scholarly journals Mechanisms of the Morphological Plasticity Induced by Phytohormones and the Environment in Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 765
Author(s):  
Gaojie Li ◽  
Shiqi Hu ◽  
Xuyao Zhao ◽  
Sunjeet Kumar ◽  
Yixian Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Morphological Plasticity ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Leaf Morphogenesis ◽  
Environmental Signals

Plants adapt to environmental changes by regulating their development and growth. As an important interface between plants and their environment, leaf morphogenesis varies between species, populations, or even shows plasticity within individuals. Leaf growth is dependent on many environmental factors, such as light, temperature, and submergence. Phytohormones play key functions in leaf development and can act as molecular regulatory elements in response to environmental signals. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the effects of different environmental factors and phytohormone pathways on morphological plasticity and intend to summarize the advances in leaf development. In addition, we detail the molecular mechanisms of heterophylly, the representative of leaf plasticity, providing novel insights into phytohormones and the environmental adaptation in plants.

scholarly journals What Can Machine Learning Approaches in Genomics Tell Us about the Molecular Basis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis?

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 247
Author(s):  
Christina Vasilopoulou ◽  
Andrew P. Morris ◽  
George Giannakopoulos ◽  
Stephanie Duguez ◽  
William Duddy
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Machine Learning Models

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is the most common late-onset motor neuron disorder, but our current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms and pathways underlying this disease remain elusive. This review (1) systematically identifies machine learning studies aimed at the understanding of the genetic architecture of ALS, (2) outlines the main challenges faced and compares the different approaches that have been used to confront them, and (3) compares the experimental designs and results produced by those approaches and describes their reproducibility in terms of biological results and the performances of the machine learning models. The majority of the collected studies incorporated prior knowledge of ALS into their feature selection approaches, and trained their machine learning models using genomic data combined with other types of mined knowledge including functional associations, protein-protein interactions, disease/tissue-specific information, epigenetic data, and known ALS phenotype-genotype associations. The importance of incorporating gene-gene interactions and cis-regulatory elements into the experimental design of future ALS machine learning studies is highlighted. Lastly, it is suggested that future advances in the genomic and machine learning fields will bring about a better understanding of ALS genetic architecture, and enable improved personalized approaches to this and other devastating and complex diseases.

scholarly journals Global transcriptome analysis of alfalfa reveals six key biological processes of senescent leaves

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8426
Author(s):  
Jianbo Yuan ◽  
Xinbo Sun ◽  
Tao Guo ◽  
Yuehui Chao ◽  
Liebao Han
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Leaf Morphogenesis ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Go Enrichment ◽  
Leaf Formation ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis

Leaf senescence is a complex organized developmental stage limiting the yield of crop plants, and alfalfa is an important forage crop worldwide. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanism of leaf senescence and its influence on biomass in alfalfa is still limited. In this study, RNA sequencing was utilized to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in young, mature, and senescent leaves, and the functions of key genes related to leaf senescence. A total of 163,511 transcripts and 77,901 unigenes were identified from the transcriptome, and 5,133 unigenes were differentially expressed. KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that ribosome and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways, and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways are involved in leaf development and senescence in alfalfa. GO enrichment analyses exhibited that six clusters of DEGs are involved in leaf morphogenesis, leaf development, leaf formation, regulation of leaf development, leaf senescence and negative regulation of the leaf senescence biological process. The WRKY and NAC families of genes mainly consist of transcription factors that are involved in the leaf senescence process. Our results offer a novel interpretation of the molecular mechanisms of leaf senescence in alfalfa.

scholarly journals The Role of Light and Circadian Clock in Regulation of Leaf Senescence

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juhyeon Lee ◽  
Myeong Hoon Kang ◽  
Jung Yeon Kim ◽  
Pyung Ok Lim
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Clock Period ◽  
Environmental Signals

