylis retusa. The host trees are teak (Tectona grandis), putat (Barringtonia acutangula), bulu (Ficus annulata) and bungur (Lagerstroemia speciosa) with characteristics of hard stems, cracked surface texture, rough, mossy and not easy to peel.

scholarly journals KEANEKARAGAMAN DAN KELIMPAHAN ANGGREK EPIFIT DI KAKI GUNUNG LIANGPRAN, KALIMANTAN TIMUR

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Surianto Effendi ◽  
Nunik Sri Ariyanti ◽  
Tatik Chikmawati
Keyword(s):  
River Estuary ◽  
Host Tree ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Epiphytic Orchids ◽  
Epiphytic Orchid ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Zone Ii ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
High Diversity ◽  
Tree Characteristics

Liangpran Mountain is located within the Heart of Borneo (HoB) Conservation Area which has high biodiversity. The exploration of orchids has been carried out in several locations in the HoB region and recorded a high diversity of wild orchid. This research was conducted to explore and inventory the orchids from the foothill of Mount Liangpran, and record  the diversity and abundance of epiphytic orchids in the study sites. This research was carried out by making track of exploration along the Nuyung river estuary to the Tebing Lapah. The richness and abundance data were collected in three plot of 1000 x 20 m. The host tree characteristics and distribution of epiphytic orchid on the host tree were recorded. Fourteen species orchids were collected, and the most dominant are Coelogyne asperata and Agrostophyllum stipulatum with an abundance of 23.53% each. The epiphytic orchids in host trees are spread from the zone II to V based on the Johansson’s sections, in which zone IV is the most diverse. Nine species of the host trees associated with the collected orchids were identified and grouped into five families. The characters of host trees are 7–57 m height,12–112 cm diameters, and 2 types of bark surfaces (rough and intermediate). 

scholarly journals Diversity of Epiphytic Orchids, Hoya, Dischidia and Phorophytes (Host Trees) in Bawean Island Nature Reserve and Wildlife Reserve, East Java, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Trimanto Trimanto ◽  
Setyawan Agung Danarto
Keyword(s):  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Epiphytic Orchids ◽  
Epiphytic Orchid ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
On This Island ◽  
Epiphytic Plant ◽  
Cymbidium Aloifolium ◽  
Wildlife Reserve

Bawean Island is a small island located between two islands (Java and Borneo). Geographically, the diversity of plants, especially epiphytic plants on this island is very interesting to be studied. This research aims to investigate the diversity of epiphytic plants, focussing on epiphytic orchids, Hoya and Dischidia in Bawean Island Nature Reserve and Wildlife Reserve. It was conducted through an inventory of epiphytic orchids and hoya growing on host trees. The results showed there were 10 species of epiphytic orchid and 3 species of epiphytic Hoya, and 1 species of Dischidia growing on-location studies. The epiphytic orchids which found in location studies included Phalaenopsis amabilis, Aerides odorata, Cymbidium aloifolium, Dendrobium anosmum, Rhynchostylis retusa, Liparis condylobulbon, Taeniophyllum biocellatum, Cymbidium sp., Eria sp. Orchid species that most often found in the study location was Phalaenopsis amabilis. In addition, this study recorded Taeniophyllum biocellatum as an endemic orchid from Java that was found on this island. The epiphytic Hoya recorded in there, i.e. Hoya diversifolia, H. verticillata, and H. amoena, and also only found 1 species of  Dischidia was Dischidia imbricata. There were 12 species of trees as the host trees of epiphytic, i.e. Irvingia malayana, Tectona grandis, Diospyros buxyfolius were the host trees frequently found as the host of the epiphytic plant. Zone 3 as an area of 1/3 basal part of a total length of the branches was the most preferred zone by epiphytic orchids and hoya. The epiphytic orchid and hoya hardly found in Zone 5.

scholarly journals Genome-wide identification of the GATA transcription factor family and their expression patterns under temperature and salt stress in Aspergillus oryzae

AMB Express ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunmiao Jiang ◽  
Gongbo Lv ◽  
Jinxin Ge ◽  
Bin He ◽  
Zhe Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Gata Transcription Factor ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Evolutionary Features ◽  
First Time

AbstractGATA transcription factors (TFs) are involved in the regulation of growth processes and various environmental stresses. Although GATA TFs involved in abiotic stress in plants and some fungi have been analyzed, information regarding GATA TFs in Aspergillusoryzae is extremely poor. In this study, we identified and functionally characterized seven GATA proteins from A.oryzae 3.042 genome, including a novel AoSnf5 GATA TF with 20-residue between the Cys-X2-Cys motifs which was found in Aspergillus GATA TFs for the first time. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these seven A. oryzae GATA TFs could be classified into six subgroups. Analysis of conserved motifs demonstrated that Aspergillus GATA TFs with similar motif compositions clustered in one subgroup, suggesting that they might possess similar genetic functions, further confirming the accuracy of the phylogenetic relationship. Furthermore, the expression patterns of seven A.oryzae GATA TFs under temperature and salt stresses indicated that A. oryzae GATA TFs were mainly responsive to high temperature and high salt stress. The protein–protein interaction network of A.oryzae GATA TFs revealed certain potentially interacting proteins. The comprehensive analysis of A. oryzae GATA TFs will be beneficial for understanding their biological function and evolutionary features and provide an important starting point to further understand the role of GATA TFs in the regulation of distinct environmental conditions in A.oryzae.

