Tobacco

2021 ◽  
pp. 319-336
Author(s):  
Tai Hing Lam ◽  
Sai Yin Ho
Keyword(s):  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Tobacco Advertising ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Pictorial Warnings ◽  
Tobacco Tax ◽  
Retail Outlets ◽  
Promote Smoking Cessation

Tobacco is the most important and avoidable public health problem, killing 5.4 million users per year. At least one in two and up to two in three smokers die prematurely from smoking. Such great and easily understood risks should be more effectively communicated to promote smoking cessation. This chapter describes how raising tobacco tax, banning smoking in public places, and forbidding tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship have effectively reduced smoking rates in many countries. However, many low- and middle-income countries still lack the necessary resources or political will to implement tobacco control. Further progress may come from large and effective pictorial warnings; banning the display of tobacco products at retail outlets; extending smoking bans in public places; innovative use of the mass media; very brief warnings by doctors to promote cessation; telephone quitlines; and capitalizing on the risk perception towards third-hand smoke.

scholarly journals Price, Income, and Affordability as the Determinants of Tobacco Consumption: A Practitioner’s Guide to Tobacco Taxation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigar Nargis ◽  
Michal Stoklosa ◽  
Ce Shang ◽  
Jeffrey Drope
Keyword(s):  
Price Elasticity ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
High Income ◽  
Cigarette Consumption ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Price Increases ◽  
Tobacco Tax ◽  
Tobacco Taxation

Abstract Introduction Tobacco product prices and consumers’ income are the two major economic determinants of tobacco demand. The affordability of tobacco products is dependent on the price of tobacco products relative to consumer income. Increase in tobacco tax is expected to lead to higher price, lower affordability, and reduced consumption. Price elasticity and affordability elasticity are used in analyzing the effect of tobacco tax increases on tobacco consumption and public health. The availability of both parameters raises the question of which one to apply in policy discussions. Aims and Methods Using global data on cigarette consumption, price, income, and tobacco control measures for 169 countries over 2007–2016, this study estimated the price elasticity and affordability elasticity of cigarette consumption by country income classification using country-specific fixed effects model for panel data. Results The estimates show that the restriction of equal strength of the effects of price and income changes on tobacco consumption maintained in affordability elasticity estimation is valid for low- and middle-income countries, while it is rejected for high-income countries. Conclusions Affordability elasticity may prove to be a useful parameter to explain and predict the sensitivity of consumers to tobacco tax and price policy changes under conditions of robust economic growth, which are more likely to be observed in countries with initial low- or middle-income setting. It can provide a reasonable benchmark for tobacco tax and price increase necessary to effectively reduce affordability and consumption of tobacco, which can form a basis for building systematic tax and price increases into the tobacco tax policy mechanism. Implications Price elasticity measures the sensitivity of consumers to changes in real prices, holding real income constant. Affordability elasticity measures the sensitivity of consumers to price changes adjusted for inflation and income changes. Existing scientific literature on tobacco demand abounds in both price and affordability elasticity estimates, without providing a clear explanation of the theoretical and policy implications of using one parameter over the other. By estimating and comparing price and affordability elasticities for high-income and low-and-middle-income countries separately, this article offers a guide to the practitioners in tobacco taxation for evaluating the effectiveness of tax-induced price increases on tobacco consumption.

scholarly journals A Fatal and Rare Case of Hydatid Cyst in the Pouch of Douglas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritu Asnani ◽  
Sunil Kumar Yeshvanth ◽  
Lancelot Lobo ◽  
Shipra Sonkusare
Keyword(s):  
Hydatid Cyst ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Frozen Section ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Zoonotic Infection ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Significant Public Health Problem ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Pouch Of Douglas

Abstract Hydatid cyst is a zoonotic infection and a significant public health problem in low- and middle-income countries. A 79-year-old female patient was presented to the gynecology outpatient department with complaints of pain in the abdomen and difficulty in micturition, with a mass palpable per speculum. The ultrasound was suggestive of an ovarian cystadenocarcinoma, whereas computed tomography of the abdomen favored hydatid cyst with adnexal neoplasm as a differential diagnosis. Considering the contradictory findings, a frozen section was sent to confirm the diagnosis, which showed hooklets of Echinococcus granulosus/hydatid cyst under the microscope. This was a rare case of pelvic hydatid cyst mimicking ovarian malignancy and was associated with a less-preferred mode of investigation (frozen section). This article focuses on how a frozen section, despite its limitations and being expensive, can still be considered for accurate patient management.

scholarly journals I Keep Looking at What I’m Doing to My Organs: Samoans’ Responses to Adapted Anti-Tobacco Television Advertisements

