Moral Responsibility

Philosophy ◽  
2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garrath Williams
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Distributive Justice ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Causal Order ◽  
The Social ◽  
Peter Strawson ◽  
The World ◽  
Holding Responsible

This article focuses on compatibilist approaches to moral responsibility—that is, approaches that see moral responsibility as compatible with the causal order of the world. A separate Oxford Bibliographies in Philosophy article considers “Free Will” and incompatibilist perspectives. Those approaches tend to give less attention to the forms of interaction involved in holding responsible and to the position of those who suffer wrongdoing. However, as Peter Strawson pointed out in a seminal essay (see Responsibility and the Reactive Sentiments), moral responsibility is intimately related to our reactions to one another. Similarly, consequentialist thinkers stress the social effects of holding people responsible for their actions, and these approaches have seen a marked revival in recent years (see Utilitarian and Consequentialist Approaches). This reflects a wider trend to consider the practices by which we hold people responsible and how these bear on relationships and wider social and political structures. Moral responsibility also bears on other topics of great practical importance, only briefly mentioned here. These include responsibility under the law (see the separate Oxford Bibliographies in Philosophy article on “Punishment”), the responsibilities of groups and organizations, accountability within organizations, and how distributive justice and individual responsibility are related.

Causation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Cartwright
Keyword(s):  
Water Solubility ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Causal Order ◽  
Electric Voltage ◽  
Singular Causation ◽  
Complex Organization ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Causal Laws

Two opposed viewpoints raise complementary problems about causation. The first is from Hume: watch the child kick the ball. You see the foot touch the ball and the ball move off. But do you see the foot cause the ball to move? And if you do not see it, how do you know that that is what happened? Indeed if all our experience is like this, and all of our ideas come from experience, where could we get the idea of causation in the first place? The second is from Kant. We can have no ideas at all with which to experience nature – we cannot experience the child as a child nor the motion as a motion – unless we have organized the experience into a causal order in which one thing necessarily gives rise to another. The problem for the Kantian viewpoint is to explain how, in advance of experiencing nature in various specific ways, we are able to provide such a complex organization for our experience. For the Kantian the objectivity of causality is a presupposition of our experience of events external to ourselves. The Humean viewpoint must find something in our experience that provides sufficient ground for causal claims. Regular associations between putative causes and effects are the proposed solution. This attention to regular associations connects the Humean tradition with modern statistical techniques used in the social sciences to establish causal laws. Modern discussions focus on three levels of causal discourse. The first is about singular causation: about individual ‘causings’ that occur at specific times and places, for example, ‘the cat lapped up the milk’. The second is about causal laws: laws about what features reliably cause or prevent other features, as in, ‘rising inflation prevents unemployment’. The third is about causal powers. These are supposed to determine what kinds of singular causings a feature can produce or what kinds of causal laws can be true of it – ‘aspirins have the power to relieve headaches’ for example. Contemporary anglophone work on causality has centred on two questions. First, ‘what are the relations among these levels?’ The second is from reductive empiricisms of various kinds that try to bar causality from the world, or at least from any aspects of the world that we can find intelligible: ‘what is the relation between causality (on any one of the levels) and those features of the world that are supposed to be less problematic?’ These latter are taken by different authors to include different things. Sensible or measurable properties like ‘redness’ or ‘electric voltage’ have been attributed a legitimacy not available to causal relations like ‘lapping-up’ or ‘pushing over’: sometimes it is ‘the basic properties studied by physics’. So-called ‘occurrent’ properties have also been privileged over dispositional properties (like water-solubility) and powers. At the middle level where laws of nature are concerned, laws about regular associations between admissible features – whether these associations are deterministic or probabilistic – have been taken as superior to laws about what kinds of effects given features produce.

Socializing Responsibility

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Levy
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
The World ◽  
Institutional Actors ◽  
The Way

There is a near universal consensus that the bearers of moral responsibility are the individuals people identify with proper names. In this chapter, it is suggested that if people take the exercise of agency as a guide to the identification of agents, they may find that agents sometimes extend into the world: they may be constituted by several individuals and/or by institutions. These extended agents may be responsible for morally significant outcomes. The chapter argues that institutions or extended agents may also be responsible for the failure of individuals to satisfy the epistemic conditions on moral responsibility. Individuals may believe virtuously but falsely, due to the way in which cues to reliability are socially distributed. The chapter concludes by suggesting that a focus on individual responsibility may have distracted people from the urgent task of reforming the institutional actors responsible for widespread ignorance about morally significant facts.