scholarly journals Role of the Ndc1 interaction network in yeast nuclear pore complex assembly and maintenance

2009 ◽  
Vol 185 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgeny Onischenko ◽  
Leslie H. Stanton ◽  
Alexis S. Madrid ◽  
Thomas Kieselbach ◽  
Karsten Weis
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Pore Complex ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Nucleocytoplasmic Transport ◽  
Nuclear Pore ◽  
Binding Partners ◽  
Interaction Partners ◽  
Redundant Functions

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) mediates all nucleocytoplasmic transport, yet its structure and biogenesis remain poorly understood. In this study, we have functionally characterized interaction partners of the yeast transmembrane nucleoporin Ndc1. Ndc1 forms a distinct complex with the transmembrane proteins Pom152 and Pom34 and two alternative complexes with the soluble nucleoporins Nup53 and Nup59, which in turn bind to Nup170 and Nup157. The transmembrane and soluble Ndc1-binding partners have redundant functions at the NPC, and disruption of both groups of interactions causes defects in Ndc1 targeting and in NPC structure accompanied by significant pore dilation. Using photoconvertible fluorescent protein fusions, we further show that the depletion of Pom34 in cells that lack NUP53 and NUP59 blocks new NPC assembly and leads to the reversible accumulation of newly made nucleoporins in cytoplasmic foci. Therefore, Ndc1 together with its interaction partners are collectively essential for the biosynthesis and structural integrity of yeast NPCs.

scholarly journals The diminishing role of hubs in dynamical processes on complex networks

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (88) ◽  
pp. 20130568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick Quax ◽  
Andrea Apolloni ◽  
Peter M. A. Sloot
Keyword(s):  
Interaction Network ◽  
Macroscopic System ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Equilibrium Dynamics ◽  
Qualitative Evidence ◽  
Individual Unit ◽  
System Of Units ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction Network

It is notoriously difficult to predict the behaviour of a complex self-organizing system, where the interactions among dynamical units form a heterogeneous topology. Even if the dynamics of each microscopic unit is known, a real understanding of their contributions to the macroscopic system behaviour is still lacking. Here, we develop information-theoretical methods to distinguish the contribution of each individual unit to the collective out-of-equilibrium dynamics. We show that for a system of units connected by a network of interaction potentials with an arbitrary degree distribution, highly connected units have less impact on the system dynamics when compared with intermediately connected units. In an equilibrium setting, the hubs are often found to dictate the long-term behaviour. However, we find both analytically and experimentally that the instantaneous states of these units have a short-lasting effect on the state trajectory of the entire system. We present qualitative evidence of this phenomenon from empirical findings about a social network of product recommendations, a protein–protein interaction network and a neural network, suggesting that it might indeed be a widespread property in nature.

scholarly journals Governance, economic policy, and the environmental Kuznets curve for natural tropical forests

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
MADHUSUDAN BHATTARAI ◽  
MICHAEL HAMMIG
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Population Pressure ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Deforestation Rates ◽  
Technology Improvement ◽  
Quality Of Governance ◽  
The Relationship

This paper reports the results of an empirical analysis of the relationship between income and the rate of deforestation of tropical natural forests. The inverted U-shaped relationship known as the environmental Kuznets curve is confirmed. The study focuses on the role of institutions and macroeconomic policy in the deforestation process. Results indicate that the quality of governance is an important determinant of forest resource preservation, and that rural population pressure is not as important as suggested by other studies. Agricultural technology improvement and enhanced educational attainment also lead to reductions of deforestation rates.

scholarly journals Social networks predict selective observation and information spread in ravens

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 160256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ipek G. Kulahci ◽  
Daniel I. Rubenstein ◽  
Thomas Bugnyar ◽  
William Hoppitt ◽  
Nace Mikus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Rank ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Social Connections ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Aggressive Interactions ◽  
Diffusion Analysis ◽  
Observation Network ◽  
Transmission Of Information ◽  
Group Member

Animals are predicted to selectively observe and learn from the conspecifics with whom they share social connections. Yet, hardly anything is known about the role of different connections in observation and learning. To address the relationships between social connections, observation and learning, we investigated transmission of information in two raven ( Corvus corax ) groups. First, we quantified social connections in each group by constructing networks on affiliative interactions, aggressive interactions and proximity. We then seeded novel information by training one group member on a novel task and allowing others to observe. In each group, an observation network based on who observed whose task-solving behaviour was strongly correlated with networks based on affiliative interactions and proximity. Ravens with high social centrality (strength, eigenvector, information centrality) in the affiliative interaction network were also central in the observation network, possibly as a result of solving the task sooner. Network-based diffusion analysis revealed that the order that ravens first solved the task was best predicted by connections in the affiliative interaction network in a group of subadult ravens, and by social rank and kinship (which influenced affiliative interactions) in a group of juvenile ravens. Our results demonstrate that not all social connections are equally effective at predicting the patterns of selective observation and information transmission.

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