2021 ◽  
pp. 101053952110209
Author(s):  
Elaine Umali ◽  
Helen Tanielu ◽  
Robyn Whittaker ◽  
Cam Sugden ◽  
Judith McCool
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Culturally Appropriate ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Media Campaigns ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Stop Smoking ◽  
The Family ◽  
Television Advertisements ◽  
Promote Smoking Cessation

There has been an increase of adapted tobacco control media campaigns in low- and middle-income countries. Adapting existing material offers many benefits especially to countries with limited resources. We adapted 3 television advertisements for the Tu’u Nei Loa Le Ulaula Tapa’a (Stop Smoking Now) campaign in Samoa. Adaption included rigorous efforts to ensure advertisements were culturally appropriate. To determine audiences’ perception of anti-tobacco television advertisements to promote smoking cessation, we conducted 8 talanoa, a Pacific Islands research methodology, among 54 smokers and nonsmokers in Apia, Samoa. The talanoa were transcribed, translated, and thematically coded. Results suggest that the advertisements raised awareness on the negative health impacts of tobacco use, especially to the internal organs. Graphic and emotionally evocative advertisements, especially those that have an impact on the family, have greater potential to motivate Samoans to quit.

scholarly journals Affordability and Availability of Child Restraints in an Under-Served Population in South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasanthi Puvanachandra ◽  
Aliasgher Janmohammed ◽  
Pumla Mtambeka ◽  
Megan Prinsloo ◽  
Sebastian Van As ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Injury Death ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Restraint Use ◽  
Child Restraint

Background: Child road traffic injuries are a major global public health problem and the issue is particularly burdensome in middle-income countries such as South Africa where injury death rates are 41 per 100,000 for under 5′s and 24.5 per 100,000 for 5–14-year-old. Despite their known effectiveness in reducing injuries amongst children, the rates of use of child restraint systems (CRS) remains low in South Africa. Little is known about barriers to child restraint use especially in low- and middle-income countries. Methods: We carried out observation studies and parent/carer surveys in 7 suburbs of Cape Town over a three month period to assess usage rates and explore the knowledge and perceptions of parents towards child restraint legislation, ownership and cost; Results: Only 7.8% of child passengers were observed to be properly restrained in a CRS with driver seatbelt use and single child occupancy being associated with higher child restraint use. 92% of survey respondents claimed to have knowledge of current child restraint legislation, however, only 32% of those parents/carers were able to correctly identify the age requirements and penalty. Reasons given for not owning a child seat included high cost and the belief that seatbelts were a suitable alternative. Conclusions: These findings indicate the need for a tighter legislation with an increased fine paired with enhanced enforcement of both adult seatbelt and child restraint use. The provision of low-cost/subsidised CRS or borrowing schemes and targeted social marketing through online fora, well baby clinics, early learning centres would be beneficial in increasing ownership and use of CRS.

A REVIEW ON GLOBAL TRENDS IN HEART FAILURE AND EVOLUTION OF ANGIOTENSIN–NEPRILYSIN INHIBITOR

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-37
Author(s):  
VEERENDRA UPPARA ◽  
SAISEKHAR KODIVANDLA ◽  
ASHIK ALI SHAIK
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Health Loss ◽  
Neprilysin Inhibitor ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Global Public Health Problem

Heart failure (HF) is a major global public health problem irrespective of its causes. It generates an enormous clinical, societal, and economic, health loss burden with an increase in its prevalence reaching an epidemic proportion. The morbidity and mortality associated with heart failure are increasing the health-related burdens worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This review highlights the trends in HF burden, the clinical spectrum of HF, and the importance of neurohormonal pathways and the evolution of angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibition in HF with updated clinical practice guidelines.

scholarly journals Early screening and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in Vietnam: A population-based cross-sectional survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Thi Vui ◽  
Duong Minh Duc ◽  
Nguyen Thuy Quynh ◽  
Nguyen Thi Huong Giang ◽  
Vu Thi Thanh Mai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

Background: Early detection of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) is essential given the under-reported cases in low- and middle-income countries. This first national representative survey was conducted to explore the prevalence of ASDs amongst 18 and 30 months in seven provinces in Vietnam.Design and Method: During 2017- 2018, a national cross-sectional and population-based survey for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) amongst 40,243 children aged 18 to 30 months was conducted in 7 provinces representing the socio-economic regions of Vietnam. M-CHAT was used to screen children and then confirmed by diagnostic assessment using DSM-IV criteria.Results: The prevalence of ASDs amongst children aged 18 and 30 months in Vietnam was high (0.758% or 1 in 132 children). Urban setting, male gender, and hereditable genes were associated with ASD prevalence.Conclusion: ASDs amongst children aged 18 and 30 months in Vietnam tend to be increasing and are similar to this rate in other middle-income countries but lower than that in Western countries. This under-recognized public health problem amongst children should be addressed by early detection and intervention for families with affected children.

scholarly journals A comprehensive capacity assessment tool for non-communicable diseases in low- to middle-income countries: development and results of pilot testing

