scholarly journals Role and mechanisms of callose priming in mycorrhiza-induced resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 2769-2781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neus Sanmartín ◽  
Victoria Pastor ◽  
Julia Pastor-Fernández ◽  
Victor Flors ◽  
Maria Jose Pozo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Vesicular Trafficking ◽  
Starch Degradation ◽  
Pathogen Infection ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Mycorrhizal Plants

Abstract Mycorrhizal plants display enhanced resistance to several pathogens. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating mycorrhiza-induced resistance (MIR) are still elusive. We aim to study the mechanisms underlying MIR against Botrytis cinerea and the role of callose accumulation during this process. Mycorrhizal tomato plants inoculated with Rhizoglomus irregularis displayed callose priming upon B. cinerea infection. The callose inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose abolished MIR, confirming the relevance of callose in the bioprotection phenomena. While studying the mechanisms underlying mycorrhiza-induced callose priming, we found that mycorrhizal plants display an enhanced starch degradation rate that is correlated with increased levels of β-amylase1 transcripts following pathogen infection. Starch mobilization in mycorrhizal plants seems coordinated with the increased transcription of sugar transporter and invertase genes. Moreover, the expression levels of genes encoding the vesicular trafficking proteins ATL31 and SYP121 and callose synthase PMR4 were higher in the mycorrhizal plants and further boosted by subsequent pathogen infection. All these proteins play a key role in the priming of callose accumulation in Arabidopsis, suggesting that callose priming is an induced resistance mechanism conserved in different plant species. This evidence highlights the importance of sugar mobilization and vesicular trafficking in the priming of callose as a defence mechanism in mycorrhiza-induced resistance.

Molecular signatures of Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1354-1358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew A. Wheeler ◽  
Juliet A. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Dilated Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Autosomal Dominant ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Lamin A ◽  
Degenerative Diseases ◽  
Hypertrophic Growth ◽  
Genes Encoding

Mutations in genes encoding the nuclear envelope proteins emerin and lamin A/C lead to a range of tissue-specific degenerative diseases. These include dilated cardiomyopathy, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy and X-linked and autosomal dominant EDMD (Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy). The molecular mechanisms underlying these disorders are poorly understood; however, recent work using animal models has identified a number of signalling pathways that are altered in response to the deletion of either emerin or lamin A/C or expression of Lmna mutants found in patients with laminopathies. A distinguishing feature of patients with EDMD is the association of a dilated cardiomyopathy with conduction defects. In the present article, we describe several of the pathways altered in response to an EDMD phenotype, which are known to be key mediators of hypertrophic growth, and focus on a possible role of an emerin–β-catenin interaction in the pathogenesis of this disease.

scholarly journals Ethylene regulates post-germination seedling growth in wheat through spatial and temporal modulation of ABA/GA balance

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 1985-2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Menghan Sun ◽  
Pham Anh Tuan ◽  
Marta S Izydorczyk ◽  
Belay T Ayele
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Starch Degradation ◽  
Aba Signaling ◽  
Temporal Modulation ◽  
Aba Metabolism ◽  
Radicle Protrusion ◽  
Storage Starch

Abstract This study aimed to gain insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of ethylene in regulating germination and seedling growth in wheat by combining pharmacological, molecular, and metabolomics approaches. Our study showed that ethylene does not affect radicle protrusion but controls post-germination endospermic starch degradation through transcriptional regulation of specific α-amylase and α-glucosidase genes, and this effect is mediated by alteration of endospermic bioactive gibberellin (GA) levels, and GA sensitivity via expression of the GA signaling gene, TaGAMYB. Our data implicated ethylene as a positive regulator of embryo axis and coleoptile growth through transcriptional regulation of specific TaEXPA genes. These effects were associated with modulation of GA levels and sensitivity, through expression of GA metabolism (TaGA20ox1, TaGA3ox2, and TaGA2ox6) and signaling (TaGAMYB) genes, respectively, and/or the abscisic acid (ABA) level and sensitivity, via expression of specific ABA metabolism (TaNCED2 or TaCYP707A1) and signaling (TaABI3) genes, respectively. Ethylene appeared to regulate the expression of TaEXPA3 and thereby root growth through its control of coleoptile ABA metabolism, and root ABA signaling via expression of TaABI3 and TaABI5. These results show that spatiotemporal modulation of ABA/GA balance mediates the role of ethylene in regulating post-germination storage starch degradation and seedling growth in wheat.

