scholarly journals The impact of traditional and non-traditional risk factors on coronary calcification in pre-dialysis patients

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 2464-2471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristianne Tomiyama ◽  
Andrea Higa ◽  
Maria A. Dalboni ◽  
Miguel Cendoroglo ◽  
Sergio A. Draibe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Coronary Calcification ◽  
Dialysis Patients ◽  
Traditional Risk Factors ◽  
The Impact

‘Genetics load the gun, but the environment pulls the trigger’: novel, emerging and non-traditional risk factors in cardiovascular disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Andrew Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Traditional Risk Factors ◽  
Individual Risk Factors ◽  
The Impact

In this article, Andy Richardson, BANCC Educational Advisor, examines several important environmental and individual risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Following on from the meeting of Global Leaders at COP26 in Glasgow, he considers the impact of, and exposure to, environmental factors, including pollution and noise.

scholarly journals The Impact of Air Pollution (PM2.5) on Atherogenesis in Modernizing Southern versus Northern China

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1552
Author(s):  
Kamsang Woo ◽  
Changqing Lin ◽  
Yuehui Yin ◽  
Dongshuang Guo ◽  
Ping Chook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Carotid Imt ◽  
Southern Chinese ◽  
Northern Chinese ◽  
Traditional Risk Factors ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

To evaluate the impact of PM2.5 air pollution on atherogenic processes in modernizing Southern versus Northern China, we studied 1323 asymptomatic Chinese in Southern and Northern China in 1996–2007. PM2.5 exposure and metabolic syndrome (MS) were noted. Brachial flow-mediated dilation (endothelial function FMD) and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) were measured by ultrasound. Although age and gender were similar, PM2.5 was higher in Northern China than in Southern China. The Northern Chinese were characterized by lower lipids, folate and vitamin B12, but higher age, blood pressures, MS and homocysteine (HC) (p = 0.0015). Brachial FMD was significantly lower and carotid IMT was significantly greater (0.68±0.13) in Northern Chinese, compared with FMD and IMT (0.57 ± 0.13, p < 0.0001) in Southern Chinese. On multivariate regression, for the overall cohort, carotid IMT was significantly related to PM2.5, independent of location and traditional risk factors (Model R2 = 0.352, F = 27.1, p < 0.0001), while FMD was inversely related to gender, age, and northern location, but not to PM2.5. In Southern Chinese, brachial FMD was inversely correlated to PM2.5, independent of age, whereas carotid IMT was significantly related to PM2.5, independent of age and gender. In Northern Chinese, brachial FMD was inversely related to gender only, but not to PM2.5, while carotid IMT was related to traditional risk factors. Despite a higher PM2.5 pollution in Northern China, PM2.5 pollution was more significantly associated with atherogenic surrogates in Southern compared to Northern Chinese. This has potential implications for atherosclerosis prevention.

scholarly journals Non-traditional risk factors for coronary calcification and its progression in patients with type 2 diabetes: The impact of postprandial glycemia and fetuin-A

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 846-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitja Krajnc ◽  
Breda Pečovnik Balon ◽  
Ivan Krajnc
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Calcium Score ◽  
Coronary Calcification ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Fetuin A ◽  
Postprandial Glycemia ◽  
The Impact

Objective This study was performed to assess the impact of risk factors on the presence and progression of coronary calcification in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods We prospectively enrolled 45 patients without cardiovascular or kidney disease. Coronary calcification was measured with multidetector computed tomography at baseline and 18 months. We also measured blood pressure; body mass index; serum levels of calcium, phosphate, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D; mineral bone density; and levels of alkaline phosphatase, parathormone, fetuin-A, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, albumin, homocysteine, lipids, HbA1c, and average preprandial and postprandial blood glucose at 18 months. Information about severe hypoglycemia and smoking was recorded. Spearman’s correlation coefficients were calculated. Multiple linear regression was used for the multivariate analysis. Results The median baseline calcium score was 63, and that at 18 months was 100. In the univariate analysis, albumin was significantly correlated with the baseline calcium score. Fetuin-A and postprandial glycemia were correlated with calcium score progression. In the multivariate model, postprandial glycemia and fetuin-A were independently associated with calcium score progression. Conclusions Fetuin-A and postprandial glycemia influence coronary calcification progression in patients with type 2 diabetes. The absence of some correlations could be due to pharmacological treatments for cardiovascular risk reduction.

