P1406A CASE-CONTROL STUDY ON RISK FACTORS OF CALCIPHYLAXIS: DATA FROM CHINESE HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS

Abstract Background and Aims Calciphylaxis (CUA) is a rare but potentially fatal disease that is commonly occurred in dialysis patients. Since there is no data based on Chinese population, the study is aimed to investigate risk factors of CUA in Chinese hemodialysis patients. Method We retrospectively evaluated medical records of 20 hemodialysis patients who were newly diagnosed with CUA by skin biopsy admitted to Zhongda Hospital Southeast University from Oct.2017 to Dec.2018. Non-CUA dialysis patients with the same age and duration of dialysis were randomly selected as controls (Ratio=1:2). Results Most of CUA patients were male (80%) and elderly (55%), while 50% had a body mass index higher than 24. The mean time interval since start of dialysis to CUA diagnosis was 114.65±81.32 months, and the median time from appearance of skin lesion to diagnosis was 6 (2, 15) months. The incidence of hyperparathyroidism was higher in patients with CUA (80% vs 62.5%), but the differences of duration of elevated serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and its highest value were not significant compared with the controls. Warfarin therapy had no significant difference between two groups (15% vs 5%). Univariate logistic regression analysis indicated that male (OR 3.619, 95%CI 1.027-12.748), each 1 point increase in score of use of vitamin D and its analogues (OR 1.505, 1.029-2.201), each 1 mmol/L increase in corrected serum calcium level (OR 24.486, 1.570-381.873), each 1 mmol/L increase in serum phosphate level (OR 5.382, 1.767-16.389), each 1 pg/mL increase in iPTH level (OR 1.002, 1.000-1.003), each 1 g/L decline in serum albumin level (OR 1.181, 1.041-1.340), each 1 IU/L increase in serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level (OR 1.005, 1.000-1.009) and each 1 mg/L increase in hypersensitive c-reactive protein level (OR 1.029, 1.000-1.059) were significantly associated with CUA. Serum phosphate, albumin and ALP were still significant risk factors after multivariate analysis. Conclusion This is the first report of risk factors of CUA based on Chinese population. The results show that high levels of serum phosphate and ALP, low level of serum albumin are independent risk factors of CUA in Chinese hemodialysis patients. Unlike previous research from western countries, warfarin therapy didn’t show an increased risk in this study, propably because of the low exposure rate of it in China.

Download Full-text

Lipid Perxidtion and Antioxidants in Continuous Ambulatory Dialysis Patients

Peritoneal Dialysis International ◽

10.1177/089686089201200213 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 252-256 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

J.E. Taylor ◽

N. Scott ◽

A. Bridges ◽

I.S. Henderson ◽

W.K. Stewart ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Free Radical ◽

Renal Dialysis ◽

Indirect Evidence ◽

Hemodialysis Patients ◽

Red Cells ◽

Red Cell ◽

Dialysis Patients ◽

Dialysis Unit ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Significant Difference

Objective Oxidative cell damage due to the production of free radical species has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease for which dialysis patients are at increased risk. Plasma lipid peroxides (malon-dialdehyde), the antioxidants plasma albumin thiol, and red cell superoxide dismutase (SOD) were therefore measured in 18 patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), 20 hemodialysis patients, and 30 normal controls. Setting Renal dialysis unit. Results Malondialdehyde(MDA)concentrationswere significantly higher in dialysis patients compared to controls (p<0.001 ) and were significantly higher in CAPD patients compared to hemodialysis patients, p<0.001 (CAPD, median and range: 11.25 (8.4–15.5) nmol/mL; hemodialysis: 8.75 (7.0–12.6) nmol/mL; controls: 6.65 (5.2–9.6) nmol/mL). Plasma thiol and red cell SOD were significantly lower in dialysis patients compared to controls, but there was no significant difference between CAPD and hemodialysis patients (CAPD thiol: 333.5 (282480) μmol/L; hemodialysis thiol: 344 (203–468) μmol/L; control thiol: 421.5 (351 -504) μmol/L; CAPD SOD: 78.2 (42.4 -112.8) u//2 mL red cells; hemodialysis SOD: 89.4 (44.6–121.1) u//2 mL red cells; control SOD: 96.8 (66.8153.4) u//2 mL red cells). Red cell SOD was significantly negatively correlated with duration of dialysis in CAPD patients (r=-0.683, p<0.01 ). Conclusion In dialysis patients there is indirect evidence for increased free radical activity, which may be further influenced by the mode of dialysis.