Role of methyl jasmonate in the expression of mycorrhizal induced resistance against Fusarium oxysporum in tomato plants

2015 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 139-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aswathy Nair ◽  
Swati P. Kolet ◽  
Hirekodathakallu V. Thulasiram ◽  
Sujata Bhargava
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Jasmonate ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Tomato Plants

Gene structure of urea transporters

2003 ◽  
Vol 284 (1) ◽  
pp. F3-F10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena M. Bagnasco
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Control ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Renal Physiology ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Information ◽  
Lower Vertebrates ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Concentrate Urine

Urea plays various roles in the biology of diverse organisms. The past decade has produced new information on the molecular structure of several urea transporters in various species. Availability of DNA probes has revealed that the presence of urea transporters is not confined to the mammalian kidney but is also evident in testis and brain, raising new questions about the possible physiological role of urea in these organs. Cloning of the genes encoding the two closely related mammalian urea transporters UT-A and UT-B has helped in identifying molecular mechanisms affecting expression of urea transporters in the kidney, such as transcriptional control for UT-A abundance. On the basis of analysis of genomic sequences of individuals lacking the UT-B transporter, mutations have been found that explain deficits in their capacity to concentrate urine. More urea transporters are being characterized in marine organisms and lower vertebrates, and studying the role and regulation of urea transport from an evolutionary perspective can certainly enrich our understanding of renal physiology.

scholarly journals The Potential Role of Lysosomal Sequestration in Sunitinib Resistance of Renal Cell Cancer

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaamar Azijli ◽  
Kristy J Gotink ◽  
Henk M.W Verheul
Keyword(s):  
Renal Cell ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Kinase Inhibitor ◽  
Cell Cancer ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Tumor Type ◽  
Von Hippel Lindau ◽  
Line Drug

 Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a highly vascularized tumor type, which is often associated with inactivated mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau gene that drives proangiogenic signaling pathways. As such, new therapies for the treatment of RCC have largely been focused on blocking angiogenesis. Sunitinib, an antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is the most frequently used first-line drug for the treatment of RCC. Although treatment with sunitinib improves patient outcome considerably, acquired resistance will emerge in all cases. The molecular mechanisms of resistance to sunitinib are poorly understood, but in the past decade, several of these have been proposed. Lysosomal sequestration of sunitinib was reported as a potential resistance mechanism to sunitinib. In this review, the underlying molecular mechanisms of lysosomal sunitinib sequestration and the potential strategies to overcome this resistance are discussed to be able to further improve the treatment of RCC.

scholarly journals Sex difference in the mouse BAT transcriptome reveals a role of progesterone

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasiphak Kaikaew ◽  
Aldo Grefhorst ◽  
Jacobie Steenbergen ◽  
Sigrid M.a. Swagemakers ◽  
Anke McLuskey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Expression ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Cell Contact ◽  
Differential Expression Pattern ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Transcriptional Pattern ◽  
Genes Encoding

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a metabolically active organ that exhibits sex-differential features, i.e., being generally more abundant and active in females than in males. Although sex steroids, particularly estrogens, have been shown to regulate BAT thermogenic function, the underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to sexual dimorphism in basal BAT activity have not been elucidated. Therefore, we assessed the transcriptome of interscapular BAT of male and female C57BL/6J mice by RNA sequencing and identified 295 genes showing ≥2-fold differential expression (adjusted P<0.05). In silico functional annotation clustering suggested an enrichment of genes encoding proteins involved in cell-cell contact, interaction, and adhesion. Ovariectomy reduced the expression of these genes in female BAT towards a male pattern whereas orchiectomy had marginal effects on the transcriptional pattern, indicating a prominent role of female gonadal hormones in this sex-differential expression pattern. Progesterone was identified as a possible upstream regulator of the sex-differentially expressed genes. Studying direct effects of progesterone in vitro in primary adipocytes showed that progesterone significantly altered the transcription of several of the identified genes, possibly via the glucocorticoid receptor. In conclusion, this study reveals a sexually dimorphic transcription profile in murine BAT at general housing conditions and demonstrates a role for progesterone in the regulation of the interscapular BAT transcriptome.

scholarly journals MIR822 modulates monosporic female gametogenesis through an ARGONAUTE9-dependent pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREA TOVAR AGUILAR ◽  
Daniel GRIMANELLI ◽  
Gerardo Acosta Garcia ◽  
Jean Philippe Vielle Calzada ◽  
Jesus Agustin Badillo-Corona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Functional Megaspore ◽  
Dependent Pathway ◽  
Female Gametogenesis

In the ovule of flowering plants, the establishment of the haploid generation occurs when a somatic cell differentiates into a Megaspore Mother Cell (MMC) and initiates meiosis. As most flowering plants, Arabidopsis thaliana undergoes a monosporic type of gametogenesis; three meiotically derived cells degenerate without further division, and a single one, the functional megaspore (FM), divides mitotically to form the female gametophyte. In Arabidopsis, the ARGONAUTE4 clade proteins are involved in the control of megasporogenesis. In particular, mutations in ARGONAUTE9 (AGO9) lead to the ectopic differentiation of gametic precursors that can give rise female gametophytes. However, the genetic basis and molecular mechanisms that control monosporic gametogenesis remain largely unknown. Here, we show that Arabidopsis plants carrying loss-of-function mutations in the AGO9-interacting miR822a give rise to extranumerary surviving megaspores that acquire a FM identity and divide without giving rise to differentiated female gametophytes. The overexpression of three miR822a target genes encoding Cysteine/Histidine-Rich C1 domain proteins (DC1) phenocopy mir822a plants. The miR822a targets are overexpressed in ago9 mutant ovules, confirming that miR822a acts through an AGO9-dependent pathway to negatively regulate DC1 domain proteins. Our results identify a new role of miRNAs in the most prevalent form of female gametogenesis in flowering plants

scholarly journals (Pro)renin Receptor in Kidney Development and Disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renfang Song ◽  
Ihor V. Yosypiv
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Kidney Development ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Vascular Abnormalities ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Duplicated Collecting System ◽  
Renal Tubular ◽  
Renal Vascular

