Cloning, characterization, and expression of xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase and expansin genes associated with petal growth and development during carnation flower opening

SUMMARYThe growth and development of single plants of oil seed rape, variety Zollerngold, are described quantitatively and particular attention paid to the sequence and pattern of flower and pod production on the different inflorescences. The period of flower opening over the whole plant spanned an average of 26 days and more than 75% of the pods which were retained to maturity were formed from flowers which opened within 14 days of anthesis. Most of these flowers were found on the terminal raceme and on the basal and middle regions of the axillary inflorescences arising from the uppermost three nodes.

Download Full-text

14-3-3 Proteins Are Involved in BR-Induced Ray Petal Elongation in Gerbera hybrida

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.718091 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Xiaohui Lin ◽

Shina Huang ◽

Gan Huang ◽

Yanbo Chen ◽

Xiaojing Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stress Responses ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Protein Transport ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Primary Metabolism ◽

Response Patterns ◽

Gerbera Hybrida ◽

Petal Length ◽

Positive Regulators ◽

Petal Growth

14-3-3 proteins play a major role in the regulation of primary metabolism, protein transport, ion channel activity, signal transduction and biotic/abiotic stress responses. However, their involvement in petal growth and development is largely unknown. Here, we identified and characterized the expression patterns of seven genes of the 14-3-3 family in gerbera. While none of the genes showed any tissue or developmental specificity of spatiotemporal expression, all seven predicted proteins have the nine α-helices typical of 14-3-3 proteins. Following treatment with brassinolide, an endogenous brassinosteroid, the Gh14-3-3 genes displayed various response patterns; for example, Gh14-3-3b and Gh14-3-3f reached their highest expression level at early (2 h) and late (24 h) timepoints, respectively. Further study revealed that overexpression of Gh14-3-3b or Gh14-3-3f promoted cell elongation, leading to an increase in ray petal length. By contrast, silencing of Gh14-3-3b or Gh14-3-3f inhibited petal elongation, which was eliminated partly by brassinolide. Correspondingly, the expression of petal elongation-related and brassinosteroid signaling-related genes was modified in transgenic petals. Taken together, our research suggests that Gh14-3-3b and Gh14-3-3f are positive regulators of brassinosteroid-induced ray petal elongation and thus provides novel insights into the molecular mechanism of petal growth and development.

Download Full-text

Petal Growth Physiology of Cut Rose Flowers: Progress and Future Prospects

Journal of Horticultural Research ◽

10.1515/johr-2017-0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 5-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Takanori Horibe ◽

Kunio Yamada

Keyword(s):

Commercial Production ◽

Plant Biology ◽

Flower Senescence ◽

Vase Life ◽

Future Prospects ◽

Flower Opening ◽

Growth Physiology ◽

Petal Growth ◽

The Relationship

AbstractRoses are the most important crop in the floriculture industry and attract both pollinators and human admirers. Until now, a lot of research focusing on postharvest physiology including flower senescence has been conducted, leading to improvement in vase life. However, few studies have focused on the physiology of petal growth, the perception of light by petals, and the relationship between petal growth and environmental conditions. Regarding roses, whose ornamental value lies in the process of blooming from buds, it is also important to understand their flowering mechanisms and establish methods to control such mechanisms, as well as focus on slowing the aging process, in order to achieve high quality of postharvest cut roses. Elucidation of the mechanisms of rose flower opening would contribute to enhanced quality and commercial production of floricultural crops as well as greatly advance basic scientific knowledge regarding plant biology. In this review, we describe the progress and future prospects in the study of petal growth physiology of cut roses.

Download Full-text

miR319a targeting ofTCP4is critical for petal growth and development inArabidopsis

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.0908718106 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 106 (52) ◽

pp. 22534-22539 ◽

Cited By ~ 235

Author(s):

Anwesha Nag ◽

Stacey King ◽

Thomas Jack

Keyword(s):

Growth And Development ◽

Petal Growth

Download Full-text

Frost Stress Tolerances and Cut Roses: A Review

Agricultural Reviews ◽

10.18805/ag.r-181 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

A.J. Khaskheli ◽

M.I. Khaskheli ◽

L. Zhang ◽

A.A. Khaskheli ◽

L.H. Qing

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Limiting Factors ◽

Cell Swelling ◽

Plant Growth And Development ◽

Flower Opening ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Stress Signal ◽

Frost Stress ◽

Signal Network

In order to meet the challenges of providing food to the ever increasing population of the world, there is an insistent need to boost crop yield. Unfortunately, the production of agriculture decreasing due to various environmental factors including frost and cold are very important, especially in winter. Indeed, frost is the most important abiotic problem and one of the doctrine limiting factors affecting plant growth and development in winter. Despite various obvious symptoms under frost stress, the yellowing of leaves, weak germination, curling of leaves, decreased rate of cell swelling and wilting, reduced flower opening, curling of petals leads to the cells death. This severe damage is largely due to the sensitive drying associated with freezing during frost. In addition, signal transduction is to switch on frost response genes and transcription factors to mediating stress tolerance, thus underline mechanism of frost stress and genes involve in the frost/cold stress signal network is very important for plant growth and development. In present review, plant significances in daily life and issues related to abiotic stresses such as frost and cold tolerance mechanisms are discussed.

