Pulmonary function

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison M McManus ◽  
Neil Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Work Of Breathing ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Ventilatory Control ◽  
Considerable Research

The principles of pulmonary ventilation are the same for children and adults. Ventilation adjusts to alterations in metabolic demand in the child; but for a given exercise intensity there is a greater ventilation when expressed relative to body mass and a higher energetic cost of breathing in the child compared to the adult. Limited evidence suggests child-adult differences may be a result of immature chemoreception, a greater drive to breathe, differences in airway dimensions, and the mechanical work of breathing. There are few studies investigating the dynamic ventilatory response to moderate intensity exercise and none to heavy or very heavy intensity exercise in the child. Little attention has been devoted to the developmental pattern of ventilatory control, although there is evidence of altered chemoreceptive modulation of breathing in the child. Considerable research will be necessary before we have a full appreciation of pulmonary function during exercise in the child.

scholarly journals Oxygen Cost of Recreational Horse-Riding in Females

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 808-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louisa Beale ◽  
Neil S Maxwell ◽  
Oliver R Gibson ◽  
Rosemary Twomey ◽  
Becky Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Oxygen Cost ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
The Public ◽  
Horse Riding ◽  
Ergometer Exercise

Background:The purpose of this study was to characterize the physiological demands of a riding session comprising different types of recreational horse riding in females.Methods:Sixteen female recreational riders (aged 17 to 54 years) completed an incremental cycle ergometer exercise test to determine peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and a 45-minute riding session based upon a British Horse Society Stage 2 riding lesson (including walking, trotting, cantering and work without stirrups). Oxygen consumption (VO2), from which metabolic equivalent (MET) and energy expenditure values were derived, was measured throughout.Results:The mean VO2 requirement for trotting/cantering (18.4 ± 5.1 ml·kg-1·min-1; 52 ± 12% VO2peak; 5.3 ± 1.1 METs) was similar to walking/trotting (17.4 ± 5.1 ml·kg-1·min-1; 48 ± 13% VO2peak; 5.0 ± 1.5 METs) and significantly higher than for work without stirrups (14.2 ± 2.9 ml·kg-1·min-1; 41 ± 12% VO2peak; 4.2 ± 0.8 METs) (P = .001).Conclusion:The oxygen cost of different activities typically performed in a recreational horse riding session meets the criteria for moderate intensity exercise (3-6 METs) in females, and trotting combined with cantering imposes the highest metabolic demand. Regular riding could contribute to the achievement of the public health recommendations for physical activity in this population.

Peripheral chemoreceptor function after carbonic anhydrase inhibition during moderate-intensity exercise

1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 1544-1551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry W. Scheuermann ◽  
John M. Kowalchuk ◽  
Donald H. Paterson ◽  
David A. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Peripheral Chemoreceptor ◽  
Ventilatory Drive ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition ◽  
End Tidal

The effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibition with acetazolamide (Acz, 10 mg/kg) on the ventilatory response to an abrupt switch into hyperoxia (end-tidal [Formula: see text]= 450 Torr) and hypoxia (end-tidal[Formula: see text] = 50 Torr) was examined in five male subjects [30 ± 3 (SE) yr]. Subjects exercised at a work rate chosen to elicit an O2 uptake equivalent to 80% of the ventilatory threshold. Ventilation (V˙e) was measured breath by breath. Arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (%[Formula: see text]) was determined by ear oximetry. After the switch into hyperoxia, V˙eremained unchanged from the steady-state exercise prehyperoxic value (60.6 ± 6.5 l/min) during Acz. During control studies (Con),V˙e decreased from the prehyperoxic value (52.4 ± 5.5 l/min) by ∼20% (V˙enadir = 42.4 ± 6.3 l/min) within 20 s after the switch into hyperoxia. V˙e increased during Acz and Con after the switch into hypoxia; the hypoxic ventilatory response was significantly lower after Acz compared with Con [Acz, change (Δ) inV˙e/[Formula: see text]= 1.54 ± 0.10 l ⋅ min−1 ⋅ [Formula: see text] −1; Con, ΔV˙e/[Formula: see text]= 2.22 ± 0.28 l ⋅ min−1 ⋅ [Formula: see text] −1]. The peripheral chemoreceptor contribution to the ventilatory drive after acute Acz-induced carbonic anhydrase inhibition is not apparent in the steady state of moderate-intensity exercise. However, Acz administration did not completely attenuate the peripheral chemoreceptor response to hypoxia.