Leaf senescence is an integrated response of the cells to develop age information and various environmental signals. Thus, some of the genes involved in the response to environmental changes are expected to regulate leaf senescence. Light acts not only as the primary source of energy for photosynthesis but also as an essential environmental cue that directly control plant growth and development including leaf senescence. The molecular mechanisms linking light signaling to leaf senescence have recently emerged, exploring the role of Phytochrome-Interacting Factors (PIFs) as a central player leading to diverse senescence responses, senescence-promoting gene regulatory networks (GRNs) involving PIFs, and structural features of transcription modules in GRNs. The circadian clock is an endogenous time-keeping system for the adaptation of organisms to changing environmental signals and coordinates developmental events throughout the life of the plant. Circadian rhythms can be reset by environmental signals, such as light-dark or temperature cycles, to match the environmental cycle. Research advances have led to the discovery of the role of core clock components as senescence regulators and their underlying signaling pathways, as well as the age-dependent shortening of the circadian clock period. These discoveries highlight the close relationship between the circadian system and leaf senescence. Key issues remain to be elucidated, including the effect of light on leaf senescence in relation to the circadian clock, and the identification of key molecules linking aging, light, and the circadian clock, and integration mechanisms of various senescence-affecting signals at the multi-regulation levels in dynamics point of view.

scholarly journals Transformation of Riccia fluitans, an Amphibious Liverwort Dynamically Responding to Environmental Changes

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5410
Author(s):  
Felix Althoff ◽  
Sabine Zachgo
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Morphological Plasticity ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Transformation Protocol ◽  
Major Transition ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
Colonization Of Land

The colonization of land by streptophyte algae, ancestors of embryophyte plants, was a fundamental event in the history of life on earth. Bryophytes are early diversifying land plants that mark the transition from freshwater to terrestrial ecosystems. The amphibious liverwort Riccia fluitans can thrive in aquatic and terrestrial environments and thus represents an ideal organism to investigate this major transition. Therefore, we aimed to establish a transformation protocol for R. fluitans to make it amenable for genetic analyses. An Agrobacterium transformation procedure using R. fluitans callus tissue allows to generate stably transformed plants within 10 weeks. Furthermore, for comprehensive studies spanning all life stages, we demonstrate that the switch from vegetative to reproductive development can be induced by both flooding and poor nutrient availability. Interestingly, a single R. fluitans plant can consecutively adapt to different growth environments and forms distinctive and reversible features of the thallus, photosynthetically active tissue that is thus functionally similar to leaves of vascular plants. The morphological plasticity affecting vegetative growth, air pore formation, and rhizoid development realized by one genotype in response to two different environments makes R. fluitans ideal to study the adaptive molecular mechanisms enabling the colonialization of land by aquatic plants.

Integrating the dynamics of yield traits in rice in response to environmental changes

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 490-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamlesh Kant Nutan ◽  
Ray Singh Rathore ◽  
Amit Kumar Tripathi ◽  
Manjari Mishra ◽  
Ashwani Pareek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Yield Traits ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding

Abstract Reductions in crop yields as a consequence of global climate change threaten worldwide food security. It is therefore imperative to develop high-yielding crop plants that show sustainable production under stress conditions. In order to achieve this aim through breeding or genetic engineering, it is crucial to have a complete and comprehensive understanding of the molecular basis of plant architecture and the regulation of its sub-components that contribute to yield under stress. Rice is one of the most widely consumed crops and is adversely affected by abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity. Using it as a model system, in this review we present a summary of our current knowledge of the physiological and molecular mechanisms that determine yield traits in rice under optimal growth conditions and under conditions of environmental stress. Based on physiological functioning, we also consider the best possible combination of genes that may improve grain yield under optimal as well as environmentally stressed conditions. The principles that we present here for rice will also be useful for similar studies in other grain crops.

scholarly journals Sperm tsRNAs and acquired metabolic disorders

2016 ◽  
Vol 230 (3) ◽  
pp. F13-F18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Menghong Yan ◽  
Qiwei Zhai
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Epigenetic Information ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Many findings support the hypothesis that metabolic changes associated with environmental factors can be transmitted from father to offspring. The molecular mechanisms underlying the intergenerational transmission of metabolic changes remain to be fully explored. These acquired metabolic disorders in offspring may be partially explained by some potential epigenetic information carriers such as DNA methylation, histone modification and small non-coding RNAs. Recent evidence shows that sperm tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) as a type of paternal epigenetic information carrier may mediate intergenerational inheritance. In this review, we provide current knowledge of a father’s influence on metabolic disorders in subsequent generations and discuss the roles of sperm tsRNAs and their modifications in paternal epigenetic information transmission.

scholarly journals Environmental Signal-Dependent Regulation of Flowering Time in Rice

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 6155
Author(s):  
Jae Sung Shim ◽  
Geupil Jang
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Light Quality ◽  
Critical Event ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Internal Time ◽  
Light Quantity

The transition from the vegetative to the reproductive stage of growth is a critical event in the lifecycle of a plant and is required for the plant’s reproductive success. Flowering time is tightly regulated by an internal time-keeping system and external light conditions, including photoperiod, light quality, and light quantity. Other environmental factors, such as drought and temperature, also participate in the regulation of flowering time. Thus, flexibility in flowering time in response to environmental factors is required for the successful adaptation of plants to the environment. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which internal and environmental signals are integrated to regulate flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa).