scholarly journals Development of students' communicative culture in the context of artistic practices

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S4) ◽  
pp. 1070-1084
Author(s):  
Svitlana Derkach ◽  
Myroslava Melnyk ◽  
Volodymyr Fisher ◽  
Mykola Krypchuk ◽  
Oleh Chystiakov
Keyword(s):  
Practical Importance ◽  
Well Being ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Artistic Image ◽  
Emotional Level ◽  
Development Of Students

The relevance of the research is conditioned upon the problem of developing a communicative culture among students, considering the influence of the artistic component, both its professional part and the social one, explained by the introduction of the presented artistic image into the life of the younger generation. The purpose of the article is to develop a model for the development of communicative culture among students. The leading method to investigate this problem is the B.I. Dodonov method, studying the emotional, motivational component of the personality, considering the emerging emotional background as a value on which the health and quality of life of a person depend. Depending on being in a certain artistic component, an individual has various experiences at the psycho-emotional level, which form a motivational environment for perceiving the world and the course of personal actions based on getting into various life situations. This model, based on artistic practices, creates conditions for the holistic development of the individual, aimed at preserving psychological and physical health, both personal and others, which is of practical importance for the education and well-being of society.

scholarly journals What can we learn from COVID-19 data by using epidemic models with unidentified infectious cases?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
quentin Griette ◽  
Jacques Demongeot ◽  
pierre magal
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Reproduction Numbers ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Early Beginning ◽  
Case Data

Background: The COVID-19 epidemic, which started in late December 2019 and rapidly spread throughout the world, was accompanied by an unprecedented release of reported case data. Our objective is to propose a fresh look at this data by coupling a phenomenological description to the epidemiological dynamics. Methods: We use a phenomenological model to describe and regularize the data. This model can be matched by a single mathematical model reproducing the epidemiological dynamics with a time-dependent transmission rate. We provide a method to compute this transmission rate and reconstruct the changes in the social interactions between people as well as changes in host-pathogen interactions. This method is applied to the cumulative case data of 8 different geographic areas. Findings: We reconstruct the transmission rate from the data, therefore we are in position to understand the contribution of the dynamical effects of social interactions (contacts between individuals) and the contribution of the dynamics of the epidemic. We deduce from the comparison of several instantaneous reproduction numbers that the social effects are the most important in the dynamic of COVID-19. We obtain an instantaneous reproduction number that stays below $3.5$ from early beginning of the epidemic. Conclusion: The instantaneous reproduction number staying below $3.5$ implies that it is sufficient to vaccinate $71\%$ of the population in each state or country considered in our study. Therefore assuming the vaccines will remain efficient against the new variants, and to be more confident it is sufficient to vaccinate $75-80\%$ to get rid of COVID-19 in each state or country. Funding: This research was funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche in France (Project name: MPCUII (PM) and (QG))

scholarly journals Who should fight domination? Individual responsibility and structural injustice

2021 ◽  
pp. 1470594X2110033
Author(s):  
Dorothea Gädeke
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Social Connection ◽  
Political Responsibility ◽  
Structural Dimension ◽  
Structural Injustice ◽  
The Social ◽  
In Virtue Of

Who is responsible for fighting domination? Answering this question, I argue, requires taking the structural dimension of domination seriously to avoid unwillingly reproducing domination in the name of justice. Having cast domination as a structural injustice that refers to structurally constituted positions of power and disempowerment, I show that the outcome-based, the capacity-based and the social connection model suggested in literature on responsibility, fail to fully meet this challenge. Drawing on insights from all of them, I propose an account that proves more sensitive towards the power dynamics at play in fighting domination. It is based on a fundamental duty of justice, which gives rise to two kinds of responsibility. Dominators, dominated and peripheral agents share political responsibility for domination in virtue of reproducing domination by occupying a position within structures of dominating power; they are required to acknowledge and undermine their position of power or disempowerment rather than simply using and thus tacitly reaffirming it. Political responsibility for domination is distinct from moral responsibility for acting within contexts of domination; in fact, ignoring this difference risks reproducing rather than transforming relations of domination. Bystanders who are not implicated in reproducing domination bear limited remedial responsibility to support this struggle.

scholarly journals FILOSOFÍA PRÁCTICA PARA LA VIDA JURÍDICA COTIDIANA

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (15) ◽  
pp. 132-138
Author(s):  
Tlexochtli Rocío Rodríguez García
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
Life Philosophy ◽  
Sobre Todo