Download Full-text

Correlation between Potential Risk Factors and Pulmonary Embolism in Sarcoidosis Patients Timely Treated

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10112462 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 2462

Author(s):

Barbara Ruaro ◽

Paola Confalonieri ◽

Mario Santagiuliana ◽

Barbara Wade ◽

Elisa Baratella ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Pulmonary Embolism ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Smoking Habit ◽

Age At Diagnosis ◽

Antiphospholipid Antibody ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Antibody Positivity ◽

Potential Risk Factors

Background. Some studies with inconclusive results have reported a link between sarcoidosis and an increased risk of pulmonary embolism (PE). This study aimed at assessing a possible correlation between potential risk factors and PE in sarcoidosis patients. Methods. A total of 256 sarcoidosis patients (84 males and 172 females; mean age at diagnosis 49 ± 13) were enrolled after giving written informed consent. Clinical evaluations, laboratory and radiology tests were performed to evaluate the presence of pulmonary embolism. Results. Fifteen sarcoidosis patients with PE (4 males and 11 females; mean age at diagnosis 50 ± 11), diagnosed by lung scintigraphy and 241 sarcoidosis patients without PE (80 males and 161 females; mean age at diagnosis 47 ± 13), were observed. There was a statistically significant increase of the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in the sarcoidosis group with pulmonary embolism. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups as to smoking habit, obesity or hereditary thrombophilia frequency (p > 0.05, respectively). Conclusions. This study demonstrates a significant correlation between the presence of antiphospholipid antibody positivity and the pulmonary embolism events in our sarcoidosis patients. Furthermore, we propose screening for these antibodies and monitoring, aimed at timely treatment.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of the Fibromyalgia and Related Risk Factors in Patients with Advanced Kidney Failure Undergoing Hemodialysis

Current Rheumatology Reviews ◽

10.2174/1573397117666211021170438 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

Author(s):

Seyed Mostafa Seyedmardani ◽

Saeed Abkhiz ◽

Azadeh Megrazi ◽

Aarefeh Jafarzade ◽

Golshan Kamali Zonouz

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Kidney Failure ◽

Fibromyalgia Syndrome ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Hemodialysis Patients ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Symptom Severity Score ◽

And Gender

Background : Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is defined as widespread and persistent pain in the musculoskeletal system. There are limited reports regarding the prevalence of fibromyalgia syndrome in patients with advanced kidney failure undergoing regular hemodialysis. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of fibromyalgia syndrome and its risk factors in a large proportion of patients under the hemodialysis condition. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 293 patients who were admitted to the hemodialysis ward were evaluated for fibromyalgia syndrome in an educational hospital. The questionnaire was designed according to symptom severity score (SS score) and widespread pain index (WPI) criteria. The correlation between FMS and various variables, including demographic, clinical, and biochemistry biomarkers, was also precisely calculated by logistic regression. Data were analyzed using SPSS v.17 statistics software. Results: The results showed that, of 293 hemodialysis patients, 130 patients (44.4%) had fibromyalgia, the mean age of patients with and without fibromyalgia was 61.09 ± 15.36 and 53.49 ± 15.38 years old, respectively (P = 0.001). Moreover, there was a significant difference in terms of gender among patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (P = 0.001). To note, there was no significant relationship between the kidney failure etiopathogenesis, duration of dialysis, body mass index (BMI), Kt/v index, history of peritoneal dialysis, and laboratory parameters with fibromyalgia in hemodialysis patients (P > 0.05). However, our findings revealed that both age and gender could be considered as the predictor variables associated with fibromyalgia in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Conclusion: Taken together, in this study, we found that age and gender would be the critical factors in terms of the fibromyalgia syndrome in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

