Integration of Common Factors and Specific Ingredients

2019 ◽  
pp. 69-87
Author(s):  
Bruce E. Wampold ◽  
Pål G. Ulvenes
Keyword(s):  
Research Evidence ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Deliberate Practice ◽  
Common Factors ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Real Relationship ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Contextual Model ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Relationship Expectations

This chapter presents the theoretical framework and research evidence of the contextual model, which integrates common factors and specific ingredients in psychotherapy. In working with clients, the specific ingredients and common factors of various therapy approaches are not mutually exclusive but work together to make psychotherapy effective. The benefits of psychotherapy accrue through three pathways: the real relationship, expectations created through explanation for distress and a cogent treatment plan, and the specific actions enacted in treatment. It is suggested that the outcome of psychotherapy can be improved by the deliberate practice of particular skills that characterize effective therapists. The chapter concludes with case examples, diversity considerations, and future directions.

Common Factors in Psychotherapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Browne ◽  
Corinne Cather ◽  
Kim T. Mueser
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Alliance ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Common Factors ◽  
Outcome Expectations ◽  
Psychotherapy Outcomes ◽  
Real Relationship ◽  
Contextual Model ◽  
Treatment Delivery ◽  
Therapist Empathy ◽  
Common Factors In Psychotherapy

Common factors, or characteristics that are present across psychotherapies, have long been considered important to fostering positive psychotherapy outcomes. The contextual model offers an overarching theoretical framework for how common factors facilitate therapeutic change. Specifically, this model posits that improvements occur through three primary pathways: (a) the real relationship, (b) expectations, and (c) specific ingredients. The most-well-studied common factors, which also are described within the contextual model, include the therapeutic alliance, therapist empathy, positive regard, genuineness, and client expectations. Empirical studies have demonstrated that a strong therapeutic alliance, higher ratings of therapist empathy, positive regard, genuineness, and more favorable outcome expectations are related to improved treatment outcomes. Yet, the long-standing debate continues regarding whether psychotherapy outcomes are most heavily determined by these common factors or by factors specific to the type of therapy used. There have been calls for an integration of the two perspectives and a shift toward evaluating mechanisms as a way to move the field forward. Nonetheless, the common factors are valuable in treatment delivery and should be a focus in delivering psychotherapy.

scholarly journals Finding Web-Based Anxiety Interventions on the World Wide Web: A Scoping Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. e14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Thiel Ashford ◽  
Ellinor K Olander ◽  
Susan Ayers
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Intervention Programs ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Presentation Modes ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Program Characteristics ◽  
The Web

Background One relatively new and increasingly popular approach of increasing access to treatment is Web-based intervention programs. The advantage of Web-based approaches is the accessibility, affordability, and anonymity of potentially evidence-based treatment. Despite much research evidence on the effectiveness of Web-based interventions for anxiety found in the literature, little is known about what is publically available for potential consumers on the Web. Objective Our aim was to explore what a consumer searching the Web for Web-based intervention options for anxiety-related issues might find. The objectives were to identify currently publically available Web-based intervention programs for anxiety and to synthesize and review these in terms of (1) website characteristics such as credibility and accessibility; (2) intervention program characteristics such as intervention focus, design, and presentation modes; (3) therapeutic elements employed; and (4) published evidence of efficacy. Methods Web keyword searches were carried out on three major search engines (Google, Bing, and Yahoo—UK platforms). For each search, the first 25 hyperlinks were screened for eligible programs. Included were programs that were designed for anxiety symptoms, currently publically accessible on the Web, had an online component, a structured treatment plan, and were available in English. Data were extracted for website characteristics, program characteristics, therapeutic characteristics, as well as empirical evidence. Programs were also evaluated using a 16-point rating tool. Results The search resulted in 34 programs that were eligible for review. A wide variety of programs for anxiety, including specific anxiety disorders, and anxiety in combination with stress, depression, or anger were identified and based predominantly on cognitive behavioral therapy techniques. The majority of websites were rated as credible, secure, and free of advertisement. The majority required users to register and/or to pay a program access fee. Half of the programs offered some form of paid therapist or professional support. Programs varied in treatment length and number of modules and employed a variety of presentation modes. Relatively few programs had published research evidence of the intervention’s efficacy. Conclusions This review represents a snapshot of available Web-based intervention programs for anxiety that could be found by consumers in March 2015. The consumer is confronted with a diversity of programs, which makes it difficult to identify an appropriate program. Limited reports and existence of empirical evidence for efficacy make it even more challenging to identify credible and reliable programs. This highlights the need for consistent guidelines and standards on developing, providing, and evaluating Web-based interventions and platforms with reliable up-to-date information for professionals and consumers about the characteristics, quality, and accessibility of Web-based interventions.