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), a key regulator of the blood pressure and fluid/electrolyte homeostasis, also plays a critical role in kidney development. All the components of the RAS are expressed in the developing metanephros. Moreover, mutations in the genes encoding components of the RAS in mice or humans are associated with a broad spectrum of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). These forms of CAKUT include renal papillary hypoplasia, hydronephrosis, duplicated collecting system, renal tubular dysgenesis, renal vascular abnormalities, and aberrant glomerulogenesis. Emerging evidence indicates that (pro)renin receptor (PRR), a novel component of the RAS, is essential for proper kidney development and that aberrant PRR signaling is causally linked to cardiovascular and renal disease. This paper describes the role of the RAS in kidney development and highlights emerging insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which the PRR may regulate this critical morphogenetic process.

scholarly journals Induction of systemic resistance in tomato by the autochthonous phylloplane resident Bacillus cereus

2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1247-1252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo de Almeida Halfeld-Vieira ◽  
José Roberto Vieira Júnior ◽  
Reginaldo da Silva Romeiro ◽  
Harllen Sandro Alves Silva ◽  
Maria Cristina Baracat-Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Induced Systemic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Tomato Plants

The objective of this work was to verify if the induced resistance mechanism is responsible for the capacity of a phylloplane resident bacteria (Bacillus cereus), isolated from healthy tomato plants, to control several diseases of this crop. A strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato was used as the challenging pathogen. The absence of direct antibiosis of the antagonist against the pathogen, the significant increase in peroxidases activity in tomato plants exposed to the antagonist and then inoculated with the challenging pathogen, as well as the character of the protection, are evidences wich suggest that biocontrol efficiency presented by the antagonist in previous works might be due to induced systemic resistance (ISR).

scholarly journals Elucidation of signaling pathways that regulate ethylene-induced leaf and flower abscission of agriculturally important plants

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark L. Tucker ◽  
Shimon Meir ◽  
Amnon Lers ◽  
Sonia Philosoph-Hadas ◽  
Cai-Zhong Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Regulatory Proteins ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Gene Promoters ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Flower Abscission

The Problem: Abscission is a highly regulated process, occurring as a natural terminal stage of development, in which various organs are separated from the parent plant. In most plant species, the process is initiated by a decrease in active auxin in the abscission zone (AZ) and an increase in ethylene, and may be accelerated by postharvest or environmental stresses. Another potential key regulator in abscission is IDA (Inflorescence Deficient in Abscission), which was identified as an essential peptide signal for floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis. However, information is still lacking regarding the molecular mechanisms integrating all these regulators. In our previous BARD funded research we made substantial progress towards understanding these molecular events in tomato, and the study is still in progress. We established a powerful platform for analysis of genes for regulatory proteins expressed in AZ. We identified changes in gene expression for several transcription factors (TFs) directly linked to ethylene and auxin signaling and several additional regulatory proteins not so obviously linked to these hormones. Moreover, we demonstrated using a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay that several play a functional role in the onset of abscission. Based on these results we have selected 14 genes for further analysis in stably transformed tomato plants. All 14 genes were suppressed by RNA interference (RNAi) using a constitutive promoter, and 5 of them were also suppressed using an abscission-specific promoter. Transformations are currently at different stages of progress including some lines that already display an abscission phenotype. Objectives: We propose here to (1) complete the functional analysis of the stably transformed tomato plants with T2 lines and perform transcriptome analysis using custom abscission-specific microarrays; (2) conduct an indepth analysis of the role of IDA signaling in tomato leaf and flower abscission; (3) perform transcriptome and proteome analyses to extend the earlier gene expression studies to identify transcripts and proteins that are highly specific to the separation layer (i.e., target cells for cell separation) prior to the onset of abscission; (4) extend and compliment the work in tomato using a winnowed set of genes in soybean. Methodology: Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of mRNA will be used to further increase the list of abscission-associated genes, and for preparation of a custom tomato abscission microarray to test altered gene expression in transgenic plants. Tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of protein extracts from leaf petiole, flower pedicel and their AZ tissues will be used to identify the proteome of the AZ before and during abscission. AZ-specific gene promoters will be used in stably transformed tomato plants to reduce non-target phenotypes. The bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) plasmid vectors will be used for VIGS analysis in soybean. Expected Contribution: Our study will provide new insights into the regulation of ethylene-induced abscission by further revealing the role of key regulators in the process. This will permit development of novel techniques for manipulating leaf and flower abscission, thereby improving the postharvest performance of agriculturally important crops.

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