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Garcia de Quevedo ◽  
Felipe Lobelo ◽  
Loren Cadena ◽  
Madalena Soares ◽  
Michael Pratt
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Primary Care Services ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of death worldwide, with higher rates of premature mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This places a high economic burden on these countries, which usually have limited capacity to address this public health problem. We developed a guided self-assessment tool for describing national capacity for NCD prevention and control. The purpose of this tool was to assist countries in identifying key opportunities and gaps in NCD capacity. It was piloted in three countries between 2012 and 2013: Mozambique, Colombia, and the Dominican Republic. The tool includes details about NCD burden; health system infrastructure and primary care services; workforce capacity; surveillance; planning, policy, and program management; and partnerships. In the three pilot countries, the tool helped to identify differences in capacity needs pertaining to staff, training, and surveillance, but similarities were also found related to NCD challenges and opportunities. The NCD tool increased our understanding of needs and critical capacity elements for addressing NCDs in the three pilot countries. This tool can be used by other LMICs to map their efforts toward addressing NCD goals and defining priorities.

Suicide among refugees

2021 ◽  
pp. 543-552
Author(s):  
Lakshmi Vijayakumar ◽  
Sujit John ◽  
A.T. Jotheeswaran
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
Exposure To Trauma ◽  
Global Public Health Problem

Suicide is a global public health problem, with the majority of suicides occurring in low- and middle-income countries. The UNHCR reported that in 2017 there were 25.4 million refugees, with the majority (85%) being hosted by developing countries, which have limited infrastructure, healthcare systems, and are often politically and economically unstable. A review of suicidal behaviour among refugees reveals a prevalence of 3.4–40%. Female sex, higher education and socio-economic status, exposure to trauma, presence of psychological disorders, long stay in detention centres, and rejection of asylum status are associated with increased suicidal risk. Globally, data for rates of suicide among refugee groups are not available and any interventions to reduce suicide among refugees have received scant attention. A theoretical model for understanding suicide risk in refugees is proposed in this chapter and the possible interventions discussed.

scholarly journals Antiparasitic phytotherapy perspectives, scope and current development

Infectio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jhon Carlos Castaño Osorio ◽  
Alejandra María Giraldo García
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Prolonged Treatment ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Commercial Markets ◽  
Health And Economic Development ◽  
New Treatments

Tropical protozoan diseases are currently a major public health problem throughout the world and are strongly linked with poverty, this combined with a lack of commercial markets for potential drugs has created a large burden on the health and economic development of low-income and middle-income countries in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Due to the low research interest and the high increase of resistance against the existing treatments, as well as increasing inefficiency, toxicity, prolonged treatment schedules and costs, there is an urgent need for cost-effective, safe and easy-to-administer, new effective compounds with novel mechanisms of action. Several studies of crude plant extracts have already identified potential compounds to treat Chagas’ disease, Leishmaniasis, Toxoplasmosis, Giardiasis, and Malaria among other protozoan parasites. Natural compounds of medicinal plants have shown lower toxicity together with higher specificity, creating an optimistic view of new treatments for diseases. Out of 1010 new active substances approved as drugs for medical conditions by regulatory agencies during the past 25 years, 490(48.5%) were from a natural origin.

scholarly journals Impact of national interventions to promote responsible antibiotic use: a systematic review

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Mingjie Lim ◽  
Shweta Rajkumar Singh ◽  
Minh Cam Duong ◽  
Helena Legido-Quigley ◽  
Li Yang Hsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
National Level ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Antibiotic Consumption ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Global recognition of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as an urgent public health problem has galvanized national and international efforts. Chief among these are interventions to curb the overuse and misuse of antibiotics. However, the impact of these initiatives is not fully understood, making it difficult to assess the expected effectiveness and sustainability of further policy interventions. We conducted a systematic review to summarize existing evidence for the impact of nationally enforced interventions to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use in humans. Methods We searched seven databases and examined reference lists of retrieved articles. To be included, articles had to evaluate the impact of national responsible use initiatives. We excluded studies that only described policy implementations. Results We identified 34 articles detailing interventions in 21 high- and upper-middle-income countries. Interventions addressing inappropriate antibiotic access included antibiotic committees, clinical guidelines and prescribing restrictions. There was consistent evidence that these were effective at reducing antibiotic consumption and prescription. Interventions targeting inappropriate antibiotic demand consisted of education campaigns for healthcare professionals and the general public. Evidence for this was mixed, with several studies showing no impact on overall antibiotic consumption. Conclusions National-level interventions to reduce inappropriate access to antibiotics can be effective. However, evidence is limited to high- and upper-middle-income countries, and more evidence is needed on the long-term sustained impact of interventions. There should also be a simultaneous push towards standardized outcome measures to enable comparisons of interventions in different settings.

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