Regulation of differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. K. Owens
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Vascular Smooth Muscle ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Contractile Function ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Principal Function ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding

The vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) in mature animals is a highly specialized cell whose principal function is contraction. The fully differentiated or mature SMC proliferates at an extremely low rate and is a cell almost completely geared for contraction. It expresses a unique repertoire of contractile proteins, ion channels, and signaling molecules that are required for its contractile function and that when taken in aggregate clearly distinguish it from any other cell type. During vasculogenesis, however, the SMC's principal function is proliferation and production of matrix components of the blood vessel wall. Moreover, even in mature animals, the SMC retains remarkable plasticity, such that it can undergo relatively rapid and reversible changes in its phenotype in response to changes in local environmental cues normally required for maintenance of its differentiated state. A key to understanding SMC differentiation is to identify the key environmental signals and factors that induce or maintain the differentiated state of the SMC and to determine the molecular mechanisms that control the coordinate expression of genes encoding for proteins that are necessary for the contractile function of the SMC. The purpose of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of the regulation of SMC differentiation, with a particular emphasis on consideration of how this process is controlled during normal vascular development and how these control processes might be altered in vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, which are characterized by marked alterations in the differentiated state of the SMC.

scholarly journals The Genetic Control of the Compound Leaf Patterning in Medicago truncatula

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu Mo ◽  
Liangliang He ◽  
Ye Liu ◽  
Dongfa Wang ◽  
Baolin Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Formation ◽  
Genetic Control ◽  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Design ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Leaf Morphogenesis ◽  
Model Legume ◽  
Compound Leaf ◽  
Leaf Patterning

Simple and compound which are the two basic types of leaves are distinguished by the pattern of the distribution of blades on the petiole. Compared to simple leaves comprising a single blade, compound leaves have multiple blade units and exhibit more complex and diverse patterns of organ organization, and the molecular mechanisms underlying their pattern formation are receiving more and more attention in recent years. Studies in model legume Medicago truncatula have led to an improved understanding of the genetic control of the compound leaf patterning. This review is an attempt to summarize the current knowledge about the compound leaf morphogenesis of M. truncatula, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms involved in pattern formation. It also includes some comparisons of the molecular mechanisms between leaf morphogenesis of different model species and offers useful information for the molecular design of legume crops.

scholarly journals Hypoxic and Thermal Stress: Many Ways Leading to the NOS/NO System in the Fish Heart

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1401
Author(s):  
Mariacristina Filice ◽  
Sandra Imbrogno ◽  
Alfonsina Gattuso ◽  
Maria Carmela Cerra
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Blood Perfusion ◽  
Cardiac Cells ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Fish Heart ◽  
Temperature Regimes

Teleost fish are often regarded with interest for the remarkable ability of several species to tolerate even dramatic stresses, either internal or external, as in the case of fluctuations in O2 availability and temperature regimes. These events are naturally experienced by many fish species under different time scales, but they are now exacerbated by growing environmental changes. This further challenges the intrinsic ability of animals to cope with stress. The heart is crucial for the stress response, since a proper modulation of the cardiac function allows blood perfusion to the whole organism, particularly to respiratory organs and the brain. In cardiac cells, key signalling pathways are activated for maintaining molecular equilibrium, thus improving stress tolerance. In fish, the nitric oxide synthase (NOS)/nitric oxide (NO) system is fundamental for modulating the basal cardiac performance and is involved in the control of many adaptive responses to stress, including those related to variations in O2 and thermal regimes. In this review, we aim to illustrate, by integrating the classic and novel literature, the current knowledge on the NOS/NO system as a crucial component of the cardiac molecular mechanisms that sustain stress tolerance and adaptation, thus providing some species, such as tolerant cyprinids, with a high resistance to stress.

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