Abstract 97: The Impact of “Traditional” Risk Factors for Incident Versus Recurrent Stroke

Stroke ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
George Howard ◽  
Brett Kissela ◽  
Dawn O Kleindorfer ◽  
Monika M Safford ◽  
Mary Cushman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Recurrent Stroke ◽  
Absolute Risk ◽  
Stroke Risk Factors ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Traditional Risk Factors ◽  
Age Range ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Risk factors for incident stroke have been shown to also be associated with risk for recurrent stroke; however, to our knowledge there has not been a cohort with risk factors measured in a sufficient number of stroke-free and prevalent stroke cases to contrast the impact of the risk factors between incident and recurrent stroke. Methods: REGARDS recruited 30,239 participants between 2003 and 2007. Participants were stratified into those reporting and not reporting a physician-diagnosed stroke at baseline. Proportional hazards analysis was used to assess the role of risk factors for stroke. Results: Over 6.2 years of follow-up, there were 825 strokes among 25,849 (3.2%) participants without stroke/TIA at baseline, and 310 strokes among 3,101 (10.0%) with stroke/TIA at baseline. In those stroke-free at baseline, there was an age-by-race interaction (p = 0.0003) with a substantially higher risk among blacks than whites at age 45 (HR = 2.69; 95% CI: 1.85 - 3.91), but with increasing age to age 85 this disparity disappeared (HR = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.74 - 1.23). However, there was a constant (p = 0.98) 21% non-significantly higher risk among blacks over the entire age range. For both blacks and whites, the impact of increasing age had a substantially smaller impact on recurrent than incident stroke. The traditional risk factors had a generally smaller impact for recurrent than incident stroke (significantly for atrial fibrillation and heart disease), however, they remained significantly associated with increased risk for recurrent stroke (see table). Discussion: The role of race and age differed for incident versus recurrent stroke, while the traditional risk factors persisted as indicators of higher risk for recurrent stroke. The smaller impact of stroke risk factors on recurrent stroke should be interpreted with caution, as the higher event rate in this group could imply that the risk factors still have a powerful effect on absolute risk.

scholarly journals Does coronary calcium scoring adds value to cardiovascular risk prediction in asymptomatic population?

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Serrao ◽  
M Temtem ◽  
A Pereira ◽  
J Monteiro ◽  
M Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Risk Stratification ◽  
Risk Prediction ◽  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Prediction ◽  
Traditional Risk Factors ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Despite being a controversial subject, multiple guidelines mention the use of Coronary Artery Calcification (CAC) scoring in the cardiovascular risk prediction, in asymptomatic population. The inclusion of CAC scoring in traditional risk models may help in decision-make providing better cardiovascular risk stratification. Purpose The aim of our study is to estimate the impact of CAC scoring in cardiovascular events risk prediction in a model based on traditional risk factors (TRFs). Methods and results The study consisted of 1052 asymptomatic individuals free of known coronary heart disease, enrolled from GENEMACOR study and referred for computed tomography for the CAC scoring assessment. A cohort of 952 was followed for a mean of 5.2±3.2 years for the primary endpoint of all-cause of cardiovascular events. The following traditional risk factors were considered: (1) current cigarette smoking, (2) dyslipidemia, (3) diabetes mellitus, (4) hypertension and (5) family history of coronary heart disease. Among this population, the extent of CAC differs significantly between men and women in the same age group. Therefore, the distribution of CAC score by age and gender was done by using the Hoff's nomogram (a). According to this nomogram, 3 categories were created: low CAC (0≤CAC&lt;100 and P&lt;50); moderate CAC (100≤CAC&lt;400 or P50–75) and high CAC (CAC≥400 or P&gt;75). Two Cox regression models were created, the first only with TRFs and the second adding the CAC severity categories. When including CAC categories to the TRFs, the higher severity level presented a significant risk of MACE occurrence with an HR of 4.39 (95% CI 1.83–10.52; p=0.001). Conclusion Our results point to the importance of the inclusion of CAC in both primary and secondary prevention to an improved risk stratification. Larger prospective multicentre cohorts with longer follow-up should reproduce and validate these findings. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

Tissue Factor and Platelet Glycoprotein Ib-α Alleles Are Associated with Age at First Coronary Bypass Operation

