Poisonous fungi

2020 ◽  
pp. 1817-1827
Author(s):  
Hans Persson ◽  
David A. Warrell
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Claviceps Purpurea ◽  
Poisonous Fungi ◽  
The Many ◽  
Agaricus Campestris ◽  
Symptoms And Signs

This chapter covers poisoning by members of the fungal subkingdom Dikarya that includes most of the ‘higher fungi’. The phylum Ascomycota contains the medically important toxic fungi Claviceps purpurea, the cause of ergotism, Aspergillus flavus, a source of hepatotoxic and carcinogenic aflatoxins, the edible but potentially toxic morel mushrooms (Morchella species), Gyromitra species, and Podostroma cornudamae that has caused multisystem symptoms and signs. The phylum Basidiomycota includes the order Agaricales (gilled mushrooms/toadstools or agarics) to which most of the medically important larger fungi belong. ‘Mushroom’ and ‘toadstool’ may suggest ‘edible’ and ‘poisonous’ respectively, but these terms are not strictly applied. Poisonous species must be distinguished from field (Agaricus campestris) and cultivated (A. bisporus) mushrooms and from the many other mushrooms that are considered to be delicious and are passionately sought after by mycophiles worldwide.

Heart failure in an elderly population

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-321
Author(s):  
DN Carmichael ◽  
Michael Lye
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Diagnostic Challenge ◽  
The Common ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The Many ◽  
Neuroendocrine Activation ◽  
Symptoms And Signs

Heart failure has been defined in many ways and definitions change over time. The multiplicity of definitions reflect the paucity of our understanding of the primary underlying physiology of heart failure and the many diseases for which heart failure is the common end-point. Fundamentally, heart failure represents a failure of the heart to meet the body’s requirement for blood supply for whatever reason. It is thus a clinical syndrome with characteristic features – not a single disease in its own right. The syndrome includes symptoms and signs of organ underperfusion, fluid retention and neuroendocrine activation. The syndrome arises from a range of possible causes of which ischaemic heart disease is the commonest. From the point of view of a clinician, the underlying pathology will determine treatment options and prognosis. The extensive range of possible aetiologies present a diagnostic challenge both to correctly identify the syndrome amongst all other causes of dyspnoea and to identify the aetiology, allowing optimization of treatment.

A Study of the Interaction Between Depressed Patients and Their Spouses

1975 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Hinchliffe ◽  
Douglas Hooper ◽  
F. John Roberts ◽  
Pamela W. Vaughan
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scales ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Initial Analysis ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
The People ◽  
Ways Of Thinking ◽  
The Many ◽  
Symptoms And Signs

This paper reports the initial analysis of a series of observations of a number of depressed patients communicating with their spouses and with a third party. This is part of a larger study which arose out of our dissatisfaction with the traditional ways of thinking about depressed patients. By and large there is general agreement about the people who are called ‘depressed’; there are constellations of symptoms and signs which can be evaluated by using one of the many rating scales for depression which have a degree of reliability and consistency. However, we feel that most of the thinking which underlies these efforts is based on presuppositions which would place ‘the depression’ within the patient, that is to say that there is something wrong within the patient which causes the symptoms and gives rise to the signs. These views are reductionist in character and we have by contrast attempted to reexamine certain aspects of depression using non-reductionist ideas.

scholarly journals ANNIVERSARY REVIEW: 50 years since the discovery of bromocriptine

2018 ◽  
Vol 179 (2) ◽  
pp. R69-R75 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Michael Besser ◽  
Ronald F Pfeiffer ◽  
Michael O Thorner
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Pharmaceutical Product ◽  
Active Principle ◽  
Claviceps Purpurea ◽  
Subsequent Work ◽  
Chemical Company ◽  
Trade Name ◽  
The Many