Download Full-text

Stroke in hemodialysis patients randomized to different intravenous iron strategies: a prespecified analysis from the PIVOTAL trial

Kidney360 ◽

10.34067/kid.0004272021 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 10.34067/KID.0004272021

Author(s):

Patrick B. Mark ◽

Pardeep S. Jhund ◽

Matthew R. Walters ◽

Mark C. Petrie ◽

Albert Power ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Stroke Risk ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Intravenous Iron ◽

Hemodialysis Patients ◽

High Dose ◽

Pivotal Trial ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Iv Iron

Background: People with kidney failure treated with hemodialysis (HD) are at increased risk of stroke compared to similarly aged people with normal kidney function. One concern is that treatment of renal anemia might increase stroke risk. We studied risk factors for stroke in a prespecified secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial of intravenous iron treatment strategies in HD. Methods: We analyzed data from the Proactive IV IrOn Therapy in HaemodiALysis Patients (PIVOTAL) trial focusing on variables associated with risk of stroke. The trial randomized 2,141 adults, who had started hemodialysis <12 months earlier and who were receiving an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA), to high-dose IV iron administered proactively or low-dose IV iron administered reactively in a 1:1 ratio. Possible stroke events were independently adjudicated. We performed analyses to identify variables associated with stroke during follow-up and assessed survival following stroke. Results: During a median 2.1 years follow-up, 69 (3.2%) patients experienced a first post randomization stroke. 57 (82.6%) were ischemic strokes and 12 (17.4%) hemorrhagic strokes. There were 34 post randomization strokes in the proactive arm and 35 in the reactive arm (hazard ratio (95% confidence interval): 0.90 (0.56, 1.44), p=0.66). In multivariable models, female gender, diabetes, history of prior stroke at baseline, higher baseline systolic blood pressure, lower serum albumin and higher C-reactive protein were independently associated with stroke events during follow up. Hemoglobin, total iron or ESA dose were not associated with risk of stroke. 58% of patients with a stroke event died during follow-up, compared to 23% without a stroke. Conclusions: In hemodialysis patients, stroke risk is broadly associated with risk factors previously described to increase cardiovascular risk in this population. Proactive intravenous iron does not increase stroke risk.

Download Full-text

Serum albumin and von Willebrand factor: possible markers for early detection of vascular damage in children undergoing peritoneal dialysis

Clinical & Investigative Medicine ◽

10.25011/cim.v39i4.27090 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 111 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Nuran Cetın ◽

Nadide M Sav ◽

Duran Karabel ◽

Ali Yildirim ◽

Bilal Yıldız

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Peritoneal Dialysis ◽

Early Detection ◽

Serum Albumin ◽

Von Willebrand Factor ◽

Independent Predictor ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Dialysis Patients ◽