2003 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 1287-1294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian S. Donahue ◽  
Daniel W. Byrne ◽  
David Gailani ◽  
Alfred L. George
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Tissue Factor ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Coronary Bypass ◽  
Platelet Glycoprotein ◽  
Glycoprotein Ib ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Traditional Risk Factors ◽  
The Impact

Background Age is a known risk factor for postoperative complications, but the genetic factors that account for variability in age at presentation for surgery have not been characterized. Because thrombosis is a critical process in the development of coronary syndromes, the authors hypothesized that patients bearing the -1208 insertion allele of tissue factor (TF) and longer glycoprotein Ib-alpha (GpIbalpha) variants may come to surgical attention sooner and undergo coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) at a younger age. The authors tested this hypothesis in a cardiac surgery population. Methods The impact of the number of TF -1208 insertion alleles and the number of GpIbalpha repeats on age at first CABG were tested in 424 elective coronary bypass patients. Multivariate regression included traditional risk factors of sex, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and smoking. The authors also tested the hypothesis that these alleles are correlated with age at first noncoronary cardiac surgery in a group of 143 patients undergoing noncoronary cardiac operations. Result Both the number of TF -1208 insertion alleles and total number of GpIbalpha repeats were associated with younger age at first CABG in a univariate analysis. In multivariate regression in which traditional risk factors were included, the number of TF -1208 insertion alleles and the total number of GpIbalpha repeats were independent contributors toward age at first CABG. Neither polymorphism had a significant impact on age at first noncoronary cardiac surgery. Conclusions Genetic variants in TF and GpIbalpha are associated with younger age at first CABG, indicating that the younger and older first-time CABG populations are different on the genetic level. How these genetic differences may account for age-associated differences in perioperative risk will be the subject of future investigations.

Abstract P206: The Risk for Cardiovascular Disease Attributable to Traditional Risk Factors Increases

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Rospleszcz ◽  
Barbara Thorand ◽  
Tonia de las Heras Gala ◽  
Christa Meisinger ◽  
Rolf Holle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Population Attributable Risk ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Traditional Risk Factors ◽  
The Impact

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Traditional risk factors include systolic blood pressure, diabetes, adiposity, cholesterol and smoking. The prevalence and distribution of these risk factors in the population have changed within the last decades and CVD mortality rates have been declining. However, the impact of these changes on the contribution of the single risk factors to overall CVD risk remains to be investigated. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that the population attributable risk (PAR) of traditional risk factors changes from 1985 to 2000. Methods: The sample comprises N = 11 760 participants aged 30 - 65 years from four prospective population-based cohort studies enrolled in Southern Germany in 1985, 1990, 1995, and 2000. Participants were followed up for incident CVD events for ten years. We analyzed the traditional risk factors hypertension, defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or treatment with antihypertensive medication; diabetes mellitus; obesity, defined as a Body Mass Index ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ; hypercholesterolemia, defined as total cholesterol levels ≥ 200 mg/dL; and smoking. We calculated the PAR first according to Levin’s formula using both crude relative risks as well as adjusted hazard ratios and second as an average of all single sequential PARs according to the formulae by Ferguson. Results: Temporal trends in prevalence varied for the respective risk factors. The prevalence of hypertension decreased slightly for women (from 25.0% in 1985 to 23.0% in 2000) and increased slightly for men (32.3% to 33.3%), whereas the prevalence of diabetes and obesity increased for both women and men. Prevalence of hypercholesterolemia decreased slightly for women (from 73.4% to 71.4%) and more pronounced for men (80.5% to 74.5%). Prevalence of smoking increased for women (20% to 23.6%), but decreased for men (36.4% to 32.4%). CVD events occurred in 2.4% of women in 1985 and 2.3% in 2000; for men, event rates were and 6.2% and 6.3%, respectively. For both women and men the risk factor with the highest PAR in 1985 was hypertension (64.0% and 43.3%, respectively according to Levin’s formula). However, in 2000 the risk factor with the highest PAR was hypercholesterolemia (78.2% and 57.0%, respectively). The PAR for diabetes declined for women and increased for men. The PAR for smoking varied substantially between the studies without a discernible trend. According to Ferguson’s formulae, the PAR of all risk factors taken together increased from 74.3% to 84.2% in women and from 70.8% to 81.8% in men. Conclusion: In conclusion, the CVD risk attributable to traditional risk factors has increased within the last decades. However, different methods of calculating the PAR have to be taken into account. These trends might influence public health policies focusing on the management of these risk factors in order to effectively prevent CVD.

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