Ergotism is the long-term ergot poisoning by ingestion of rye or other grains infected with the fungus Claviceps purpurea and more recently by excessive intake of ergot drugs. It has either neuropsychiatric or vascular manifestations. In the Middle Ages, the gangrenous poisoning was known as St. Anthony’s fire, after the order of the Monks of St. Anthony who were particularly skilled at treating the condition. In 1917, Prof. Arthur Stoll returned home to Switzerland from Germany, to lead the development of a new pharmaceutical department at Sandoz Chemical Company. Stoll, using the special methods of extraction learned from his work with his mentor Willstetter, started his industrial research work with ergot. He succeeded in isolating, from the ergot of rye, ergotamine as an active principle of an old popular remedy for excessive post-partum bleeding. The success of this discovery occurred in 1918 and was translated into a pharmaceutical product in 1921 under the trade name Gynergen. In subsequent work, Stoll and his team were leaders in identifying the structure of the many other alkaloids and amines produced by Claviceps purpurea. This was the cultural background and scientific foundation on which bromocriptine was discovered.

scholarly journals Isoprenoid phenol and quinone precursors of ubiquinones and dihydroubiquinones [ubiquinones(H2)] in fungi

1971 ◽  
Vol 123 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ah Law ◽  
D. R. Threlfall ◽  
G. R. Whistance
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Neurospora Crassa ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Rhodotorula Glutinis ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Phycomyces Blakesleeanus ◽  
Agaricus Campestris ◽  
Ubiquinone 10

1. Ten moulds and two yeasts were analysed for the presence of 2-polyprenylphenols, 2-polyprenyl(H2)phenols, 6-methoxy-2-polyprenylphenols, 6-methoxy-2-polyprenyl(H2)phenols, 6-methoxy-2-polyprenyl-1,4-benzoquinones, 6-methoxy-2-polyprenyl(H2)-1,4-benzoquinones, 5-demethoxyubiquinones, 5-demethoxyubiquinones(H2), ubiquinones and ubiquinones(H2). 2. The organisms were found to be of three types: (a) those that contained only ubiquinones (Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium brevi-compactum) or ubiquinones(H2) (Alternaria solani, Claviceps purpurae and Penicillium stipitatum); (b) those that contained 5-demethoxyubiquinones and ubiquinones (Agaricus campestris, Aspergillus niger, Phycomyces blakesleeanus, Rhodotorula glutinis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) or 5-demethoxyubiquinones(H2) and ubiquinones(H2) (Aspergillus quadrilineatus and Neurospora crassa); (c) one that contained 2-decaprenyl(H2)phenol, 6-methoxy-2-decaprenyl(H2)phenol, 6-methoxy-2-decaprenyl(X-H2)-1,4-benzoquinone, 5-demethoxyubiquinone-10(X-H2) and ubiquinones(H2) (Aspergillus flavus). 3. Studies were made on the biosynthesis of ubiquinones and ubiquinones(H2) by Asp. flavus, Phyc. blakesleeanus and S. cerevisiae. These provided evidence that in Phyc. blakesleeanus 5-demethoxyubiquinone-9 is a precursor of ubiquinone-9 and that in S. cerevisiae 5-demethoxyubiquinone-6 is a precursor of ubiquinone-6. In addition they yielded results that may be interpreted as providing evidence that in Asp. flavus 6-methoxy-2-decaprenyl(X-H2)-1,4-benzoquinone and 5-demethoxyubiquinone-10(X-H2) are precursors of ubiquinone-10(X-H2).

The prehistory of mycotoxins: related cases from ancient times to the discovery of aflatoxins

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ramos ◽  
V. Sanchis ◽  
S. Marín
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Claviceps Purpurea ◽  
Fusarium Sporotrichioides ◽  
Fusarium Poae ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Middle Ages

This paper presents a journey through the known and the presumed history of two important mycotoxicoses which played an important role in the history of mankind before aflatoxins were discovered: (1) ergotism, also known as St. Anthony's fire or Holy Fire, linked to the consumption of cereals (especially rye) contaminated by the hallucinogenic and vasoconstrictor alkaloids produced by the Claviceps purpurea ergot, whose presence in Europe during the Middle Ages was considered epidemic, and (2) the so-called alimentary toxic aleukia (also known by its English acronym ATA), caused by the trichothecenes produced by Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium poae, which devastated a large part of Russia shortly before the characterisation of the toxins of Aspergillus flavus.

scholarly journals The history of spinal surgery for disc disease: an illustrated timeline