Von Willebrand ◽

Willebrand Factor

Purpose: Cardiovascular diseases are the main causes of morbidity and mortality in children with end-stage renal disease and the relationships among several relevant potential biomarkers were investigated in pediatric peritoneal dialysis patients. Methods: Serum homocysteine, von Willebrand factor (vWF), apolipoproteins A and B, lipoprotein-a, high sensitive-CRP, hemoglobin, phosphorus and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) were measured in 21 pediatric peritoneal dialysis patients and control subjects. Results: All risk factors were higher in patients than controls. LVMI values were negatively correlated with hemoglobin and positively correlated with PTH and phosphorus levels (p=0.007, r= - 0.573; p=0.013, r= 0.532 and p=0.035, r= 0.461, respectively). cIMT was negatively associated with serum albumin and positively correlated with vWF levels and with SBP and DBP (p=0.006, r= - 0.578; p=0.039, r= 0.453; p=0.02, r= 0.503; p=0.024, r= 0.491, respectively). Robust regression analyses showed that hemoglobin was an independent predictor of LVMI and serum albumin was an independent predictor of cIMT. Conclusion: Only uremia-related factors were independent risk factors for predicting LVMI and cIMT. Hemoglobin level may be a critical factor in the development of left ventricular hypertrophy; therefore, effective treatment of anemia is crucial. Low serum albumin and high hsCRP and vWF levels, and their correlations with cIMT, indicate these patients could be at risk of developing malnutrition–inflammation–atherosclerosis syndrome and suggest that serum albumin and vWF levels may be useful markers for early detection of vascular damage.

Download Full-text

Risk Factors for Gastric Cancer-Associated Thrombotic Diseases in a Han Chinese Population

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2021/5544188 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Bo Song ◽

Yamei Wang ◽

Xiuzhi Zhu ◽

Li Zhang ◽

Hui Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Gastric Cancer ◽

Chinese Population ◽

Han Chinese ◽

Preventive Strategy ◽

Diabetes Surgery ◽

Han Chinese Population ◽

Related Data ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Thrombotic Diseases

The aim of the present work was to investigate the risk factors for gastric cancer- (GC-) associated thrombotic diseases in a Han Chinese population. A total of 333 patients diagnosed with GC, 68 with thrombotic diseases included in the case group and the remaining 265 in the control group, were enrolled. The relevant data for the participants, including general information (gender, age, smoking, and drinking), comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, and anemia), tumor-related data (tumor site, histology, degree of differentiation, and clinical stage), and treatment-related data (surgery, chemotherapy, hormones, transfusion, and peripherally inserted central venous catheter (PICC)), were collected. Statistically significant factors derived from univariate analyses were then subjected to multivariate logistic regression analyses. The results demonstrate a statistically significant difference in age, diabetes, hypertension, histology, surgery, chemotherapy, and PICC ( P < 0.05 ), compared with control. Age, diabetes, surgery, and PICC serve as independent risk factors for GC-associated thrombotic diseases ( P < 0.05 ). The present work demonstrates that GC-associated thrombotic diseases are significantly associated with age, diabetes, surgery, and PICC, suggesting a potential target for early detection and preventive strategy for GC patients with thrombophilia.

Download Full-text

Plasma lipids as risk factors in relapsing nephrotic syndrome

Paediatrica Indonesiana ◽

10.14238/pi48.6.2008.322-6 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 48 (6) ◽

pp. 322

Author(s):

Sitti Aizah Lawang ◽

Syarifuddin Rauf ◽

J. S. Lisal ◽

Husein Albar ◽

Dasril Daud

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Nephrotic Syndrome ◽

Plasma Lipids ◽

Lipid Fraction ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Remission Phase ◽

Blood Specimens

Background Nephrotic syndrome is primarily a pediatric disorderand is 15 times more common in children than in adults.Relapse rate after corticosteroid discontinuation is 39 - 59%.Hyperlipidemia is an important characteristic of nephroticsyndrome. The plasma concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride,LDL, and VLDL are increased. Persistent hyperlipidemia afterremission can be found in frequent relapse nephrotic syndrome.Objective To determine plasma lipids as risk factor for relapsingnephrotic syndrome.Methods Thirty children with nephrotic syndrome were includedin this cohort study from March 2005 until June 2007 at WahidinSudirohusodo Hospital, Makassar. Thirty children without renal diseasewere enrolled as control. Blood specimens were collected to determineplasma lipids (cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and HDL) levels and LDUHDL ratio. Plasma lipids were examined in the acute and remissionphases. Follow up was carried out six months after remission todetermine the occurrence of relapsing nephrotic syndrome.Results Of 30 nephrotic syndrome patients, 12 had relapsed.There were highly significant differences in total cholesterol, HDL,LDL, triglyceride, and LDL/HDL ratio between acute nephroticsyndrome and nephrotic syndrome in remission. There were nosignificant differences in cholesterol, LDL, triglyceride, LDL!HDL ratio between nephrotic syndrome in remission and control.There was also no significant difference in the incidence in relapsebetween first attack and nephrotic syndrome with more than twoattacks. Acute lipid fraction levels were not risk factors in relapsingmephrotic syndrome. Remission triglyceride level was a risk factorin relapsing nephrotic syndrome with the prevalence risk of 5.2 andCI 95% of 1.06 to 25.3.Conclusion Persistent hypertriglyceride in remission phase isassociated with an increased risk of relapse in children withnephrotic syndrome.

