Poisonous plants and fungi

2010 ◽  
pp. 1361-1371
Author(s):  
Hans Persson
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Poisonous Plants ◽  
Plant Toxins

Many plants contain toxic substances heterogeneous in their chemical composition and diverse in their toxic effects. When classifying plant poisonings, a pragmatic approach is to look at the main clinical effects, but it should be emphasized that few plant toxins produce just one type of symptom, and symptomatology is often multiple, although some features predominate....

Poisonous plants

2020 ◽  
pp. 1828-1832
Author(s):  
Michael Eddleston ◽  
Hans Persson
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Supportive Care ◽  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Poisonous Plants ◽  
Small Children ◽  
Plant Poisoning

Many plants contain toxic substances—heterogeneous in chemical composition and diverse in toxic effects. When classifying plant poisonings, a pragmatic approach is to look at the main clinical effects, but it should be emphasized that few plant toxins produce just one type of symptom and that symptomatology is often multiple, with some features predominating. Ingestion of, or contact with, poisonous plants is common but serious plant poisoning is rare worldwide because most plant exposures are accidental: the majority occur in small children, the ingested dose is usually small, and no treatment is required. Treatment of severe plant poisoning includes careful decontamination and symptomatic and supportive care. Specific antidotes are only available for poisoning by plants containing belladonna alkaloids (physostigmine), cardiac glycosides (digoxin-specific Fab fragments), and cyanogenic agents (dicobalt edetate, hydroxocobalamin).

Oriental Medicine: "A Computerized Study of Complex Recipes and Their Componets: Analysis of Prescriptions Used in the Traditional Medicine of Japan and Korea"

1981 ◽  
Vol 09 (03) ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. I. Brekhman ◽  
M. A. Grinevitch
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Oriental Medicine ◽  
General Effect ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Poisonous Plants ◽  
Contemporary Science ◽  
Information Contents ◽  
Natural Medicines

The materials presented here were obtained through a computerized study of 158 Chinese, 204 Korean and 196 Japanese traditional prescriptions with complex and multicomponent characteristics. Oriental medicine strives to complicate sets of prescriptions by using complex recipes and duplicating agents possessing identical effects. The absence of intolerability and side effects of these prescriptions may be given to account for their complexity far closer to the information contents of living bodies than modern scientific medicines which frequently apply substances synthesized or extracted from plants in pure form. Oriental remedial therapy is founded on the use of natural medicines of plant-, animal-, and mineral origin in the form of relatively large amounts of non-treated multi-component mixtures with a preferentially general effect on the organism. It involves the use of the underground parts of plants, aqueous extracts or ground medicinal raw materials. The absence of intensely active and poisonous plants and the scarcity of alkaloid-bearing plants explain the use of remedial mixtures in relatively large doses. Agents possessing antitoxic, anti-inflammatory and especially toning effects are most frequently used. Toning herbs should be given increased attention. A synthesis of traditional medicine and contemporary science on chemical composition and action of remedial plants and animals, and also on the effects that arise with applying complex prescriptions is essentially needed.

Analysis of the influence of copper on carbohydrate metabolism in carp

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 162-165
Author(s):  
L. Yu. Karpenko ◽  
◽  
P. A. Polistovskaya ◽  
A. B. Balykina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Serum Amylase ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Copper Acetate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Serum Amylase Activity

The article discusses some aspects of the toxic effects of copper acetate on the body of fish. Heavy metals are highly toxic to aquat-ic organisms due to their ability to accumu-late and transform within the biocenosis of the reservoir. The aim of the study was to study the indicators of carbohydrate metabo-lism in carp after exposure to various con-centrations of copper acetate. The study of the features of carbohydrate metabolism, including the intensity and direction of ex-change can be useful in assessing the re-sponse of fish to toxic effects. During the experiment, 4 groups of fish were formed - 1 control group (10 fish), 3 experimental groups – 10 fish each. Experimental groups of fish were contained in a solution of cop-per acetate (Cu(CH3COO)2) with concentra-tions of 0.01 mg/l, 0.1 mg/l, 1 mg/l (exceeding the MPC of copper for fisheries reservoirs by 10, 100 and 1000 times, re-spectively). Glucose concentration and se-rum amylase activity were studied. Glucose is necessary for supplying energy to various processes occurring inside the body,including reactions to toxic substances. Amylase, however, is an enzyme responsible for catalyzing the breakdown of complex carbohydrates. We found such changes in carbohydrate metabolism in carp as a signifi-cant increase in serum amylase activity by 6.63%, 7.9% and 19.57% when exposed to 10, 100 and 1000 MPC of copper, respec-tively, as well as a significant increase in glucose concentration by 8.54%, 20.28% and 29.7% when exposed to 10, 100 and 1000 MPC of copper, respectively, compared to the control group.

scholarly journals Technologically significant properties of municipal solid waste compost

2020 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 12015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grigorii Kozlov ◽  
Mikhail Pushkarev ◽  
Dmitry Danilovich ◽  
Alexander Garabadzhiu
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Heat Generation ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
First Year ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Msw Compost