Download Full-text

An ultrastructural study of vegetative incompatibility in plants

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100083047 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 436-437

Author(s):

Randy Moore

Keyword(s):

Ultrastructural Study ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Solanum Pennellii ◽

Initial Product ◽

Basic Aspect ◽

Tissue Interactions ◽

Graft Interface ◽

Antigen Antibody ◽

Standard Fixation

Cell and tissue interactions are a basic aspect of eukaryotic growth and development. While cell-to-cell interactions involving recognition and incompatibility have been studied extensively in animals, there is no known antigen-antibody reaction in plants and the recognition mechanisms operating in plant grafts have been virtually neglected.An ultrastructural study of the Sedum telephoides/Solanum pennellii graft was undertaken to define possible mechanisms of plant graft incompatibility. Grafts were surgically dissected from greenhouse grown plants at various times over 1-4 weeks and prepared for EM employing variations in the standard fixation and embedding procedure. Stock and scion adhere within 6 days after grafting. Following progressive cell senescence in both Sedum and Solanum, the graft interface appears as a band of 8-11 crushed cells after 2 weeks (Fig. 1, I). Trapped between the buckled cell walls are densely staining cytoplasmic remnants and residual starch grains, an initial product of wound reactions in plants.

Download Full-text

Identification of calcium oxalate crystals in dried or fixed tobacco leaf

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100111550 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

pp. 288-289

Author(s):

Vicki L. Baliga ◽

Mary Ellen Counts

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Polarized Light ◽

Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Scanning Electron

Calcium is an important element in the growth and development of plants and one form of calcium is calcium oxalate. Calcium oxalate has been found in leaf seed, stem material plant tissue culture, fungi and lichen using one or more of the following methods—polarized light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction.Two methods are presented here for qualitatively estimating calcium oxalate in dried or fixed tobacco (Nicotiana) leaf from different stalk positions using PLM. SEM, coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS), and powder x-ray diffraction were used to verify that the crystals observed in the dried leaf with PLM were calcium oxalate.

Download Full-text

SEM study of the morphological effects of kinetin and zeatin on the growth and development of the apical meristem in wheat

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100141263 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 978-979

Author(s):

G. M. Hutchins ◽

J. S. Gardner

Keyword(s):

Growth And Development ◽

Furfuryl Alcohol ◽

Apical Meristem ◽

Plant Cells ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Morphological Development ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Chinese Spring Wheat ◽

Sem Study ◽

Moist Environment

Cytokinins are plant hormones that play a large and incompletely understood role in the life-cycle of plants. The goal of this study was to determine what roles cytokinins play in the morphological development of wheat. To achieve any real success in altering the development and growth of wheat, the cytokinins must be applied directly to the apical meristem, or spike of the plant. It is in this region that the plant cells are actively undergoing mitosis. Kinetin and Zeatin were the two cytokinins chosen for this experiment. Kinetin is an artificial hormone that was originally extracted from old or heated DNA. Kinetin is easily made from the reaction of adenine and furfuryl alcohol. Zeatin is a naturally occurring hormone found in corn, wheat, and many other plants.Chinese Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was used for this experiment. Prior to planting, the seeds were germinated in a moist environment for 72 hours.

Download Full-text

Mechanisms of ethylene biosynthesis and response in plants

Essays in Biochemistry ◽

10.1042/bse0580061 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 58 ◽

pp. 61-70 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Paul B. Larsen

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽

Unsaturated Hydrocarbon ◽

Flower Senescence ◽

Detailed Knowledge ◽

Plant Growth And Development ◽

Step Process ◽

Ethylene Response ◽

Ethylene Signalling

Ethylene is the simplest unsaturated hydrocarbon, yet it has profound effects on plant growth and development, including many agriculturally important phenomena. Analysis of the mechanisms underlying ethylene biosynthesis and signalling have resulted in the elucidation of multistep mechanisms which at first glance appear simple, but in fact represent several levels of control to tightly regulate the level of production and response. Ethylene biosynthesis represents a two-step process that is regulated at both the transcriptional and post-translational levels, thus enabling plants to control the amount of ethylene produced with regard to promotion of responses such as climacteric flower senescence and fruit ripening. Ethylene production subsequently results in activation of the ethylene response, as ethylene accumulation will trigger the ethylene signalling pathway to activate ethylene-dependent transcription for promotion of the response and for resetting the pathway. A more detailed knowledge of the mechanisms underlying biosynthesis and the ethylene response will ultimately enable new approaches to be developed for control of the initiation and progression of ethylene-dependent developmental processes, many of which are of horticultural significance.

Download Full-text

The Fundamentals of the Clinical Fellowship Experience

Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups ◽

10.1044/persp1.sig11.81 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (11) ◽

pp. 81-85

Author(s):

Melanie Hudson

Keyword(s):

Growth And Development ◽

Transition Period ◽

Clinical Skills ◽

Practical Experience ◽

Professional Experience ◽

New Graduate ◽

Independent Practitioner

The Clinical Fellowship Experience is described by the American Speech-Hearing-Language Association (ASHA) as the transition period from constant supervision to independent practitioner. It is typically the first paid professional experience for the new graduate, and may be in a setting with which the new clinician has little or even no significant practical experience. The mentor of a clinical fellow (CF) plays an important role in supporting the growth and development of this new professional in areas that extend beyond application of clinical skills and knowledge. This article discusses how the mentor may provide this support within a framework that facilitates the path to clinical independence.

Download Full-text