Download Full-text

664 Risk Factors for the Development of Transaminitis in Pediatric Burn Patients Treated with Oxandrolone

Journal of Burn Care & Research ◽

10.1093/jbcr/iraa024.280 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S177-S177

Author(s):

Kate Pape ◽

Sarah Zavala ◽

Rita Gayed ◽

Melissa Reger ◽

Kendrea Jones ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Length Of Stay ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

Burn Injury ◽

Total Body Surface Area ◽

Future Research ◽

Burn Patients ◽

Thermal Burn ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Significant Difference

Abstract Introduction Oxandrolone is an anabolic steroid that is the standard of care for burn patients experiencing hypermetabolism. Previous studies have demonstrated the benefits of oxandrolone, including increased body mass and improved wound healing. One of the common side effects of oxandrolone is transaminitis, occurring in 5–15% of patients, but little is known about associated risk factors with the development of transaminitis. A recent multicenter study in adults found that younger age and those receiving concurrent intravenous vasopressors or amiodarone were more likely to develop transaminitis while on oxandrolone. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and identify risk factors for the development of transaminitis in pediatric burn patients receiving oxandrolone therapy. Methods This was a multicenter, retrospective risk factor analysis that included pediatric patients with thermal burn injury (total body surface area [TBSA] > 10%) who received oxandrolone over a 5-year time period. The primary outcome of the study was the development of transaminitis while on oxandrolone therapy, which was defined as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) >100 mg/dL. Secondary outcomes included mortality, length of stay, and change from baseline ALT/AST. Results A total of 55 pediatric patients from 5 burn centers met inclusion criteria. Of those, 13 (23.6%) developed transaminitis, and the mean time to development of transaminitis was 17 days. Patients who developed transaminitis were older (12 vs 6.4 years, p = 0.01) and had a larger mean %TBSA (45.9 vs 34.1, p = 0.03). The odds of developing transaminitis increased by 23% for each 1 year increase in age (OR 1.23, CI 1.06–1.44). The use of other concurrent medications was not associated with an increased risk of developing transaminitis. Renal function and hepatic function was not associated with the development of transaminitis. There was no significant difference in length of stay and mortality. Conclusions Transaminitis occurred in 23.6% of our study population and was associated with patients who were older and had a larger mean %TBSA burn. Older pediatric patients with larger burns who are receiving oxandrolone should be closely monitored for the development of transaminitis. Applicability of Research to Practice Future research is needed to identify appropriate monitoring and management of transaminitis in oxandrolone-treated pediatric burn patients.

Download Full-text

Prevalence and risk factors of prolonged corrected QT interval in general Chinese population

BMC Cardiovascular Disorders ◽

10.1186/s12872-019-1244-7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Qun Ma ◽

Zhao Li ◽

Xiaofan Guo ◽

Liang Guo ◽

Shasha Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Chinese Population ◽

Liaoning Province ◽

Qtc Interval ◽

Qtc Prolongation ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Specific Risk ◽