A Principle-Based Approach to Psychotherapy Integration

2019 ◽  
pp. 88-104
Author(s):  
Catherine F. Eubanks ◽  
Marvin R. Goldfried
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Alliance ◽  
Outcome Research ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
Psychotherapy Integration ◽  
Change Processes ◽  
Theoretical Orientations ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Reality Testing ◽  
Individual Needs ◽  
Change Principles

A principle-based approach to integration provides a framework for identifying common change processes that may exist among different theoretical orientations. This chapter identifies five change principles that are common across orientations and are supported by outcome research: fostering the patient’s hope, positive expectations, and motivation; facilitating the therapeutic alliance; increasing the patient’s awareness and insight; encouraging corrective experiences; and emphasizing ongoing reality testing. By focusing on these change principles, therapists have the flexibility to select a variety of techniques that are responsive to the client’s individual needs and preferences. The chapter also provides examples of techniques that support each principle and illustrates principle-based psychotherapy with a case example. The authors concludes by reviewing the research evidence and suggesting future directions for this approach.

The Complex Relationship Between Eating Disorders and Substance Use Disorders

2017 ◽  
pp. 60-78
Author(s):  
Amy Baker Dennis ◽  
Tamara Pryor
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Integrated Treatment ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Adaptive Function ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Evidence Based Treatments

Eating disorders (ED) and substance use disorders (SUD) frequently co-occur but are rarely treated in a comprehensive integrated manner. This chapter elucidates the complex relationship between ED and SUD to help the treating professional create an integrated treatment plan that addresses both disorders and any other co-occurring conditions. Evidence-based treatments for each disorder are discussed, and recommendations on how to take “best practices” from both fields to formulate a treatment plan that addresses the specific needs of the patient are presented. The chapter includes case examples that demonstrate the importance of understanding the adaptive function of both disorders when developing an effective intervention.

Treatment Planning

2017 ◽  
pp. 91-110
Author(s):  
Alice Medalia ◽  
Tiffany Herlands ◽  
Alice Saperstein ◽  
Nadine Revheim
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Planning ◽  
Learning Style ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Cognitive Remediation ◽  
Educational Approach ◽  
Frustration Tolerance ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Time Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plans ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 6 describes how to use treatment plans to guide cognitive remediation sessions. Personalized treatment planning takes into account the multiple factors unique to each client that impact how they use cognition in everyday life. Neuropsychological Educational Approach to Remediation (NEAR) treatment plans address current cognitive deficits, the client’s need for structure, motivation and goals, learning style and barriers, endurance, frustration tolerance, approach to tasks, and task repertoire. The treatment plan should be updated periodically because each of these factors may change over time. Treatment plan components are reviewed, and case examples are provided.

scholarly journals An emotion regulation-focused theoretical framework for co-occurring nicotine addiction and PTSD: Comments on existing treatments and future directions

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1558731
Author(s):  
Chia-Ying Chou ◽  
Ellen Herbst ◽  
Marylene Cloitre ◽  
Janice Y. Tsoh ◽  
Graziano Pinna
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Nicotine Addiction ◽  
Future Directions

Patient Information on Evidence and Clinical Effectiveness of Psychotherapy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Blease ◽  
John M. Kelley ◽  
Manuel Trachsel
Keyword(s):  
Research Evidence ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Common Factors ◽  
Psychotherapy Research ◽  
Clinical Effectiveness ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Considerable Controversy ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
The Common

This chapter focuses on what information should be provided to patients about the evidence base supporting the clinical effectiveness of psychotherapy. In particular, the authors consider whether research on the relative efficacy of different forms of psychotherapy should be provided to patients, as well as whether patients should be provided with information on the relative importance of common factors versus specific factors as the causal agents of clinical improvement. After a critical review and discussion of the relatively few scholarly papers that have previously addressed this question, the authors conclude that patients should be provided with an honest, transparent, and impartial summary of the evidence related to their treatment options including information about the common factors. The authors offer this conclusion even while acknowledging that considerable controversy persists about how to interpret the psychotherapy research evidence base. Finally, the authors strongly support continued research into these questions, especially given the relatively limited scholarly attention they have received to date.

scholarly journals A review of the current state of antimicrobial susceptibility test methods for Brachyspira

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 465-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.G.R.S. Kulathunga ◽  
J.E. Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Diagnostic Strategies ◽  
Current State

The re-emergence of swine dysentery (Brachyspira-associated muco-haemorrhagic colitis) since the late 2000s has illuminated diagnostic challenges associated with this genus. The methods used to detect, identify, and characterize Brachyspira from clinical samples have not been standardized, and laboratories frequently rely heavily on in-house techniques. Particularly concerning is the lack of standardized methods for determining and interpreting the antimicrobial susceptibility of Brachyspira spp. The integration of laboratory data into a treatment plan is a critical component of prudent antimicrobial usage. Therefore, the lack of standardized methods is an important limitation to the evidence-based use of antimicrobials. This review will focus on describing the methodological limitations and inconsistencies between current susceptibility testing schemes employed for Brachyspira, provide an overview of what we do know about the susceptibility of these organisms, and suggest future directions to improve and standardize diagnostic strategies.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document