Integrating the dynamics of yield traits in rice in response to environmental changes

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 490-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamlesh Kant Nutan ◽  
Ray Singh Rathore ◽  
Amit Kumar Tripathi ◽  
Manjari Mishra ◽  
Ashwani Pareek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Yield Traits ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding

Abstract Reductions in crop yields as a consequence of global climate change threaten worldwide food security. It is therefore imperative to develop high-yielding crop plants that show sustainable production under stress conditions. In order to achieve this aim through breeding or genetic engineering, it is crucial to have a complete and comprehensive understanding of the molecular basis of plant architecture and the regulation of its sub-components that contribute to yield under stress. Rice is one of the most widely consumed crops and is adversely affected by abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity. Using it as a model system, in this review we present a summary of our current knowledge of the physiological and molecular mechanisms that determine yield traits in rice under optimal growth conditions and under conditions of environmental stress. Based on physiological functioning, we also consider the best possible combination of genes that may improve grain yield under optimal as well as environmentally stressed conditions. The principles that we present here for rice will also be useful for similar studies in other grain crops.

scholarly journals An Integrative Study Showing the Adaptation to Sub-Optimal Growth Conditions of Natural Populations of Arabidopsis thaliana: A Focus on Cell Wall Changes

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 2249
Author(s):  
Harold Duruflé ◽  
Philippe Ranocha ◽  
Thierry Balliau ◽  
Michel Zivy ◽  
Cécile Albenne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Plant Adaptation ◽  
Population Responses ◽  
Integrative Study ◽  
Developmental Responses

In the global warming context, plant adaptation occurs, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly described. Studying natural variation of the model plant Arabidopsisthaliana adapted to various environments along an altitudinal gradient should contribute to the identification of new traits related to adaptation to contrasted growth conditions. The study was focused on the cell wall (CW) which plays major roles in the response to environmental changes. Rosettes and floral stems of four newly-described populations collected at different altitudinal levels in the Pyrenees Mountains were studied in laboratory conditions at two growth temperatures (22 vs. 15 °C) and compared to the well-described Col ecotype. Multi-omic analyses combining phenomics, metabolomics, CW proteomics, and transcriptomics were carried out to perform an integrative study to understand the mechanisms of plant adaptation to contrasted growth temperature. Different developmental responses of rosettes and floral stems were observed, especially at the CW level. In addition, specific population responses are shown in relation with their environment and their genetics. Candidate genes or proteins playing roles in the CW dynamics were identified and will deserve functional validation. Using a powerful framework of data integration has led to conclusions that could not have been reached using standard statistical approaches.

scholarly journals Molecular Chaperones ofLeishmania: Central Players in Many Stress-Related and -Unrelated Physiological Processes

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose M. Requena ◽  
Ana M. Montalvo ◽  
Jorge Fraga
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Chaperones ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Intracellular Localization ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
Shock Proteins

Molecular chaperones are key components in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and survival, not only during stress but also under optimal growth conditions. Folding of nascent polypeptides is supported by molecular chaperones, which avoid the formation of aggregates by preventing nonspecific interactions and aid, when necessary, the translocation of proteins to their correct intracellular localization. Furthermore, when proteins are damaged, molecular chaperones may also facilitate their refolding or, in the case of irreparable proteins, their removal by the protein degradation machinery of the cell. During their digenetic lifestyle,Leishmaniaparasites encounter and adapt to harsh environmental conditions, such as nutrient deficiency, hypoxia, oxidative stress, changing pH, and shifts in temperature; all these factors are potential triggers of cellular stress. We summarize here our current knowledge on the main types of molecular chaperones inLeishmaniaand their functions. Among them, heat shock proteins play important roles in adaptation and survival of this parasite against temperature changes associated with its passage from the poikilothermic insect vector to the warm-blooded vertebrate host. The study of structural features and the function of chaperones inLeishmaniabiology is providing opportunities (and challenges) for drug discovery and improving of current treatments against leishmaniasis.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of the Morphological Plasticity Induced by Phytohormones and the Environment in Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 765
Author(s):  
Gaojie Li ◽  
Shiqi Hu ◽  
Xuyao Zhao ◽  
Sunjeet Kumar ◽  
Yixian Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Morphological Plasticity ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Leaf Morphogenesis ◽  
Environmental Signals

Plants adapt to environmental changes by regulating their development and growth. As an important interface between plants and their environment, leaf morphogenesis varies between species, populations, or even shows plasticity within individuals. Leaf growth is dependent on many environmental factors, such as light, temperature, and submergence. Phytohormones play key functions in leaf development and can act as molecular regulatory elements in response to environmental signals. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the effects of different environmental factors and phytohormone pathways on morphological plasticity and intend to summarize the advances in leaf development. In addition, we detail the molecular mechanisms of heterophylly, the representative of leaf plasticity, providing novel insights into phytohormones and the environmental adaptation in plants.