Increased Risk ◽

General Chinese Population

Abstract Background Corrected QT (QTc) interval has been correlated with total and CVD mortality. Although much is known about the relation between prolonged QTc interval and clinical outcome, there is no information on the prevalence and specific risk factors of QTc prolongation in general Chinese population. We evaluated the prevalence of prolonged QTc interval and its risk factors in general Chinese population, aiming to fill in the gaps in the literature and provide evidence for potential CVD risk prediction and disease burden estimate in community. Methods A population-based survey was conducted on 11,209 participants over the age of 35 in rural areas of Liaoning Province from 2012 to 2013. Twelve-lead ECGs and automatic analysis were performed on all participants. Logistic regression adjustments were made by using the Bazett’s formula to correlate specific risk factors with prolonged QTc intervals (> 440 ms) for potential confounders. Results The overall prevalence of prolonged QTc interval was 31.6%. The prevalence increased significantly with age (24.1% among those aged 35–44 years; 28.3%, 45–54 years; 35.2%, 55–64 years; 43.4%, ≥65 years, P < 0.001). Participants with a history of CVD had a higher prevalence of QTc prolongation (40.7% vs. 30.0%). In the fully adjusted logistic regress model, older age, abdominal obesity, hypertension, diabetes, hypokalemia and any medicine used in the past two weeks were associated independently with increased risk for prolonged QTc interval (All P < 0.05). We found no significant differences between general obesity, hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia with prolongation of QTc interval. Female sex showed opposite results after applying clinical diagnostic criteria, and high physical activity could reduce the risk of prolonged QTc interval. Conclusions The prevalence of prolonged QTc interval was relatively high in general Chinese population and listed relevant factors, which would help identify patients at risk in pre-clinical prevention and provide evidence for estimating potential CVD burden and making management strategies in community.

Download Full-text

Predictive value of ankle–brachial index for long-term events of ischemic stroke in hemodialysis patients

Vascular ◽

10.1177/1708538120925954 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 170853812092595

Author(s):

Kai-Ni Lee ◽

Li-Ping Chou ◽

Chi-Chu Liu ◽

Tsang-Shan Chen ◽

Eric Kim-Tai Lui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Ankle Brachial Index ◽

Hemodialysis Patients ◽

Serum Phosphate ◽

Cox Regression Analysis

Objectives The ankle–brachial index is a noninvasive modality to evaluate atherosclerosis and is a predictive role for future cardiovascular events and mortality. However, few studies have evaluated its relation to long-term future ischemic stroke in hemodialysis patients. Therefore, we examined the relationship between ankle–brachial index and ischemic stroke events among hemodialysis patients in a seven-year follow-up. Methods A total of 84 patients were enrolled. Ankle–brachial index was assessed in January 2009. Primary outcomes included ischemic stroke. An ankle–brachial index < 0.9 was considered abnormal and 1.4 ≥ ankle–brachial index ≥ 0.9 to be normal ankle–brachial index. Results Mean values for ankle–brachial index were 0.98 ± 0.21at study entrance. In addition, 28 patients encountered ischemic stroke in the seven-year follow-up. In univariate Cox regression analysis, old age (hazard ratio (HR): 1.065, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.030–1.102, p < 0.001), low seven-year averaged serum phosphate levels (HR: 0.473, 95% CI: 0.306–0.730, p = 0.001), and abnormal ankle–brachial index (HR: 0.035, 95% CI: 0.009–0.145, p < 0.001) were risk factors for ischemic stroke. In multivariate Cox regression analysis for significant variables in univariate analysis, abnormal ankle–brachial index (HR: 0.058, 95% CI: 0.012–0.279, p < 0.001) and low seven-year averaged serum phosphate levels (HR: 0.625, 95% CI: 0.404–0.968, p = 0.035) remained the risk factors for ischemic stroke. The risk of ischemic stroke was 3.783-fold in patients with abnormal ankle–brachial index compared with patients with normal ankle–brachial index (HR: 3.783, 95% CI: 1.731–8.269, p = 0.001). Conclusions These findings suggest that ankle–brachial index is an impressive predictor of future ischemic stroke among hemodialysis patients.

Download Full-text