Energetic cost of breathing, body composition, and pulmonary function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction

2004 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa R. Mazan ◽  
Edward F. Deveney ◽  
Shane DeWitt ◽  
Daniela Bedenice ◽  
Andrew Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Airway Obstruction ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Work Of Breathing ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Recurrent Airway Obstruction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Function Testing

This study was conducted to determine whether horses with naturally occurring, severe chronic recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) 1) have a greater resting energy expenditure (REE) than control horses, 2) suffer body mass depletion, and 3) have significantly decreased REE after bronchodilation and, therefore, also 4) whether increased work of breathing contributes to the cachexia seen in some horses with RAO. Six RAO horses and six control horses underwent indirect calorimetric measures of REE and pulmonary function testing using the esophageal balloon-pneumotachograph method before and after treatment with ipratropium bromide, a parasympatholytic bronchodilator agent, at 4-h intervals for a 24-h period. Body condition scoring was performed, and an estimate of fat mass was determined via B-mode ultrasonography. O2 and CO2 fractions, respiratory airflow, respiratory rate, and pleural pressure changes were recorded, and O2 consumption, CO2 production, REE, pulmonary resistance, dynamic elastance, and tidal volume were calculated. In addition, we performed lung function testing and calorimetry both before and after sedation in two control horses. RAO horses had significantly lower body condition scores (2.8 ± 1.0 vs. 6.4 ± 1.2) and significantly greater O2 consumption than controls (4.93 ± 1.30 vs. 2.93 ± 0.70 ml·kg−1·min−1). After bronchodilation, there was no significant difference in O2 consumption between RAO horses and controls, although there remained evidence of residual airway obstruction. There was a strong correlation between O2 consumption and indexes of airway obstruction. Xylazine sedation was not associated with changes in pulmonary function but did result in markedly decreased REE in controls.

scholarly journals The Respiratory System during Intermittent-Sprint Work: Respiratory Muscle Work and the Critical Distribution of Oxygen

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramón F. Rodriguez ◽  
Robert J. Aughey ◽  
François Billaut
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory System ◽  
Work Of Breathing ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Muscle Work ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The Relationship

In healthy individuals at rest and while performing moderate-intensity exercise, systemic blood flow is distributed to tissues relative to their metabolic oxygen demands. During sustained high-intensity exercise, competition for oxygen delivery arises between locomotor and respiratory muscles, and the heightened metabolic work of breathing, therefore, contributes to limited skeletal muscle oxygenation and contractility. Intriguingly, this does not appear to be the case for intermittent-sprint work. This chapter presents new evidence, based on inspiratory muscle mechanical loading and hypoxic gas breathing, to support that the respiratory system of healthy men is capable of accommodating the oxygen needs of both locomotor and respiratory muscles when work is interspersed with short recovery periods. Only when moderate hypoxemia is induced, substantial oxygen competition arises in favour of the respiratory muscles. These findings extend our understanding of the relationship between mechanical and metabolic limits of varied exercise modes.

scholarly journals Prolonged adenosine triphosphate infusion and exercise hyperemia in humans

2016 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. A. Shepherd ◽  
Michael J. Joyner ◽  
Frank A. Dinenno ◽  
Timothy B. Curry ◽  
Sushant M. Ranadive
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Metabolic Theory ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Exercise Hyperemia ◽  
Forearm Vascular Conductance ◽  
Over Time

In humans, intra-arterial ATP infusion in limbs mimics many features of exercise hyperemia. However, it remains unknown whether ATP can evoke the prolonged vasodilation seen during exercise. Therefore, we addressed two questions during a continuous 3-h brachial artery infusion of ATP [20 μg·100 ml forearm volume (FAV)−1·min−1]: 1) would skeletal muscle blood flow remain robust or wane over time (tachyphylaxis); and 2) would the hyperemic response to moderate-intensity exercise performed during the ATP administration be blunted compared with that during control (saline) infusion. Nine participants (25 ± 1 yr) performed one trial consisting of seven bouts of rhythmic handgrip exercise (20 contractions/min at 20% of maximum), two bouts during saline (control), and five bouts during 180 min of continuous ATP infusion. Five minutes of ATP infusion resulted in a 710% increase in forearm vascular conductance (FVC) from control (4.8 ± 0.77 vs. 35.0 ± 5.7 ml·min−1·100 mmHg−1·dl FAV−1, P < 0.05). Contrary to our expectations, FVC did not wane over time with values of 35.0 ± 5.7 and 36.0 ± 7.7 ml·min−1·100 mmHg−1·dl FAV−1 ( P > 0.05), seen prior to the exercise bouts at 5 vs. 150 min, respectively. During superimposed exercise, FVC increased from 35.0 ± 5.7 to 49.6 ± 5.4 ml·min−1·100 mmHg−1·dl FAV−1 at 5 min and 36.0 ± 7.7 to 54.5 ± 5.0 at 150 min ( P < 0.05). Our findings demonstrate ATP vasodilation is prolonged over time without tachyphylaxis; however, exercise hyperemia responses remain intact. Our results challenge the metabolic theory of exercise hyperemia, suggesting a disconnect between matching of blood flow and metabolic demand.

scholarly journals Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Updates Through the Lens of Sports Cardiology

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley S. Lander ◽  
Dermot M. Phelan ◽  
Matthew W. Martinez ◽  
Elizabeth H. Dineen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Shared Decision Making ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Heart Association ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Sports Cardiology