RESUMENEl presente artículo tiene como objeto mencionar que la filosofía no sólo es teoría, sino que está abierta a la reflexión del conocimiento, el cual se puede sustentar en todas las personas para aprender a hablar, pensar y, sobre todo, cómo actuar ante los problemas qué se le presenten en su vida cotidiana. La filosofía en la práctica cotidiana tiene la exigencia de ser una reflexión constante para entender la realidad social que enfrentamos, cómo para resolver las eventos qué encuentran en el mundo y que debe de ser un motor de actuación en la vida, la filosofía nos permite enfrentarnos a lo justo, a lo injusto utilizando  la paciencia y el conocimiento pero con responsabilidad moral que implican todas las actos que llevemos a cabo en nuestra práctica diaria, La filosofía proporciona mejorar nuestra vida al encontrarnos uno mismo. ABSTRACTThis article aims to mention that philosophy is not only theory, but it is open to the reflection of knowledge, which can be sustained in all people to learn to speak, think and above all, how to act in the face of problems that present themselves to you in your everyday life. Philosophy in daily practice has the requirement of being a constant reflection to understand the social reality that we face, how to solve the events that are found in the world and that should be a driving force in life, philosophy allows us to face to the just, to the unjust using patience and knowledge but with moral responsibility that all the acts that we carry out in our daily practice imply, Philosophy provides to improve our life by finding ourselves 

The problem of periodization of the history of religion

1997 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Borys Lobovyk
Keyword(s):  
Religious Studies ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Religious Development ◽  
History Of Religion ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Role Of Religion

An important problem of religious studies, the history of religion as a branch of knowledge is the periodization process of the development of religious phenomenon. It is precisely here, as in focus, that the question of the essence and meaning of the religious development of the human being of the world, the origin of beliefs and cult, the reasons for the changes in them, the place and role of religion in the social and spiritual process, etc., are converging.

Social Design for Services Framework

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie SARANTOU ◽  
Satu MIETTINEN
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Research Group ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Service Design ◽  
Social Design ◽  
Practical Action ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World

This paper addresses the fields of social and service design in development contexts, practice-based and constructive design research. A framework for social design for services will be explored through the survey of existing literature, specifically by drawing on eight doctoral theses that were produced by the World Design research group. The work of World Design researcher-designers was guided by a strong ethos of social and service design for development in marginalised communities. The paper also draws on a case study in Namibia and South Africa titled ‘My Dream World’. This case study presents a good example of how the social design for services framework functions in practice during experimentation and research in the field. The social design for services framework transfers the World Design group’s research results into practical action, providing a tool for the facilitation of design and research processes for sustainable development in marginal contexts.

Emotive Trending And Tracking of Tweets

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Sanjay Chhataru Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Social Network ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Complex Events

Popularity of the social media and the amount of importance given by an individual to social media has significantly increased in last few years. As more and more people become part of the social networks like Twitter, Facebook, information which flows through the social network, can potentially give us good understanding about what is happening around in our locality, state, nation or even in the world. The conceptual motive behind the project is to develop a system which analyses about a topic searched on Twitter. It is designed to assist Information Analysts in understanding and exploring complex events as they unfold in the world. The system tracks changes in emotions over events, signalling possible flashpoints or abatement. For each trending topic, the system also shows a sentiment graph showing how positive and negative sentiments are trending as the topic is getting trended.

Myriad Aspects of Secular Thinking on Malayali Cuisine

GIS Business ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 202-206
Author(s):  
SAJITHA M
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Social Indicators ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Civilized Society

Food is one of the main requirements of human being. It is flattering for the preservation of wellbeing and nourishment of the body.  The food of a society exposes its custom, prosperity, status, habits as well as it help to develop a culture. Food is one of the most important social indicators of a society. History of food carries a dynamic character in the socio- economic, political, and cultural realm of a society. The food is one of the obligatory components in our daily life. It occupied an obvious atmosphere for the augmentation of healthy life and anticipation against the diseases.  The food also shows a significant character in establishing cultural distinctiveness, and it reflects who we are. Food also reflected as the symbol of individuality, generosity, social status and religious believes etc in a civilized society. Food is not a discriminating aspect. It is the part of a culture, habits, addiction, and identity of a civilization.Food plays a symbolic role in the social activities the world over. It’s a universal sign of hospitality.[1]

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