2005 ◽  
Vol 63 (3a) ◽  
pp. 701-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor de Castro ◽  
Daniel Paes dos Santos ◽  
Daniel de Holanda Christoph ◽  
José Alberto Landeiro
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Spinal Surgery ◽  
Lumbar Disc ◽  
Disc Disease ◽  
Precise Diagnosis ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
Surgical Aspects ◽  
Symptoms And Signs

This article presents the evolution in medical history which leads to the surgical treatment for ruptured discs. Only at the last century the precise diagnosis of a ruptured lumbar disc could be made after tremendous efforts of the many medical pioneers in the study of the spine. The experience gained with the lumbar spine was rapidly transferred to the cervical spine. We describe the evolution of the clinical and surgical aspects about ruptured discs in the lumbar and cervical spine. An illustrative timeline of the major events regarding the surgical treatment for ruptured disks is outlined in a straight forward manner. Our understandings of the relation between symptoms and signs and of that between anatomy and pathophysiology have led to more successful surgical treatment for this disease. Nowadays lumbar and cervical discectomies are the most frequent operations carried out by neurosurgeons. Our current care of patients with this kind of spinal disorders is based on the work of our ancient medical heroes.

Identifying suboptimalities with factorial model comparison

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Ji Ma
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Model Comparison ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Factorial Experimental Design ◽  
Factorial Model ◽  
Multiple Components ◽  
The Many

AbstractGiven the many types of suboptimality in perception, I ask how one should test for multiple forms of suboptimality at the same time – or, more generally, how one should compare process models that can differ in any or all of the multiple components. In analogy to factorial experimental design, I advocate for factorial model comparison.

Representing utility and deploying the body

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Spurrett
Keyword(s):  
Functional Activity ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
The Body ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Processing Demands ◽  
The Many

Abstract Comprehensive accounts of resource-rational attempts to maximise utility shouldn't ignore the demands of constructing utility representations. This can be onerous when, as in humans, there are many rewarding modalities. Another thing best not ignored is the processing demands of making functional activity out of the many degrees of freedom of a body. The target article is almost silent on both.

The many faces of obligation

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Tomasello
Keyword(s):  
Third Party ◽  
The Many ◽  
Sense Of Obligation

Abstract My response to the commentaries focuses on four issues: (1) the diversity both within and between cultures of the many different faces of obligation; (2) the possible evolutionary roots of the sense of obligation, including possible sources that I did not consider; (3) the possible ontogenetic roots of the sense of obligation, including especially children's understanding of groups from a third-party perspective (rather than through participation, as in my account); and (4) the relation between philosophical accounts of normative phenomena in general – which are pitched as not totally empirical – and empirical accounts such as my own. I have tried to distinguish comments that argue for extensions of the theory from those that represent genuine disagreement.

Hydrogen Cyanide Polymers from the Impact of Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 179-187
Author(s):  
Clifford N. Matthews ◽  
Rose A. Pesce-Rodriguez ◽  
Shirley A. Liebman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Nitrogen Heterocycles ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Heterogeneous Solids ◽  
The Many ◽  
Comet Halley ◽  
The Impact ◽  
By Products

AbstractHydrogen cyanide polymers – heterogeneous solids ranging in color from yellow to orange to brown to black – may be among the organic macromolecules most readily formed within the Solar System. The non-volatile black crust of comet Halley, for example, as well as the extensive orangebrown streaks in the atmosphere of Jupiter, might consist largely of such polymers synthesized from HCN formed by photolysis of methane and ammonia, the color observed depending on the concentration of HCN involved. Laboratory studies of these ubiquitous compounds point to the presence of polyamidine structures synthesized directly from hydrogen cyanide. These would be converted by water to polypeptides which can be further hydrolyzed to α-amino acids. Black polymers and multimers with conjugated ladder structures derived from HCN could also be formed and might well be the source of the many nitrogen heterocycles, adenine included, observed after pyrolysis. The dark brown color arising from the impacts of comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter might therefore be mainly caused by the presence of HCN polymers, whether originally present, deposited by the impactor or synthesized directly from HCN. Spectroscopic detection of these predicted macromolecules and their hydrolytic and pyrolytic by-products would strengthen significantly the hypothesis that cyanide polymerization is a preferred pathway for prebiotic and extraterrestrial chemistry.

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