Abstract Purpose of review This review will summarize the distinction between hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and exercise-induced cardiac remodeling (EICR), describe treatments of particular relevance to athletes with HCM, and highlight the evolution of recommendations for exercise and competitive sport participation relevant to individuals with HCM. Recent findings Whereas prior guidelines have excluded individuals with HCM from more than mild-intensity exercise, recent data show that moderate-intensity exercise improves functional capacity and indices of cardiac function and continuation of competitive sports may not be associated with worse outcomes. Moreover, recent studies of athletes with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) demonstrated a safer profile than previously understood. In this context, the updated American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) and European Society of Cardiology (ESC) HCM guidelines have increased focus on shared decision-making and liberalized restrictions on exercise and sport participation among individuals with HCM. Summary New data demonstrating the safety of exercise in individuals with HCM and in athletes with ICDs, in addition to a focus on shared decision-making, have led to the most updated guidelines easing restrictions on exercise and competitive athletics in this population. Further athlete-specific studies of HCM, especially in the context of emerging therapies such as mavacamten, are important to inform accurate risk stratification and eligibility recommendations.

scholarly journals Increasing skeletal muscle carnitine content in older individuals increases whole‐body fat oxidation during moderate‐intensity exercise

Aging Cell ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Chee ◽  
Chris E. Shannon ◽  
Aisling Burns ◽  
Anna L. Selby ◽  
Daniel Wilkinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise

scholarly journals Hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury: effect of moderate intensity exercise and oxytocin compared to l-arginine in a rat model

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amr H. ELKady ◽  
Bataa M. Elkafoury ◽  
Dalia A. Saad ◽  
Doaa M. Abd el-Wahed ◽  
Walaa Baher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Trained Group ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Hepatic Ischemia ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Hepatic Ischemia Reperfusion

Abstract Background Hepatic ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury is considered as a main cause of liver damage and dysfunction. The l-arginine/nitric oxide pathway seems to be relevant during this process of IR. Although acute intense exercise challenges the liver with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), regular training improves hepatic antioxidant status. Also, oxytocin (Oxy), besides its classical functions, it exhibits a potent antistress, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. This study was designed to evaluate the hepatic functional and structural changes induced by hepatic IR injury in rats and to probe the effect and potential mechanism of moderate intensity exercise training and/or Oxy, in comparison to a nitric oxide donor, l-arginine, against liver IR-induced damage. Results Compared to the sham-operated control group, the hepatic IR group displayed a significant increase in serum levels of ALT and AST, plasma levels of MDA and TNF-α, and significant decrease in plasma TAC and nitrite levels together with the worsening of liver histological picture. L-Arg, Oxy, moderate intensity exercise, and the combination of both Oxy and moderate intensity exercises ameliorated these deleterious effects that were evident by the significant decrease in serum levels of ALT and AST, significant elevation in TAC and nitrite, and significant decline in lipid peroxidation (MDA) and TNF-α, besides regression of histopathological score regarding hepatocyte necrosis, vacuolization, and nuclear pyknosis. Both the moderate intensity exercise-trained group and Oxy-treated group showed a significant decline in TNF-α and nitrite levels as compared to l-Arg-treated group. The Oxy-treated group showed statistical insignificant changes in serum levels of ALT, AST, and plasma levels of nitrite, MDA, TAC, and TNF-α as compared to moderate intensity exercise-trained group. Conclusion The combination of both moderate intensity exercise and Oxy displayed more pronounced hepatoprotection on comparison with l-Arg which could be attributed to their more prominent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects but not due to their NO-enhancing effect.

INDIVIDUALIZED SPORTS MANAGEMENT SCHEME FOR PREGNANT WOMEN IN CHINA

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (08) ◽  
pp. 1940055
Author(s):  
LIN YANG ◽  
QI LUO ◽  
YANG LU ◽  
SONG ZHANG ◽  
YIMIN YANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Women's Sports ◽  
Perinatal Complications ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
Target Heart Rate ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Women’S Sports

In recent years, pregnant women in China generally face problems such as unbalanced and excessive nutrition, lack of proper exercise during pregnancy, which shows a significant increase in weight during pregnancy, leading to an increasing trend of perinatal complications. At present, there is less sports health management system for pregnant women throughout pregnancy. In view of this, based on the existing research in related fields, this study deeply explores the appropriate monitoring methods of pregnant women’s sports in China. In this study, effective and convenient testing methods and evaluation criteria were proposed for pregnant women’s sports and psychology. The research idea was a method based on the pulse wave to detect pregnant women’s cardiac reserve capacity, and grading the Diastolic/Systolic value of pregnant women as a reference for grading individualized target heart rate range of moderate intensity exercise. The effective time and energy expenditure of pregnant women were assessed by monitoring the exercise process. The purpose is to help and guide pregnant women in the whole process of pregnancy self-movement management, and thus improve the quality of maternal health care services in China.

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