scholarly journals Translation of a leaderless reporter is robust during exponential growth and well sustained during stress conditions in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Grabowska ◽  
N. Andreu ◽  
T. Cortes
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Translational Regulation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Growth Arrest ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Shine Dalgarno Sequence ◽  
Overall Ratio

Abstract Mycobacterium tuberculosis expresses a large number of leaderless mRNA transcripts; these lack the 5’ leader region, which usually contains the Shine-Dalgarno sequence required for translation initiation in bacteria. In M. tuberculosis, transcripts encoding proteins with secondary adaptive functions are predominantly leaderless and the overall ratio of leaderless to Shine-Dalgarno transcripts significantly increases during growth arrest, suggesting that leaderless translation might be important during persistence in the host. However, whether these two types of transcripts are translated with differing efficiencies during stress conditions that induce growth arrest and during optimal growth conditions, is unclear. Here, using bioluminescent reporter strains, we detect robust leaderless translation during exponential in vitro growth and we show that leaderless translation is more stable than Shine-Dalgarno translation during adaptation to stress conditions. Upon entrance into nutrient starvation and after nitric oxide exposure, leaderless translation is significantly less affected by the stress than Shine-Dalgarno translation. Similarly, during the early stages of infection of macrophages, the levels of leaderless translation are more stable than those of Shine-Dalgarno translation. These results suggest that leaderless translation may offer an advantage in the physiology of M. tuberculosis. Identification of the molecular mechanisms underlying this translational regulation may provide insights into persistent infection.

scholarly journals Molecular bases of responses to abiotic stress in trees

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (13) ◽  
pp. 3765-3779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximiliano Estravis-Barcala ◽  
María Gabriela Mattera ◽  
Carolina Soliani ◽  
Nicolás Bellora ◽  
Lars Opgenoorth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Molecular Bases

Abstract Trees are constantly exposed to climate fluctuations, which vary with both time and geographic location. Environmental changes that are outside of the physiological favorable range usually negatively affect plant performance and trigger responses to abiotic stress. Long-living trees in particular have evolved a wide spectrum of molecular mechanisms to coordinate growth and development under stressful conditions, thus minimizing fitness costs. The ongoing development of techniques directed at quantifying abiotic stress has significantly increased our knowledge of physiological responses in woody plants. However, it is only within recent years that advances in next-generation sequencing and biochemical approaches have enabled us to begin to understand the complexity of the molecular systems that underlie these responses. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of the molecular bases of drought and temperature stresses in trees, with a focus on functional, transcriptomic, epigenetic, and population genomic studies. In addition, we highlight topics that will contribute to progress in our understanding of the plastic and adaptive responses of woody plants to drought and temperature in a context of global climate change.

Dwarf and Increased Branching 1 controls plant height and axillary bud outgrowth in Medicago truncatula

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (20) ◽  
pp. 6355-6365
Author(s):  
Xiaojia Zhang ◽  
Liangliang He ◽  
Baolin Zhao ◽  
Shaoli Zhou ◽  
Youhan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Model Legume ◽  
Axillary Bud Outgrowth

Abstract Optimizing plant architecture is an efficient approach for breeders to increase crop yields, and phytohormones such as gibberellins (GAs) play an important role in controlling growth. Medicago truncatula is a model legume species, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its architecture are largely unknown. In this study, we examined a tobacco retrotransposon Tnt1-tagged mutant collection of M. truncatula and identified dwarf and increased branching 1 (dib1), which exhibited extreme dwarfism and increased numbers of lateral branches. By analysis of the flanking sequences of Tnt1 insertions in different alleles of the tagged lines, we were able to clone DIB1. Linkage analysis and reverse screening of the flanking-sequence tags identified Medtr2g102570 as the gene corresponding to the DIB1 locus in the dib1 loss-of-function mutants. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that DIB1 was the ortholog of PsGA3ox1/Le in Pisum sativum. Expression analysis using a GUS-staining reporter line showed that DIB1 was expressed in the root apex, pods, and immature seeds. Endogenous GA4 concentrations were markedly decreased whilst some of representative GA biosynthetic enzymes were up-regulated in the dib1 mutant. In addition, exogenous application of GA3 rescued the dib1 mutant phenotypes. Overall, our results suggest that DIB1 controls plant height and axillary bud outgrowth via an influence on the biosynthesis of bioactive GAs. DIB1 could therefore be a good candidate gene for breeders to optimize plant architecture for crop improvement.

scholarly journals Hypoxic and Thermal Stress: Many Ways Leading to the NOS/NO System in the Fish Heart