The paper presents the results of studies of the technologically significant properties of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost produced by MSW processing enterprises in St. Petersburg (Russia) where the Dano drum process is implemented. The chemical and microbiological composition of compost, as well as heat during ripening, are investigated. The chemical composition of industrial compost produced in St. Petersburg does not make it possible to use it as fertilizers and soil in agriculture. From the microbiological point of view, NSW compost is not dangerous, but the content of indicator groups of microorganisms classifies it as contaminated soil. The heat generation of compost during ripening is uneven - the largest share of heat 78.5% is released in the first year of maturation. In absolute terms, this value is 3250 kJ/kg by dry weight. To ensure the process is carried out during a period when the compost temperature is higher than the ambient temperature, toxic substances must be added to the compost in an amount not more than 400 times the pollutant content in waste of the 4th hazardclass.

scholarly journals Cardiac Glycoside Plants Self-Poisoning

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Radenkova-Saeva ◽  
P. Atanasov
Keyword(s):  
Heart Block ◽  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Ornamental Plant ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Poisonous Plants ◽  
Digitalis Lanata ◽  
Convallaria Majalis

Summary Cardiac glycosides are found in a diverse group of plants including Digitalis purpurea and Digitalis lanata (foxgloves), Nerium oleander, Convallaria majalis (lily of the valley), Strophanthus gratus, etc. Nerium Oleander is an indoor and ornamental plant of an evergreen shrub. It’s widespread in countries with a Mediterranean climate. Oleander is one of the most poisonous plants known to humans. All parts of the nerium oleander are poisonous, primarily due to the contained cardiac glycosides - oleandrin, nerin, digitoxigenin, and olinerin of which oleandrin is the principal toxin. The bark contains the toxic substances of rosagenin which causes strychnine-like effects. Signs of poisoning appear a few hours after the adoption of the parts of the plant. Two cases of Nerium Oleander poisoning were presented. Clinical picture included gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and central nervous system effects. The clinical symptoms were characterized by nausea, vomiting, salivation, colic, diarrhoea, ventricular tachycardia, dysrhythmia, heart block, ataxia, drowsiness, muscular tremor. Treatment included administration of activated charcoal, symptomatic and supportive care.

scholarly journals Chemistry, biological activities and toxic effects of alkaloidal constituents of genus Delphinium - A mini review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 486-499
Author(s):  
Mohammadreza Lotfaliani ◽  
Seyed Abdulmajid Ayatollahi ◽  
Farzad Kobarfard ◽  
Mustafa ghanadian ◽  
Pardis Mohammadi Pour
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
North America ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Cytotoxic Activities ◽  
Diterpenoid Alkaloids ◽  
Medicinal Uses ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
The Family ◽  
Alkaloidal Constituents

The genus Delphinium is one of the essential members of the family Ranunculaceae. These species grow wild in North America, Europe, and Asia. They have demonstrated antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities. Diterpenoid alkaloids are their main constituents and seem to be responsible for medicinal and toxic properties. The primary purpose of this paper is to review the therapeutic benefits of Delphinium species, chemical composition, and its medicinal uses, in addition to the reported toxic effects of these plants influencing different animals and humans.

Chemical composition and nutritive value of Indigofera enneaphylla and I. Cordifolia as sheep feeds

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (49) ◽  
pp. 178 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Nath ◽  
NS Malik ◽  
ON Singh
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Toxic Principle ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

The chemical composition and nutritive value of Indigofera enneaphylla and Indigofera cordifolia were determined by analysis and by a digestion trial on l 1/2 year old lambs. The crude protein and calcium contents of both species were high and palatability was good. The digestible crude protein and total digestible nutrients on dry basis were 10.7 and 55.5 kg per 100 kg in I. enneapbylla and 7.8 and 57.5 kg per 100 kg in I. cordifolia. No toxic effects were observed in four weeks' feeding. Toxicity of I. enneapbylla reported for horses may not be applicable to sheep. Detailed investigation to assess the nature and extent of toxic principle, if any, is suggested.

scholarly journals Chemistry and Toxicology of Major Bioactive Substances in Inocybe Mushrooms

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiri Patocka ◽  
Ran Wu ◽  
Eugenie Nepovimova ◽  
Martin Valis ◽  
Wenda Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Application ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Mushroom Poisoning ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Bioactive Substances ◽  
Administration Routes ◽  
Large Genus ◽  
Poisonous Mushroom ◽  
Poisonous Mushrooms

Mushroom poisoning has always been a threat to human health. There are a large number of reports about ingestion of poisonous mushrooms every year around the world. It attracts the attention of researchers, especially in the aspects of toxin composition, toxic mechanism and toxin application in poisonous mushroom. Inocybe is a large genus of mushrooms and contains toxic substances including muscarine, psilocybin, psilocin, aeruginascin, lectins and baeocystin. In order to prevent and remedy mushroom poisoning, it is significant to clarify the toxic effects and mechanisms of these bioactive substances. In this review article, we summarize the chemistry, most known toxic effects and mechanisms of major toxic substances in Inocybe mushrooms, especially muscarine, psilocybin and psilocin. Their available toxicity data (different species, different administration routes) published formerly are also summarized. In addition, the treatment and medical application of these toxic substances in Inocybe mushrooms are also discussed. We hope that this review will help understanding of the chemistry and toxicology of Inocybe mushrooms as well as the potential clinical application of its bioactive substances to benefit human beings.

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