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1401
Author(s):  
Mariacristina Filice ◽  
Sandra Imbrogno ◽  
Alfonsina Gattuso ◽  
Maria Carmela Cerra
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Blood Perfusion ◽  
Cardiac Cells ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Fish Heart ◽  
Temperature Regimes

Teleost fish are often regarded with interest for the remarkable ability of several species to tolerate even dramatic stresses, either internal or external, as in the case of fluctuations in O2 availability and temperature regimes. These events are naturally experienced by many fish species under different time scales, but they are now exacerbated by growing environmental changes. This further challenges the intrinsic ability of animals to cope with stress. The heart is crucial for the stress response, since a proper modulation of the cardiac function allows blood perfusion to the whole organism, particularly to respiratory organs and the brain. In cardiac cells, key signalling pathways are activated for maintaining molecular equilibrium, thus improving stress tolerance. In fish, the nitric oxide synthase (NOS)/nitric oxide (NO) system is fundamental for modulating the basal cardiac performance and is involved in the control of many adaptive responses to stress, including those related to variations in O2 and thermal regimes. In this review, we aim to illustrate, by integrating the classic and novel literature, the current knowledge on the NOS/NO system as a crucial component of the cardiac molecular mechanisms that sustain stress tolerance and adaptation, thus providing some species, such as tolerant cyprinids, with a high resistance to stress.

scholarly journals Translation of a Leaderless Reporter Is Robust During Exponential Growth and Well Sustained During Stress Conditions in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna D. Grabowska ◽  
Nuria Andreu ◽  
Teresa Cortes
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Translational Regulation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Growth Arrest ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Shine Dalgarno Sequence

Mycobacterium tuberculosis expresses a large number of leaderless mRNA transcripts; these lack the 5′ leader region, which usually contains the Shine–Dalgarno sequence required for translation initiation in bacteria. In M. tuberculosis, transcripts encoding proteins like toxin–antitoxin systems are predominantly leaderless and the overall ratio of leaderless to Shine–Dalgarno transcripts significantly increases during growth arrest, suggesting that leaderless translation might be important during persistence in the host. However, whether these two types of transcripts are translated with differing efficiencies during optimal growth conditions and during stress conditions that induce growth arrest, is unclear. Here, we have used the desA1 (Rv0824c) and desA2 (Rv1094) gene pair as representative for Shine–Dalgarno and leaderless transcripts in M. tuberculosis respectively; and used them to construct bioluminescent reporter strains. We detect robust leaderless translation during exponential in vitro growth, and we show that leaderless translation is more stable than Shine–Dalgarno translation during adaptation to stress conditions. These changes are independent from transcription, as transcription levels did not significantly change following quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Upon entrance into nutrient starvation and after nitric oxide exposure, leaderless translation is significantly less affected by the stress than Shine–Dalgarno translation. Similarly, during the early stages of infection of macrophages, the levels of leaderless translation are transiently more stable than those of Shine–Dalgarno translation. These results suggest that leaderless translation may offer an advantage in the physiology of M. tuberculosis. Identification of the molecular mechanisms underlying this translational regulation may provide insights into persistent infection.

Mesophyll conductance: the leaf corridors for photosynthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Gago ◽  
Danilo M. Daloso ◽  
Marc Carriquí ◽  
Miquel Nadal ◽  
Melanie Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Mesophyll Conductance ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Cell Structures ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Change Framework ◽  
Chloroplast Stroma

Besides stomata, the photosynthetic CO2 pathway also involves the transport of CO2 from the sub-stomatal air spaces inside to the carboxylation sites in the chloroplast stroma, where Rubisco is located. This pathway is far to be a simple and direct way, formed by series of consecutive barriers that the CO2 should cross to be finally assimilated in photosynthesis, known as the mesophyll conductance (gm). Therefore, the gm reflects the pathway through different air, water and biophysical barriers within the leaf tissues and cell structures. Currently, it is known that gm can impose the same level of limitation (or even higher depending of the conditions) to photosynthesis than the wider known stomata or biochemistry. In this mini-review, we are focused on each of the gm determinants to summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms driving gm from anatomical to metabolic and biochemical perspectives. Special attention deserve the latest studies demonstrating the importance of the molecular mechanisms driving anatomical traits as cell wall and the chloroplast surface exposed to the mesophyll airspaces (Sc/S) that significantly constrain gm. However, even considering these recent discoveries, still is poorly understood the mechanisms about signaling pathways linking the environment a/biotic stressors with gm responses. Thus, considering the main role of gm as a major driver of the CO2 availability at the carboxylation sites, future studies into these aspects will help us to understand photosynthesis responses in a global change framework.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document